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"In the summer of 1888, I was one of the party who left here to go north prospecting. At Juneau we purchased a small sloop to take our outfit up to the Yukon, which we reached after many weeks of toil. I disagreed with my partners and engaged an Indian canoe with two Indians, and started to pros- pect along an unknown fork of the Yukon River. We had a terrible time. The stream narrowed in between high cliffs and shot with dizzy swift- ness down the gulches, making it necessary to tow the canoe by means of a line from the banks, two doing this while the third man rested. Progress was necessarily slow, and for many days we toiled before the first range of cliffs and mountains was passed. Once a hundred-foot water-fall barred us, and it took three days to get around it.
" After this it was a bit easier. The river broad- ened out and the country was more level. The banks were well wooded and game was plentiful.
I34
A PERILOUS TRIP.
We kept on like this, always going north, when, after six weeks, a range of mountains was sighted; I believed this to be the head of the river, and pressed on to reach it before the cold weather set in. Snow was now falling very often, and it was evident that the short summer was nearly done. At length we reached the wild country again, and the stream which had been sub-dividing itself into lesser ones soon became too difficult to navigate. This was almost at the foot of the range of mountains spoken of. Here we determined to camp for the winter, and good quarters were found. Everything was made snug, as the weather up there is something awful, but we were in a deep ravine, overhung by high cliffs, which broke the fury of the winds, and the best was made of it. Game was plentiful, and large quantities of elk and deer were shot and frozen for use through the long winter months.
"Before long the cold came, and at times it was impossible to stir from cover; especially was this the case when the terrible winds blew. At other times it was fairly comfortable, although the lack of sun made it gloomy enough. Toward the end of winter it began to get lighter and the gales were less frequent.
"One day I determined to try and scale one of the mountains near us, as I got so tired and weary with being penned up in such a confined place. This idea I put before the Indians. One of them said he would go with me; the other would not risk it, so he was left in camp. A storm shortly arose, blowing heavily for three days, but as soon as the weather had settled, the Indian and myself started off on our trip.
"We went right up the line of the frozen river, which, being a solid mass of ice, made a good road-
I35
THE LATEST WONDER.
way. Following this for about twenty miles, at a pretty steep rise, we reached a plateau between the foothills and high range. Here the stream ended, and we started to climb one of the big hills. After a lot of hard work we reached a point near the summit. A wonderful view was had from here, but the strang- est thing. was a city in one of the valleys below. You may depend upon it, I was surprised to see it. At first I thought it was some fantastic arrangement of ice and snow which had assumed the form of a city, but examination with the glass showed that such was not the case, it being too regular in appearance. It was a city sure enough. Determined to see more of it, I commenced to work downwards, although the Indian was rather frightened, he evidently not con- sidering it 'good medicine.' After several hours of hard work I reached the outskirts of this mysterious city, and found that the place was laid out in streets, with blocks of strange-looking buildings, what appeared to be mosques, towers, ports, etc., and every evidence of having been built by art. The whole was not of solid ice, though it seemed to be, but blows from a hatchet on one of the walls dis- closed the fact that beneath this barrier of ice was some sort of building material. It looked to be wood, but of a stone-like hardness and apparently petrified. The silence around the place was some- thing ghostly. Not the slightest sound broke the awful stillness of the place which, added to the weird look of the empty streets, made it gruesome enough. I soon got tired of investigating the city, as the streets were blocked in many places with huge masses of ice, rendering passage almost impossible. The Indian, too, became uneasy, and we started on
136
THE MYSTERIOUS CITY.
the return trip, reaching home the next day, tired but satisfied that we had been the first men to gaze on that silent city for centuries.
" After spring broke I made some strikes in nug- get gold at the head-waters of the river, working with the Indians through the summer months, leav- ing camp for the Yukon about the end of August. We reached that river all right, the trip down being easy, and in due time I got back to Juneau, where I took the steamer for the south.
"It was while I was at Juneau I saw a newspaper with an account of the mirage seen at Muir Glacier. I did not make any allusions to this, though, as I did not think any one would believe me, but I am positive that the mirage of Muir Glacier is the reflec- tion of the frozen city found by me. In accounting for the presence of this wonderful reflected city I'll have to leave to abler heads. You might ask me how the ruins of big cities came in the interior of Central America. They are there, but who built them nobody knows. - Perhaps at one time it was not so cold north as it is now."
This ended Mr. Kershon's story, told with an air of truth which made it evident that he had truly seen the things he said he did.
The public have been shown the entire history of the Silent City, the Phantom City and the reflected- city business last mentioned, and they may draw their own conclusions. That mirages exist in Alaska as well as on the great deserts, and are easily accounted for by the condition of the atmosphere, is a fact; but a photograph of Bristol, another by Mr. Taber's artist and still another picture shown in a pan of quicksilver, with this last candidate for fame
MIRAGE OF MUIR GLACIER, SEEN FROM GLACIER BAY On July 23, 1889, from a photograph by MISS MAUDE BADLAM
I37
THE MYSTERIOUS CITY.
as the discoverer of a real deserted city, I think will rank high among Baron Munchausen's fairy tales, and the public who are easily amused will doubtless look upon these pleasantries from their own stand- point in accordance with the intelligence they possess and in the extent of their credulity.
ero Kinga Brisse
CHAPTER XI.
CHINOOK JARGON.
LANGUAGE OF THE INDIANS. - DIFFERENT DIA- LECTS .- THE TRADERS INTRODUCE A COMMON JARGON, WHICH NEARLY ALL, TRIBES HAVE ADOPTED. - THE CHINOOK USED AS FAR SOUTH AS OREGON. - EXAMPLES FOR THE USE OF TOURISTS.
F course, the native races of the region comprehended as Alaska had a distinctive lan- guage of their own prior to the advent of foreigners in their midst, though there were u1l- doubtedly different dialects in each tribe, dependent on local- ity, surroundings and family divisions-provincialisms, so to speak. But in the past century these languages have been so corrupted by certain forms of lingual and Philological contact that they have lost their distinctive character and become condensed into a sort of jargon general among all the aborigines of the region. Some of the contacts leading to this revolution of tongues were the Russian traders, French voyagers, trappers, hunters, sailors and whalers causing the introduction
E
1983
Britton & Rey,
KITCH KAWK, OF SITKA. In Dancing Costume, photograph 7983, by PARTRIDGE, Portland, Oregon.
I39
CHINOOK JARGON.
of the Chinook jargon, used as a trade language for many years in British Columbia and on the coast of Oregon and Washington and still the principal linguistic medium between natives and whites. I give herewith a few examples of some of the jargon words in most common use. T. N. Hibben & Co., of Victoria, have published a book entitled, "Dic- tionary of the Chinook Jargon, or Indian Trade Language of the North Pacific Coast," and tourists will find it an interesting study to provide themselves with one of them. It is a peculiarity of Indians all over the western continent that it is difficult and next to impossible for them to give the sound of the letter "r," they almost invariably, where it occurs, giving it the sound of "1." It is also the habit of Indians to give the sound of "p" for the pronunciation of "f," as "pish," for "fish.", A few of the principal words are selected as follows:
Admiration, hwah.
All, kon-a-way.
American, Boston.
Apple, le pome.
Arrow, ka-li-tan.
Axe, la-hash. Bad, mesahchie or peshack. Boat, boat.
Basket, opekwan.
Beads, kamosuk.
Bear (black) chet-woof; its-woot.
(grizzly) siam. Bottle, labooti.
Bread, piah sapolill.
Berries, olillie; olallie.
Biscuit, lebiskwee. Blanket, paseesie.
Bit or Dime, bit.
Buffalo, moosmoos.
By-and-by, winapie.
Canoe, canim.
Cat, pusspuss.
Copper, pil chickamin.
Chief, ty-ee.
Dark or darkness, polaklie.
Cheat (to), la lah. Cry (to), cly.
Anger, sol-leks.
Bargain, mahkook.
140
CHINOOK JARGON.
Day, sun.
Dear, hyas mahkook.
Dog, kamooks.
Deer, mowitsh.
Dollar, dolla or tahla.
Dime, bit or mit.
Drunk, pahtlum.
Do (to), mamook.
Fight with fists, mamook pukpuk.
Fish, pish.
Fork, la poosshet.
Fingers, le doo. Flour, sapolill.
Gamble, mamook itlokum. Frying-pan, le poel.
God, saghalie tyee.
Ghost, skookum.
Gun, musket, sukwalal.
Good, kloshe.
Heaven, saghalie illahie. Hair, yakso.
House, house. I, nika.
Knife, opitsah.
Jealous, sick tumtum. Language, 1k lang.
Look out, kloshe nanitsh. Little, tenas.
Money, chickamin.
Meat, itlwillie.
Night, polaklie.
Mosquito, melakwa.
One, ikt.
No, not, wake.
Two, mokst.
Seven, sinnamokst.
Three, klone.
Eight, stotekin.
Four, lakit.
Nine, kwaist.
Five, kwinnum.
Ten, tahtlelum.
Eleven, tahtleum pe ikt.
Six, taghum. One hundred, ikt tukamonuk.
Twenty, mokst tahtlelum. Old, oleman.
People, tilikum.
Rain, snass.
Ship, ship.
Silver, t'kope chickamin. Small, tenas.
Steal (to), kapswalla.
Strawberries, amotee.
Thank you, mahsie.
Pistol, tenas musket. River, chuck. Sea, salt chuck.
Skin, skin. Snow, snow; cole snass.
Stone, stone. Sugar, le sook; shughae.
Tobacco, kinootl; kinoos.
Laughter, heehee.
Hat, seahpo; seahpult.
Hungry, olo.
141
CHINOOK JARGON.
Very, hyas.
Wait, winapie.
Water, chuck.
We, nesika.
Wicked, mesahchie.
Witchcraft, tamahnous.
Woman, Klootchman.
Wind, wind.
Yes, nawitka; ah-ah; e-eh. You, Your, Yours, mesika. Young, tenas.
1
CHAPTER XII.
HOW TO GET THERE.
FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO ALASKA. - THE DIFFERENT ROUTES OPEN .- INFORMATION AS TO CONNEC- TIONS. - SCHEDULE OF STEAMER MOVEMENTS .- THINGS THAT WILL COME HANDY ON THE TRIP AND BITS OF GENERAL INFORMATION.
O this comparatively untraveled region is being attracted the attention of the whole travel- ing public and of that class of tourists, the student and the worker, who seek their relax- ation and recreation amidst the grandeurs and beauties of nature. To such the claims of Alaska appeal directly. The thousands who, during the two seasons past, have visited this remote corner, attest the popularity of the excursion and warrant the belief that Alaska, for seasons to come, will rival any of those numerous sections of the globe which have heretofore held undisputed sway in the affections and admiration of the lover and the stu- dent; the two classes who seek nature in nature's strongholds. It is with the idea and the hope of assisting some few of those who may be about to take
x
TRANSPARENT FLOATING ICE, IN TAKOU INLET. From photograph 7732, by PARTRIDGE, Portland, Ore.
143
THE VARIOUS ROUTES.
this northern flight, that I open this chapter with a few suggestions of "How to get there."
During the winter and early spring months, two steamers ply between Puget Sound, Sitka and way ports, and as they take nearly a month to make the round trip, though it is not the best season for view- ing these wild stormy regions, many take this time to see Alaska. The excursion season of 1890 opens on the 2d of June and with the opening a favorite steamer, the "Queen," makes her initial voyage in these waters. The "Queen" is a steamer of three thousand tons, has accommodations for two hundred and fifty first-class passengers and has quite recently been refitted with all modern steamship comforts and is lighted throughout with electricity. The two other boats upon the excursion route are the fine large iron steamships, "George W. Elder " and the "City of Topeka."
From San Francisco two routes are open to the tourist as far as Tacoma, Washington, whence all must proceed one way. The first of these is by water up the coast to Port Townsend, there to con- nect with the Alaska steamer which is to bear you on your winding way to the north. The other route lies over the California and Oregon railroad through the beautiful scenery of the Shasta region and Oregon, to Portland, thence by steamer via the Columbia River to Victoria and Port Townsend, or from Portland by rail to Tacoma. For overland passengers via the Northern Pacific, connection is made with the Alaska steamers at Tacoma, and when coming overland by the Canadian Pacific, the steamer is met at Victoria. Connection is made at Port Townsend with all the Alaska steamers by those from San Francisco, after
144
WHAT TO TAKE.
the latter have touched at Victoria, B. C. Advan- tage of the latter arrangement is often taken to visit Victoria while the steamer proceeds to Port Town- send, her passengers joining her when she returns on the way north.
One should be provided with warm clothing and all such as he is not afraid to spoil. Gossamers and Mackintoshes and such other protection from the rain as individual taste may dictate should be pro- vided, but umbrellas are inconvenient on shipboard. Heavy rubber shoes will be a comfort, and with a strong Alpenstock for climbing, for ladies and gentle- men, you have about all you require for a trip to Alaska.
Appended will be found the schedule of steamer movements for the season of 1890, with an approxi- mate table of dates for the arrival of steamers at various points and which will be of interest to the traveler.
-
,
STEAMSHIP "QUEEN." Goodall, Perkins & Co., Agents.
TIME SCHEDULE ALASKA ROUTE-SEASON 1890.
Leave San Francisco,
Leave Port Townsend and Victoria, P. M.
Leave Port- land by Rail 11 A M.
Leave Portland by Steamer P. M.
Leave Tacoma 4 A. M. Seattle 9. A. M.
Due back Victoria and Port Townsend.
Due back Tacoma
Due S Francisco A. M.
Stmr. Umatilla,
March
6
66
Umatilla,
21
Geo. W. Elder,
24
66
Umatilla,
April
5
City of Topeka,
April 8
April 7
April
5
April
8 23
May
12
May
27
June
1
Umatilla,
.66
20
City of Topeka, Geo. W. Elder,
8 23
May
7
May
5
May
8
27
23
June
11
June
11
16
Umatilla,
66
30
Queen,
June 2
June
1
June
2
66
15
66
66
21
1
66
Umatilla,
June 4
City of Topeka,
66
17
16
City of Puebla,
14
Queen,
66
22
21
19
66
22
July
11
July
11
16
66
Umatilla,
66
29
Queen,
July
July
1
5
8
26
66
26
66
31
Umatilla,
July
5
City of Topeka,
66
17
16
City of l'uebla,
14
Queen,
66
22
21
19
22
Aug.
10
Aug.
10
66
20
66
66
6
66
29
29
Sept.
4
66
City of Puebla,
13
Queen,
16
15
66
14
66
Umatilla,
66
18
Geo. W. Elder,
21
20
18
21
Sept.
9
Sept.
66
19
66
31
30
66
Sept.
2
City of Topeka,
Sept. 5
Sept. ,4
Sept. 2
Sept. 5 20
Oct. 9
Oct.
9
Oet.
14
Umatilla,
17
Geo. W. Elder,
20
19
17
17
30
66
30
Aug.
15
Umatilla,
66
29
66
25
66
25
30
Umatilla,
Aug. 3
City of Topeka,
66
6
Aug.
5
Aug.
3
Freight The steamer Queen starts from Tacoma, and the steamers City of Topeka and Geo. W. Elder from Portland. for Alaska from Portland, for the steamer Queen, should be shipped from Portland via the Northern Pacific Railroad to Tacoma, three days previous to the date of sailing from Tacoma, or via Union Pacific Railway Co.'s steamers to Port Town- send. Steamer Queen takes freight for Wrangell, Juneau, Douglas Island and Sitka only. San Francisco passengers change steamers at Port Townsend.
I45
9
Mch. 66
8 23
21
24
Mch. 28 April 12 66
Mch. 28 April 12
17
27
May 2
17
20
Geo. W. Elder,
23
22
20
Umatilla,
May 5
66
26
July יי
66
30
30
6
July
2
15
15
21
2
8
7
July
66
66
31
Aug.
1
14
14
Aug.
1
66
9
13
13
66
29
City of Puebla, Umatilla,
28
Queen,
"
24
SAILING DAYS OF STEAMERS.
4
7
66
26
17
19
Geo. W. Elder,
7
66
6
June
'Mch. 66
9
Mch. 6
City of Topeka, March
12
May
22
20
City of Puebla,
City of Puebla,
5
City of Puebla,
19
Geo. W. Elder, Queen,
66
16
"
66
31
24
Broadway Wharf, No.1, 9 A. M.
April 2
27
15
66
66
146
APPROXIMATE TIME OF SAILINGS OF STEAMERS ON THE ALASKA ROUTE. TO ALASKA-SEASON 1890.
PORTS.
STEAMERS.
APRIL.
MAY.
JUNE.
JULY.
AUGUST.
SEPT.
OCTOBER.
(Umatilla.
5-20
5-20
4-19
5-19
3-18
2-17
San Francisco, Broadway Wharf, No. 1, 9 A. M.
(City of Puebla
7
7
6
7
5
4
Geo. W. Elder. .
22
22
21
21
20
19
Queen
City of Topeka ...
5
5
4
5
3
2
Portland, by Steamer ..
Geo. W. Elder.
20
20
19
19
18
17
City of Topeka.
8
8
7
8
6
5
Geo. W. Elder
23
23
22
22
21
20
Queen.
12
12
11
12
10
9
Loring .
Geo. W. Elder
27
27
26
97
25
24
City of Topeka.
13
13
12
13
11
10
Geo. W. Elder
28
28
27
27
26
25
Wrangell
4-19
3-18
2
Queen.
City of Topeka.
14
14
13
14
12
11
Geo. W. Elder
29
29
28
28
27
26
. .
..
. .
Queen.
City of Topeka.
16
16
15
16
14
13
...
Geo. W. Elder
1-31
30
30
29
28
. ..
4
(Queen.
[City of Topeka.
17
17
16
17
15
14
.
Killisnoo
Geo. W. Elder
2
2
1
1-31
30
29
City of Topeka*
17
17
16
17
15
14
Geo. W. Elder*
2
2
1
1-31
30
29
Sitka.
5
7-22
7-22
6-21
( Queen*
*Due.
APPROXIMATE DATES TO ALASKA PORTS.
Portland, by Rail ..
1-16
1-16-31
15-30
·
·
2-17
2-17
1-16-31
SCity of Topeka.
19
Juneau and Douglas Island. .
5-20
5-20
4-19
3
Glacier Bay.
6-21
6-21
5-20
..
.
City of Topeka. .
30
14-29
14-29
13-28
Tacoma, Seattle, Port Town- send and Victoria.
٠١٠
-
STEAMSHIP "CITY OF TOPEKA." Goodall, Perkins & Co., Agent.
4
APPROXIMATE TIME OF SAILINGS OF STEAMERS ON THE ALASKA ROUTE. FROM ALASKA-SEASON 1890.
1
PORTS.
STEAMERS.
APRIL.
MAY.
JUNE.
JULY.
AUGUST.
SEPT.
OCTOBER.
City of Topeka
18
18
17
18
16
15
Sitka.
Geo. W. Elder
3
3
2
2
1-31
30
. .
( Queen .
20
20
8-23 19
20
18
17
Juneau.
(Geo. W. Elder
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
Wrangell.
Geo. W. Elder
6
6
5
5
4
3
3
City of Topeka
22
22
21
22
20
19
Geo. W. Elder.
7
7
6
6
5
4
4
(City of Topeka
26
26
25
26
24
23
>Geo. W. Elder.
11
11
10
10
9
8
8
City of Topeka*
27
27
26
26
£5
24
Victoria and Port Townsend
Geo. W. Elder*
12
12
11
11
10
9
9
Queen*
15-30
15-30
14-29
13
City of Topeka*
27
27
26
26
25
24
. .
Seattle and Tacoma ..
Geo. W. Elder*
12
12
11
11
10
9
9
Queen*
Walla Walla*
7-22
7-22
6-21
6-21
5-20
4-19
4-19
Umatilla*
2-17
2-17
1-16
1-16-31
15-30
14-29
14-29
San Francisco
(City of Puebla*
12-27
12-27
11-26
11-26
10-25
9-24
9-24
* Due.
NOTE .- These dates, as far as they relate to ports in Alaska, are purely approximate. In case of steamers calling at other ports (which they are liable to) or in case of fogs or other unfavorable weather, tides, etc., these dates cannot be relied on. It is not unlikely that ports, for some reason, may be stopped at going south instead of going north, as scheduled. This schedule is made to give an approximate idea of dates when steamers should be at the different ports, providing all the conditions are favorable.
147
. .
..
8-23
7-22
6
. .
¿City of Topeka.
21
21
20
21
19
18
Loring.
Nanaimo
15-30
15-30
14-29
13
APPROXIMATE DATES TO ALASKA PORTS.
(City of Topeka.
LEIDER
.
.. .
STEAMSHIP "GEORGE W. ELDER." Goodall, Perkins & Co., Agents.
INDEX.
ADORNMENT, native, 59. ALASKA, discovery and progress, 1, 2, 3, 4; company formed to pur- chase, 4; project defeated by treachery, 4; purchase by the U. S., 4, 5, 124; wealth, 5; deriva- tion of name, 5; extent, 5, 6; boundary, 6, 26; shore line, 7; natural divisions, 7; animal life, 97-108; ornithology, 108, amphi- bia, 109; industries, 30, 58, 61, 76, 77, 121, 122, 123.
Alaska Commercial Co., 97, 98. Alexander Archipelago, 26. Aleuts, 58, 62, 63. Anain Passage, 1, 22.
Ancon, loss of, 26. Animals, 97-108. Annette Island, 95, 96. BARANOFF, Gov., 31, 32; hunters poisoned, 31; castle, 31, 32. Bear, 100-102. Beaver, 104.
Behring, Vitus, 2; first expedition of, 2; second expedition of, 2; conclusions of, 2; wreck and death of, 3. Bella Bella, 25. Briggs, Prof. Horace, 44. Buffalo, 103.
Burial customs and places, 60, 66, 68, 69, 70, 76, 78. CANNERIES at Chilkat, 29. Canning industry, 121, 123. Canoes, 77, 78. Carving, 76, 77.
Castes and clans, 60, 75, 76. Cave burial, 68-70. Chatham Strait, 31; Sound, 26. Chiefs, choice of, 60. Chilkat, 29. Chinook jargon, 138-141.
Christianity, progress of, 76. Clarence Strait, 26, 27. Coal, 115.
Cook, Captain, first appearance of, 3; in Behring Strait, 3.
Crillon, Mt., 30, 48. DAVIDSON Glacier, 29, 39, 40.
Deer, 102, 103. Discovery Passage, 23. Distances, table of, 34. Dixon Entrance, 26. Douglas Island, 29, 113, 114.
Duncan, William, 92; at Port Simp- son, 92; methods of, 93; teachings of, 93, 94; persecution of, 94, 95; visits Washington, 95; success of, 95, 96.
Dundas Island, 26.
EARLY schools, S8-90. Edgecumbe, Mt., 31. Education, 87; under the Russians, 88, 89; after the transfer, 89, 90.
Educational Bureau established, 89. Elk, 102, 103. Embalming, 68, 69. Ermine, 107. Eskimo, 58, 62, 64. Etolin, 88.
Explorations, Vitus Behring, 1-3; Capt. Cook, 3; John Muir, 37, 42,
150
INDEX.
43; Russian, 50; Spanish, 2, 3; Vancouver, 20, 21, 42; Interior, 126.
Extortion of shamans, 81.
FAIRWEATHER, Mt., 30, 48.
Field, Kate, 49.
Finlayson Channel, 25.
Fish, 121, 122.
Fisheries at Killisnoo, 30; at Chil- kat, 29.
Fishing grounds, 60, 61.
Fort Wrangell, 27, 28.
Fuca, Juan de, 1; exploits of, 22; Straits of, 19.
GENEALOGY, 76.
Glaciers, 28, 29, 35-55; Auk, 29, 42; Davidson, 29, 39, 40 ; Patterson, 28; Eagle, 29; Muir, 30, 38 ; Takou, 41 ; Rainbow, 41 ; of Greenland, 36, 37, 30, 50; formation of, 36; move- ment of, 36, 41; theories of, 35, 36; in the Yosemite, 50; on Mt. Shasta, 50; traces of, 37, 49, 51.
Glacial evidences on the Pacific Slope 37, 49.
Glacier Bay, 30, 38, 127, 123, 131, 132. Government, 8, 9, 10; Russian, 31, 32, 63; native, 60, 61.
Greenland, 36. 37, 39, 50, 51.
Graves, 70, 76, 78.
HOSTILITY of natives, 20.
Hudson Bay Co., 21, 41.
Hunting, 104.
Hyperboreans, the, 53-74; divisions of, 57, 53, 75; characteristics, 62, 63; food, living, etc., 64.
Icc from Alaska, 40.
Icy baths, 65. Indian beliefs, 67.
Industries, native manufacture, 53, 61; art, 53; carving, 76, 77; can- ning, 29, 121, 123; fishing, 30, 121, 122.
Infant treatment, 65. Inland Passage, 19-34. Intermarriage, 75, 76. International quarrels, 3, 4.
JACKSON, Dr. Sheldon, 88, 90. Jargon, 138-141.
Johnstone Strait, 23, 24.
Juneau, 28, 90, 114; convention at, 9; gold at, 28; named, 28; news- papers, 29.
KAGAMIL, legend of, 70 74; caves of, 63, 69, 70.
Kane, Dr., experiments and theories of, 36, 37.
Kershon, Geo., 133; on a perilous trip, 134, 135; discovers a large city, 235, 136.
Killisnoo, 30, 31, 90.
King's experiments, 37.
Koniagas, 58, 62, 63.
LAMA Pass, 25.
Land claims, 9. La Perouse, Mt., 30.
Laws needed, 8-10.
Lease of Seal Fisheries, 8, 117-120.
Legend of Kagamil, 70-74.
Loring, 26.
Lynn Channel, 29, 30, 39-42.
MAMMOTHS, 97-100; remains of, 99, 100.
Manual training, 90, 91.
Marriage customs, 59, 60, 64, 75, 76.
Medicine-men, 80, 64.
Metlakatla Mission, 26, 92-94.
Metlakatla, New, 26, 90, 95, 96. Minerals, 113-116.
Mining at Douglas Is., 113; Baranoff Is., 113; Juneau, 114; Silver Bow Basin, 114; Sheep Creek, 114; Treadwell, 113; Kenai Peninsula, 115; Admiralty Is., 115; Cook's Inlet, 115.
Mirages, 127-137.
Missionaries and mission societies, 89, 92-96. .
Moose, 102, 103.
Moraines, 52-55; definition of, 52; on the Pacific Slope, 52, 53 ; origin of, 53; in New England, 54. Morrow's speech, 7. Mountains, principal peaks, 8.
151
INDEX.
Muir, Prof. John, 37, 42, 43; experi- ments of, 40, 41, 43; theories of 99, 116.
Muir Glacier, 30, 38, 43; description of, 43-48; extent, 48; discharge of, 49.
NATIVE RACES, 56-74.
NEW METLAKATLA, 26, 27; founding of, 95.
Nootka, surrender of, 20.
Nordenskiold's theories, 50, 51.
O'DELL, Jas., in search of the Phan- tom City, 131, 132.
Ornithology, 108. PATTERSON Glacier, 28.
Peril Strait, 31. Phantom City, the, 131, 132.
Polygamy, 60, 64. Portland, Or., 11, 12.
Port Townsend, Wash., 15, 16.
Potlach, 85, 86. Prince Frederick Sound, 28.
Punishments, 61, 67.
QUEEN Charlotte Islands, 22; Sound, 22, 23, 24.
REFORMS needed, 8-10.
Religion, 79, 80, 88, 91, 92, 95, 96.
Religious schools and training, 89, 91, 92, 96.
Rights of the people, 8-10. Rousseau, Gen. L. H., 87,
Russians, the, progress, 1, 2; con- quests, 2; avarice, 3; at Oona- laska, 3; despotism, 3, 63; explor- ations, 50.
Russian schools, 88, 89.
Russian-American Fur Co., 3, 92; protest against, 4. SAGINAW, Jake, 30. Salmon, 121, 122; pack, 123, 124. ' San Juan Islands, 19. Saranac, loss of the, 23. Schlikoff, Gov., 88. Schools, 88-90. Schwatka, Lieut., 39. Seals, 108, 109. Seal lease, 8, 117-120.
Seattle, Wash., 14, 15. Sectarianism, 95, 96. Seward, Secretary, 4. Seymour Narrows, 23.
Shamans and Shamanism, 66, 79, 80-85.
Shaman jugglery, 66. Shamanism elsewhere, 82-84. Silent City, the, 128-130.
Silver Bow Basin, the, 114.
Sitka, 31-34, 90, 92; Greek Church, 31-33; Thousand Islands, 31; Russians at, 31, 32; ruins of, 32; publications at, 33; castle at, 31, 32.
Slave murder, 67.
Spanish explorers, progress north, 1; at Queen Charlotte Is., 3.
Spanish names, origin, 21; corrup- tion of, 22. St. Elias Range, 38, 50.
Stoicism, 65.
Students sent to Russia, 89.
Submerged City, the, 131, 132. Superstition, 65, 66. TABLE of Distances, 34.
Tacoma, 12-14.
Theological schools, 89.
Theories, glacial, 35, 36 ; of moraines, 54, 55; Dr. Kane's 36, 37; John Muir's, 40, 41, 43, 99, 116; Nor- denskiold, 50, 51; on the origin of the Alaskans, 56, 57.
Thlinkets, physical development, 58; nature, 58, 61; adornment, 59; marriage customs, 59, 60; vil- lages, 62.
Timber product, 116; laws, 9. Tongass Narrows, 26.
Totem poles, description, 75, 76; significance, 75, 76; value, 76.
Training, 90; manual, 90, 91 ; moral, 91, 92.
Treadwell mine, 29, 113.
VANCOUVER, Geo., 20; surveys and explorations, 20, 21; charts of, 42. Vancouver Islands, 21-23; posses-
152
INDEX.
sion, 20; U. S. claim, 21; named, 21; harbors, 21; area, 21. Vegetation, 33. Verstova, Mt., 31.
Vices, 61, 65. Victoria, B. C., 16-18.
Vocabulary, a Chinook, 138-141.
Voyage of Vitus Behring, 2,3; Capt.
Cook, 3; Juan de Fuca, 1; Geo. Vancouver, 20.
WESTERN Union Telegraph scheme,
5, 6.
Willoughhy, Professor, 127-129 ; mir- age, 128, 129. Witchcraft, 79.
Wolf, the, 105.
Wrangell, Baron, 27, 32; Fort, 27, 28, 90; Narrows, 28; Mt., 38. Wright, Prof. F. G., 43, 53, 54.
YAAS Bay, 26.
Yakatat Bay, 38.
Yukon River, 7, 29.
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Badlam, Alexander The wonders of Alaska
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