USA > Alabama > Memorial record of Alabama. A concise account of the state's political, military, professional and industrial progress, together with the personal memoirs of many of its people. Volume II pt 1 > Part 1
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C 76.1 151 .2 t.1 737625
M
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
E ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02022 356 3
emorial Record
+ + +
0
ALABAMA
A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE STATE'S POLITICAL, MILITARY PROFESSIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS, . TOGETHER WITH THE PERSONAL MEMOIRS OF MANY OF ITS PEOPLE.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
ILLUSTRATED.
V. 2, pt.1
VOLUME II.
MADISON WIS., BRANT & FULLER, 1893.
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563
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1737625
INDEX.
VOLUME II.
Page
Page.
Page.
Abercrombie, J. J
:85
Brightman, W. M
490
Cranford, J. H.
1021
Adamıs. J. T
939
Brinkerhoff, W E
892
Crawford, B
616
Adler. L. J
Brockway. D. S.
926
Creath. J. P ..
:79
Aldrich, W. F
890
Bromberg. F. G
514
Crenshaw, J. W
1098
Alexander, J. D.
475
Brooks, M. M.
Crittenden, M. H
258
Allen, B. M
245
Brown. J. C.
479
Crommehin, J. G
057
Allred, J. P
815
Brown. J. J.
778
Cross, B. F.
617
Almand, C. G
940
Brouillette, P. L
456
Cross, S. E
612
Altman, J. J.
2245
Bryan, Y. L
823
Cross. W. S ..
Amerine, E. P.
629
Bryce, P ....
1083
Crossley, W. A.
830
Ames, W ..
500
Bulger, M. J.
997
Cumee. R. A. J.
1000
Anderson, F. Y.
246
Bulger, W. D.
$49
Cunningham, J. C
951
Anderson. J. C ..
476
Bullard, D
389
Cunningham, J. MeD.
352
Anderson, S. J ..
629
Burgett. J. R ..
510
Cunninghame, W
479
Andrews, G ...
630
Burke, P
516
Curl. W ..
Andrews, R.
350
Burns. T. R
944
Darwin, J L ..
437
Appling, W. B.
1019
Bush.J. W
249
Davidson. A. C
Armistead, E. S ..
020
Caffee, A. E.
Davidson, F. E
238
Armstrong, D. C ..
442
Caldwell. H. M.
2250
Davidson, H. C
657
Arrington. T. M.
631
Caldwell. J. D.
1034
Davidson, J.
657
Asheratt, J T
3.51
Cameron, W. J
251 Davidson, T. M.
59
Ashford, A. E ..
373
Camp. J. E. ..
Davis, F. P.
530
Askew. C H
Campbell, G. W
443
Davis. L. W
638
Austill. H ..
500
Candidus P. C.
517
Dawson, W. R
1002
Averiett. W. A
947
Cannon, W. J.
940
Dement, J. J.
45 7
Hailey, E. H. C.
Densler. J. E
899
Baldridge. M. C.
455
Carson. S. C ...
Dewberry, J. H.
432
Baldwin. B. J.
635
Cary, W. S.
833
Dickerson. W J
659
Ball. G. C
246
Chancellor. W S.
>95
Dimmick, J. W
659
Chapman. R. B
Dixon. J.
052
Bar bour, T. M
1071
Chenoweth, W. A
253
Donald son, J. T
052
Barker, G. W.
517
Chilton. W. P
Dorlan, P. B.
592
Barker, P. D.
5US
Chischin, R.
Donglas, C. C.
5355
Barnes. A
Cilley, P. N.
Downs. D. L .. .
619
Barnes, W. H.
387
Clark, F. B.
Dozier. C. H ..
Barron. J. D
636
Clark, A. H.
Drakeford. T. C.
446
Bates, R. P.
3.4
Clark, G. B.
5221
Duran. J. H.
899
Bean, J. M.
8.8
Clark, T. H
Durr. J. W
600
Beavers, S. W
941
Clark, W. G.
323
Echols, W. H
425
Beck, J. T ..
Clements, W. M
Edmondson. J. J
S-5
1 Bell, A. W
941
Edwards, D
001
Bell. W. V ...
Clisby. A. A
2254
Ehrman. R.
259
Bernev. C.
Clisby. J. H.
614
Embry, J ..
953
Berney, W
243
644
Emfinger, H. W
835
Bernheim, H. W
634
Cobb, J. E
441 Enslin. C. F
Fines. J. W.
9:29
Bestor. D. P'
503
Cobbs, J. L.
Enbank, A. Eubank, G.
261
Bethea, T. B
Cobbs. T.
Fairly. J. P
1035
Bibb, P ..
402
1 Cochran, J.
649 Falkner, J. M.
600
Bibb, R. J.
630
Cochran. T. L.
1035
Farley, J. A
Billing, F. M.
640
Cole, B ..
-01
Farley. L. B
261
Binford, H. A
458
Coleman, E. W.
1020
Felder. R ..
535 902
Blakey. D. T.
640
Coley. A. J
999
Ferguson. F. S.
Bloch, S. D.
Colher, D. R
Festorazzi. A.
537
Booker, E. W
Collier. T. A
Finley. J. G
1000
Booth, D. B.
511
Collins. J. S.
Fitzpatrick. B. F
537
Bowie. A ..
417
Cook. T. A Cook, R. E.
950
Fleming, D
665
Bradford, H. S
456
Cooper, D. N
Fleming, W. L
:33
Bragg, W. L.
1072
Copeland. R. P.
820
Corley, J
Brewer, L
1055
Cowart, F. J
Brewer, T. J.
943 Cox. J. S
Foreman. H
Brewer. W.
419 Crampton. O. L
Foster. H. B
1097
Brickell, R. C
150 Crandall, E. A.
Foster, R. C
375
1026
Clay . S. M ..
403
Edmonds, W
425
Cliatt. M. L
248
Berry, E. II
Cobb, R. W
Bethea, HI ..
400
Cobbs. J. B
25.5
Billups, J. A
Coleman, A. . A
Fengin, N. B
Blacksher. U
504
Coleman, T. W
655
Fell, R
1030
Booker, L. P.
358
Collins, J. W.
Fitts. J. II
949 Fitzsimmons, O. P
Bowles. L. H.
819
Fletcher, R. M. Flinn, B Fiynt, J. C
605 461
Ballard, A. N
247
Chandler, E. P.
Dinsmore, W. L.
Ballentine. E. S.
874
· Baltzell, F ..
625
Chardavoyne. W. V.
374
Dobson. W. W., Jr.
641
423
518
642
1082
Beck, F. K.
1030
Carlisle, C. M.
424
825
1
Brantley, T. K
777
Clopton. D.
045
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016
https://archive.org/details/memorialrecordof21tayl
-
INDEX.
V
Page.
Page.
Page. 969
Fowler, M. H.
903
Hightower, J. T . Sr. 840
Law. T. J
Fox, D. J ..
263
HIM, H W
405
Le Baron, W. A
514
Franklin. W. E
954
Hill, L. L ..
691
Lee. N
905
Franks, W. M.
955
Hill, N.
803
Lee, T. J ..
970
Frazer, T. L.
390
Hu . S. H
404
Leeper. J S
907
Frazier, J. . 1.
182
Hillard, W. J.
842
Legg. A. C ... 408
Freeman, H. S.
620
Hitman, J. P
931
Le Grand, M. P
700
Freeze, J. M.
956
Hobbie, H. M.
601
Lessor, A
971
GatHard.R
1058
Holcombe, W. H
547
Lewis. W. H. Liddeil. J. R.
1048
Gaillard, T
1036
Holloway, A G.
Lightcap, S. E
534
Games, V. P.
535
Holmes, J. H.
Ligon, R F .
Gallion. Jo
450
Holtzelaw, J. T.
692
Lister, J. N ..
442
Gamble, F. . \
1021
Hood. H ..
695
Little, J H
Garmon, J. W
376
Hooper. J deB
Little, W G., Jr
24 5
Garrett, J. J.
261
Hopping, D. S.
Lobman, N ..
78
Garside, W. H.
Horton, J. A ..
¿06
Lockwood, J. L
250
Gaston, J. B ..
Houghton, W. R
281
Loeb, J.
Gaston. P. C
620
Houston, G. S
Loeb, J.
700
Geibel. J ..
673
Houston, J. H .. .
784
Lomax. T.
709
Gerson, A ..
673
Howard, W. B. H.
1033
Long, B. ME
1024
Gileurist. J. G
674
Howze. A. C ..
Long J. R
807 .
Gillespy, J. S ..
2014
Huey, B. MI.
7-5
Long. N. W. E
$.9
Gillispie, J. C.
621
Huger, C. L
54i
Longshore. A. P
Gilmore, J. 1 ..
1084
Inger, D E.
548
Looney. N. C.
Glass, E. R ..
Hulsey. N. W.
494
Lott, E. B.
Gletin, E. H
Hundley, O. R
461
Lowry, S H
40 5
Goode, R ...
539
Hurt, P. T
Luckie, J. B
Going, J. A.
265
Hurt, W. H
447
Ludwig. B. F
465
Grace, B. E.
:65
Inge, H. T ..
548
McAdams, H. C ..
909
Grahamn, E. A.
675
Iuge. Z. M. P.
5400
MeAuley, H. H.
350
Giravier, W. G.
ingersoll W. J
VeCary, J. H
Gray, A. W
>02
Ispell, T L. .
966
McCauts, R. B MeClellan, R. L.
400
Greene, S. E.
Jackson. H. M
6:5
Mcclellan, T. N.
710
Greil, J ...
676
Jackson, J. K
696
MeClure. W. B
361
Groce, W. B.
95> Jeffries, W. B.
MeCordy. W. D
4.0
.
Guy. H. G
Jemison, K.
2-3
MeDade. G. W. MeDonald, J C
411
Hagood, R. H.
269
Jenkins Family
1040
MeDonneli, H.
41.6
Hale, W. R.
677
Jobn. S. W
MeLowell. A B
846
Hall, J. L ...
6,7
Johnson, E. H.
>43
MeDuffie, J. V:
4:1
Hall, J. K. P
376
Jolmson, J .
MeEachern, J. F
84.
Hamilton, A. J.
493
Johnson, J. H.
907
MieEachin. J. S
35-
Hamilton, M
958
Johnson, J. T
402
MeElhaney. F. G
394
Hamilton, P.
540 Johnston, J. F
600
McGee, H ..
405
Hardie. B ...
878
Johnston, W. H.
287
WeGowen. G. W
910
Hargrove, A. C.
1090
Jonas. J ..
McGraw A E .... Melntyre. H.
761
Harris, G. W.
:69
Jones, A. B
463 Mckinstry, O. L
809
Harris, J. G ..
679
Jones, C. C.
Me Lain, D. H.
407
Harris, S. H.
Joties. C. P
698
MeLarner. F. H
Mclean, C. E.
557
Harrison, J. T ..
959
Jones, G ...
358
Melemore. M
712
Harwood, B. F.
783
Joues. H. C
35%
McLondon Family
STO
Harwood, J
784
Jones, J. P.
104
MeLendon, J. D.
-50
Hayes, W. N
404 Joues, J. T.
150)
MeLendon, J R
713
Haygood, W. E
Jones, L .. . .
McPherson, T. MI
-
904
Jones. M. J.
961
Joues. T. G
MeQueen, J.
Me Williams. R. E
104-
Hearin, W. J
4:111
Maddox. J. S
Joseph, E. B.
:03
Malone. C. E
Heaslet, R H
962 Keller, D. C.
Mamegold, I
715
Hetl.n, H P
Kelly, T ...
359
Marks, G M ..
715
Heflin, W ..
Kennedy, W. H.
Marks, S. B
~16
Heflin, W. L
>63
Kenney. J. M.
Marks, S. C.
Henagan, D.
980 Ketmon. W. P
Martin, A ..
1: 69
Henderson. C
Ketchumna, G. A
Martin, A. J
353
Henderson, J. M.
340
Kettig, W. H
Martin, 1. M.
Henderson, R. M ..
963
Kidd, W. H.
Martin, T. J
912
Hendon, J. J.
546
Kilpatrick. J. Y
1047
Mastin. C. H.
55 -
Hendrick, H. G.
003
Kimball, A
Mastin W. M
Hendrick, ni ..
$38
King, P
MANPy. J.
Massi -. P C.
הנו
Kolb. R. F.
7115
Manghon, M. D.
$51
Henry, A ..
Lamar, H
1023
Maupin, R. L
560
Fleury. A G.
135 Lambeth, F. G.
May, J. T.
~17
Herbert. IF A.
Landman, G. P
413
1-3
Herndon, T. H
Landman, J. I
:14
Lane, 1. (
Merritt, F. H. M-leair. H. B
519
. Lane, H. D
Laney. IL. N
Metcalfs. L .. S
354
Higgins, J H.
650 Langhorne, J. MI , Jr
790 ! Meyer. J. J
562
Freeze, B ..
455
Hillman, T T.
279
Leigh. J. H ..
933
Grillard, S. P.
538
HJHand, J. T.
391
Hanımel, L ..
545 Johnston, J. F
257
MeGelive, W. E
911
Harris, C. C ..
622
Jones, .1 ...
657
Harris, W.
Jones, D. D.
Melellan, S P
483
Green, G. W.
956
Jackson, G. W
957
Jackson, J. M.
495
Hails, C. E .
676
Jern gan, C. M.
253
MePherson. W.
Heacock, J. W.
Head. J. B
271
Jordan, H. J.
545 Jordan, I. N.
Hearne, J. T.
Marechal, E. L
Heffin. J. T.
Kennedy, H. R
Hendricks, J. M. Henley. I. T ....
964
King. J. W
1023
274
Mendor. D. J Means, T. A
Hewitt, G. W. Hewitt, R. G Hickman, W. P
210
Harrison. L. C
Jones, I. P.
393
550
Hazard. C J ..
1032
302
-
vi
INDEX.
Page.
Page.
M chel, R. F
721
Reed, C. H
320
Sprott: S. H
935
Mickle. H. M
Reynolds H. C
91%
Stansel. M. L
813
Miller, B. M
1052
Reynolds, M. C
320
Stanton, C. W
504
Miller, J. H.
Rhodes, E. D
9=
Steiner. B ..
334
Miller. J .
1051
Richardson. W. N
413
Steiner, L
~48
Miller, J N.
1032
Riggs. E. P.
3220
Stevens, G W
Miller. W. L
074
Riley, B. F ..
321
Stewart, J. H
798
Millstead. H. MI.
914
Rison, J. L
460
Stollenwere ‹, A. G
3:5
Milner. W. R. A
913
Rison. W. R.
470
Stone, G. W.
7.8
Milner. W. T.
303
Rives. G ..
Ston -. S. G
5.5
Mitchell. W. J.
$361
Roberson. J. G.
Stowers. G .1
326
Minge. J. H
Robertson, S L
322
Strassburger, H ...
150.
Mohr. C. T
563
Robertson, T L
325
Street. W J.
1015
Moore. J. A
791
Robertson, W G
Streety. J. P.
440
Morris. G. L
301
Robinson, G. W
Stringfellow, H
751
Morriss. S
973
Robinson. E. T.
435
Stru Iwick, E
Morrison, Z. P
362
Robinson, E. W
436
Summer-ed. J. F
590
Morrow, G. M.
304
Robinson. T. F
335
Summerszill, J.
397
Morrow. J C
305
Rolen. B. F.
336
Tatu.n. B ..
599
Mudd. J. P
306
Roquemore, J. D
1076
Taylor. T. J.
473
Mudd. W. S.
309
Rosamond. W. C.
1025
Teague. E. B
Murphree. J. D.
85.
Ross. D. A. G.
1010
Teague. W. M.
Murphy, J ...
468
Ross, W. C.
306
Tennville, A. St. C
753
Murphy. R. E
469
Ross. W. H.
542
Thomas, G. L
336
Nabers. F. D.
310
Rountree, S L.
633
Thomas, J. G ..
Nabers. W. F
311
Rowe. W. L
1011
Thomas. J. P.
Nash, J. T ..
934
Royal, H. S
Tuomason. W. L
33.
Nesmith. T. B
3.54
Rucker. E W
Rush. J. W.
730
Thorington. W S
754
Nierosi, J B
Russell, E. L
585
Thornton, G. M.
9-5
Nisbet. F L
Russell. E. M
Thornton. J. M
Norwood, J
433
Russell. J. H
Tomlinson, J. W
337
Nott. J. C ...
Russell. H. H.
970
Tompkins. J. R
604
O'Connell, J. C.
Kuss .11. R. W.
439
Tompkins. H. C.
9-7
Oliver, J. P.
1006
Salmon, R. V
1013 Torrey. C. J
bC6
Oliver, T W.
726
Sankey. J. T
713
Toulmm d T
208
O'Neal. E. A
Sayre. T. S
732
Trigt, J. S ..
459
Overall, G. Y
571
Scales. T. S.
Trotter. J .
338
Pace. S. W
977
Schmidt. B
Troy, D. S ..
757
Parkius, N
364
Schwarz. R. M.
487
Tucker, G. C.
618
Patterson. M. L ..
881
Screws, W. W
732
Tunstall, P. R
009
Peare -. L ...
4994
Searcy. R.
10-3
Tuustall. T. T
610
Pearson, R. H.
311
328
Turner, I. L
855
Pearson, W. G. B.
1072
736
Turvey, J S.
623
Pearson. W. W
724
Selden. W. X
IST
Tvn z. M. A.
628
Peebles, H. T
410
Sellers, A H
739
Tyson. J. R
Prevles. J. T.
410
Sellers. A. M
.40
Vau Antwerp. G.
611
Penn. T L
395
Semmes. O J.
FAS
Vandegrift, A. B.
Perry, H. W
312
Semple, H. C
742
Vandegrift, C. C.
93
Perry, S.
312
Shaffer. J. P.
1013
Vorenberg, D.
473
Peters. T.
312
Sheldon. L B
550
Vorenberg. I
474
Ietrin wich, F
573
Sheild. E.
295
Vaughan. F. A
1016
Phillips, J. H ..
314
Shelley, C. M.
Waddell, J. F
1095
Shepherd. J W.
1025
Waddell. G. H
339
Shelton, M B
32
Wagner, C. G Walker, A E
Pitman, A
454
Shivers O L
Walker. B W
764
Pittman, M. P
Sholl. E. H.
3:0
Walker. M.
Fittman, W. W
Siebs. J G
745
Walker, R W
765
Pitts. . L. D
694
Si klons, F W
Walker. W. A
3.0
Pitts, J W
916
Sims. A. G.
745
Walsh, W. F
611
Planck. D. A
Simjeon, J. D
470
Ward, H B
936
Pollock. J.
574
Simpson, R. M
3×1
Warren. I. R
Warers. W L
1012
Porter, R. B
Simpson, W H.
Waters. L
959
Powell. S. K
4,4
Singleton. W R.
919
Watts, T. H
Powell, J. R
312
Skaggs, W. H
Weakley, J. B, Jr
3:1
57 !!
Skeggs. H .A.
+ 25
Weakley, > P
371
*Powers. J. K
360
Skegss, W E.
626
Weatherly. O T
441
Prescott. C. A.
Sledge. W. H
5-9 Weatherly. J. M
343
Price. W M.
Sloan. M
590 Weatherly. J. S
Prince. F. M ..
319
Sloss. J H.
Weathers. B. F
573
Prince. S. T
Smith. C E
4522
Weathers. W
Webb. J. E
Webb. W. T
Weedon, J D
370
Pugh. E. C.
1000
Smith. J R
331
Weil. D
Weich, J. C
-1
Randle. D. C.
Smith. W. T
918
Whaley. E. S
Randle F. P.
Smithson. N
333 743
Wheeler. W. C
Wheelock. C
Rayburn. W. C.
19%
Sprake. H. C.
471 Whelan. (
344
Rebman, A. F.,
379
Speuce, R ..
White. D. C
1
Moss. H. C
015
Rohmer. F. J. B
5-1
Tay.or. H ...
921
Neely. E. O.
497
Rubira. S. S
595
Thompson, B. A
453
Nicholson, J. C.
Oden. J.
926
Russell. T. F
9,9
Toole. B. W
Olliphint. S. R
568
Saunders, J E
350
Trammell. R. J
362
Pickett, R. O ..
365
Pillans. H ..
573
Pinckard, J. S
1050
Shiver -. J. B.
370
Wallace, W. W
Pitts. S. R.
Simpson.J B.
Porter. M. T
Simpson, R T
370
152
Prowell, D. M ...
Smith. G. L.
Pryor, L. ..
411
Smith, J. F
953
Ramage. B
854
Smith. J. V
Randall, J. B
917
Smith. T. H.
591
Westcott, W. D
Wheeler, 1
Randolph. F. C Raybaru, S. K.
Somerville. H M
Sparkman. S. . 1
Pritchett. J. ..
4%5
Smith, N. C'
490)
Sears. J. W
Seelye. S D
Thompson, C. W
306
725
-
Powers, JJ F
Page.
vii
INDEX.
Page. 1
Page.
White, D. I.
475
Woodward. J. B
John. 8. W.
White, J
315
Woolf! H. 1
431
Jobn: ton W. H
259
White, J ..
Wortry, .A. N 861
Jones, J P
1042
White, J. M.
Worthy, O
Jones, T. U. ,01
White. W. S
415
Whitfield. B. W
1026
Wickersham, M. D
612
Wyman, B. L
351
Martis. .
1068
Wyman, W S ..
1008
Massey. J.
449
Young, T S
401
Midler. J 10:0
Young, W. A
355
Miner. W. J. 302
Wilkerson, C. A
790
Wildersou, C. W
346
Wilkerson, W. W
347
Wilkes. W.
902
Williams, D. H
937
Abercrombie, J. J
384
Williams, P . Jr ..
614
An -till. H
501
Williams, R S
773
Baldwin, B. J . 634
Williamson, C. P
Barker. P. D
509
Serews, W. W
733
Wilson, J. C ..
349
Beck. J. T.
1031
Semple, H C
743
Wilson, J. T.
319
Bestor, D P
505
Smit.i. G. L .. ..
592
Wilson. R E
616
Cochran, J
€18
Stansei. M. L. :.
812
Wimberly, H. T
400
Clark, G. B
520
Taylor, H
598
Witherby. E. T
925
Crampton. O. L
628
Thomas. J. G ..
601
Withers. S J ..
415
Dawson. W. R
1033
Thorington. W. S
:55
Wolff, B
Dorlan. P. B
533
Tompkins. H. C
759
Wood, A. C.
993
Falkner. J. M
601
Waldell. J. F
Wood. J. P
860
Gaston. J B
567
Walker. W. A.
Woodall, A W.
889
Herbert. H. A
684
Watts. T. H
Woodroof. J. W
416 Hewitt, G. W
:76
Weathers, B F
Woodson, L. G
350 | Holtzclaw, J T
6.3
Wheeler, J
1001
Willett, A. D
814
Wiley, A. A
Wiley. H. C
858
Madd. W. S 30%
PORTRAITS.
Pailoch J
575
Porter. M. T
316
Robertson. S. L.
323
Rognemore. J. D
1007
Williamson, T. F
399
Beck, F. K
1027
Seeiye. S D ..
Wilson. L M
1018
Brewer. L.
1054
Oliver. J. P. 1000
Overall, G. T
570
Wright, W. H.
451 Ketchum, G. A 551
Wyly. J. Men
Kilpatrick, J. Y 1046
Page.
1
1
1094 341
Russell, E. L
.
MEMORIAL RECORD
OF
ALABAMA.
CHAPTER VII.
ALABAMA IN FEDERAL POLITICS.
BY HON. HILARY A. HERBERT, MONTGOMERY.
EARLY POLITICAL PARTIES - SECTIONALISM - SLAVERY AGITATION - COMPROMISE OF 1850 - POLITICS UP TO 1861 - RECONSTRUCTION - REHABILITATION UNDER ANDREW JOHNSON --- PROGRESS FROM 1971 TO 1892 - PARTY ISSUES FROM 1874 TO 1892.
LABAMA, politically, was democratic from the organization of the state in 1819 down to the date of its ordinance of seces- sion, January 11, 1861. Its electors, in 1820. appointed for that time only by the legislature, voted for Monroe. The vote of the state was cast three times for Jackson -- in 1824, 1828 and 1832. and at every succeeding presidential election for the dem- ocratic nominee until 1860, when Breckinridge and Lane. states' rights democrats, carried the state over Douglas and Johnson, union democrats, and Bell and Everett. nominees of the constitutional union party, composed of old-line whigs and know-nothings or Americans. During the same period of forty-one years all of Alabama's senators at Washing- ton, a decided majority of her representatives in congress, and all her governors. were democrats. John Gayle, who held the office from 1831 to 1835, is sometimes spoken of as the one ante-bellum governor who did not .belong to the dominant party, but it appears from his official corre- spondence with President Jackson that, when governor, he rated himself as among the stanchest democrats. The line, however, that separated whigs and democrats was not then so clearly defined as it became in after years. In subsequent life. probably without any material change of opinion, Governor Gayle aligned himself with the whigs.
The Federal politics of Alabama cannot be comprehended without a brief glance at the origin and policies of national parties. There have
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. 18 -OK
MEMORIAL RECORD OF ALABAMA.
always been in the United States two great parties-one aiming to con- fine the Federal government to the powers expressly and necessarily granted in the constitution, the other contending for a more liberal or looser construction of that instrument-a construction that would add to the powers of the government by intendment. or that, in other words, would permit the exercise of powers inferable from the general purpose of the constitution. These two parties began to take shape during the discussions in the convention that framed the constitution. In this con. vention, 1787. there were many delegates. especially from the smaller states, who were jealous above all things of any encroachment upon the right of local self-government. The colonies had fought a bloody war to establish their independence of Great Britain. They were now sovereign states and their delegates were no more willing to surrender to a strong central government in America the right to control the domestic affairs of their several communities than they had previously been to submit to such claims of the mother country. They insisted. therefore, on an enumeration in the constitution of the powers of the Federal govern- ment on equal representation of the states in at least one branch of the national legislature, and resisted firmly every effort to create a consoli- dated government. They were willing to have a more perfect union- one that would protect against foreign invasion, would insure domestic tranquility, secure the general welfare of all the states as such, and the rights in each state of the citizens of the several states: but they wanted a general government for general purposes only. So when the several state conventions had met to ratify the proposed constitution, those who held these views, not being fully satisfied with the coustitution adopted in convention, demanded and obtained, as conditions of ratification, amendments to that instrument intended to still more clearly define and limit the powers of the Federal government. Each of the first eleven amendments to the constitution looked in this direction, and notably the tenth declared: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to the people."
But there were others in the convention who were not so solicitous as to the rights of the states. These, headed by Alexander Hamilton, were deeply impressed with the failure of the government of the United States under the Articles of Confederation to accomplish its purposes. That government which had been in existence for more than ten years was falling to pieces for want of power to enforce its decrees or even to sus- tain itself by levying taxes. The purpose of the constitution now being framed was to supplant this moribund confederation by a stronger and better government. Extremists even advocated a limited monarchy, but the more moderate only favored such a central government as, being republican in form, should yet have absolute control over state govern-
19
ALABAMA IN FEDERAL POLITICS.
ments. Their purpose was to consolidate and make of many peoples one people.
As a result of conflicting views. the constitution of 1789 came forth a bundle of compromises, and immediately the friends of strong centralized government began to invoke all such canons of construction as would am- plify the powers of the new government, while those who had opposed con- solidation now contended for a strit construction of the constitution. Hamilton and Jefferson represented these opposing views. Hamilton stood for a strong central government, Jefferson for strict construction and rights of the states. They were both in Washington's cabinet "pitted against each other like game cocks." and around these two illustrious men the two great parties of the future began to form. Those whom Hamilton led were called at first nationalists, but soon they became known as federalists; their opponents called themselves republicans, afterward democrats. During John Adams' administration the federalists were all- powerful, and in an evil hour for themselves they were tempted to pass, in 1798, the alien and sedition laws. The alien law, the republicans regarded as an unconstitutional assault upon the right of personal lib- erty, the sedition law they denounced as an attack upon free speech. The enactment of these laws startled the republican leaders "like the sound of a fire bell at night." Jefferson wrote and the Kentucky legislature passed in 1798 a series of resolutions declaring fully the purposes for which the general government had been formed, pointing out the limita- tions of its powers and defining the scope of its authority. These reso- lutions created a profound impression. although it was not at the time known that Mr. Jefferson was their author. Madison. all the time in consultation with Jefferson, wrote and procured the passage by the Vir- ignia legislature of a very similar set of resolves. These were the cele- brated Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798-9. The masses did not fully respond, however, until many prosecutions and convictions under these laws had demonstrated the despotic powers the government had arrogated. Then the people rallied around Mr. Jefferson, elected him president and put in office a congress that was in full sympathy with him. Thus did the republican party come into power; and President Jefferson, in his inaugural address, laid down in language which was as rhetorical and attractive. as that in the declaration of independence. what has always been regarded as the most perfect enunciation of republican (democratic) principles ever made.'
The death knell of the federal party had been sounded. It never acquired power again and the time was not far off when the word Fed- eralist was to become a term of reproach. So utterly was all opposition destroyed that Mr. Jefferson and his political- friends. Madison and Mon- roe, occupied the presidential chair for twenty-four successive years, eight years each.
It was during the administration of Monroe, that Alabama was, in
20
MEMORIAL RECORD OF ALABAMA.
1819, admitted as a state. The constitution of the new state was framed at Huntsville. It is the singular felicity of our form of government that each state is a community engaged in studying for itself the problem of self-government, with the laws and institutions of its sister states as so many object lessons for the guidance of its statesmen. Alabama, being the twenty-third state. had twenty-two designs to study. In addition to this advantage the convention called to frame her constitution. enjoyed the counsel of many men of ripe experience and rare ability. William Wyatt Bibb. a delegate and afterward to be elected the first governor. . had been a member of congress from Georgia; Israel Pickens had served in congress from North Carolina; William R. King had represented North Carolina in congress and had been secretary of legation at two foreign courts. A number of other delegates had the benefit of legislative experience before they removed to the new territory, and many of these and still other delegates were to enjoy high honor in the future of their state. William R. King, Henry Chambers, Gabriel Moore and Clement C. Clay were to be United States senators; Israel Pickens, John Murphy and Hugh McVay were to be governors, and others to be representatives in congress, supreme court judges, etc.
With such advantages and with such a delegation in its convention, . the new state could not fail to have framed for it a most excellent consti- tution of government. Its people had come mostly from Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee and Kentucky. The fame of its fertile soil and genial climate had gone abroad in these state, and the flower of their adventurous youths had come with other men of varied culture and expe- rience into this new land of promise. Nearly all these people were of revolutionary ancestry, trained for generations in the art of self-govern- ment. The prospect before the young state stretched out as "bright as a summer sea." True. its people had inherited slavery, and this was already considered by leading southern men, like Jefferson and Henry Clay, as one of the problems of the future. But Alabama was now a sov- ereign state and a member of a great union of states which would protect her in carrying out her domestic polities. In the constitution of the United States it was recited that one of its great purposes was "to insure domestic tranquility." and now, at the outset of the government of the state which came in during the era of good feeling. the most thoughtful of her citizens saw no danger in the future from the institution of slavery. The coming time was to be an era of peace and good will, and whatever problems might arise out of the institution of domestic slavery. ethical, social or moral. the people of the state would be amply able to settle in their own way. Little did these people foresee that a fierce crusade was to come from certain of their sister states and that the cru- saders were to denounce that constitution. upon which they were relying to protect them in their right to regulate their own domestic concerns, as a "league with hell and a covenant with death." But all this was in
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