USA > California > San Joaquin County > An illustrated history of San Joaquin County, California. Containing a history of San Joaquin County from the earliest period of its occupancy to the present time, together with glimpses of its future prospects; > Part 94
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Dr. and Mrs. Clark are the parents of three living children, viz .: Hattie Electa, now Mrs. William Montgomery Baggs, of San Francisco (see sketch of W. M. Baggs, Sr.); George Cur- tis, educated in the public schools, and after- ward for a couple of years in Bates' school in
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Berkeley, has been superintendent of the Pacific Hospital since 1885. He was married in 1887 to Miss Laura Crofton, a native of this city; Fred. Pope, a graduate of Cooper's Medical College in San Francisco, and now a practicing physician in Angel's Calaveras County, is mar- ried to Miss Cross, a daughter of Dr. L. E. Cross, of this city.
G. HILLMAN, Deputy County Assessor, was born on shipboard, in California waters of the Pacific Ocean, May 28, 1853, his parents being Grafton and Usiba (Trayer) Hillman. Both parents were natives of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, and the father, a seafaring man, was captain and owner of a New Bedford whaler. In that capacity he had been in port at San Francisco before the time of Marshall's discovery of gold in Califor- nia. It was on one of the cruises of this vessel that the subject of this sketch was born. The father continued at sea until 1864, when he bought a farm in Dent Township, San Joaquin County, about fourteen miles from Stockton, and settled down there. Five years later he sold out, and for the succeeding two or three years was again at sea in the capacity of mate in the coast trade. He then repurchased his old ranch, and that time remained there nearly three years. He then went back to sea life again. He eventually located in San Fran- cisco permanently, and is now in business there.
G. G. Hillman, with whose name this sketch commences, was reared principally in this county, and attended the schools of his neigh- borhood. At the age of nineteen years he started out for himself, working at farm work, clerking, etc., and eventually finishing his edu- cation and fitting himself for a business career at the Stockton Business College. In 1878 he started in farming for himself in this county, and has ever since devoted himself to that branch of industry. He was appointed Deputy
County Assessor of this county in February, 1887, and assessed Douglass Township in that year and 1888. In 1889 he assessed O'Neil Township, which is also his field for 1890.
He has been twice married. His first wife, whose maiden name was Jennie Abbott, died in this county, leaving two children, viz .: Nellie and Lizzie. His present wife was formerly Miss Melissa Patterson, a native of West Vir- ginia. They have one child-Ruby.
Mr. Hillman is a Republican politically, and has been prominent in the party organization and active in the ranks. He is Past Grand of Charity Lodge, No. 6, I. O. O. F., and is a member of Nemo Lodge, K. of P., and of the American Legion of Honor.
Mr. Hillman is a conscientious officer, nni- formly fair and courteons in the conduct of his official duties, and is one of the most popular men in San Joaquin County.
LBERT DE LOSSE SAYLES, a rancher of Douglass Township, was born in Rhode Island, July 16, 1840, a son of Albert and Maria (Ross) Sayles. The father died Novem- ber 7, 1855, aged sixty-nine. Grandfather Amasa was seventy, and liis wife Melissa sixty when they died. Originally English, the Sayles family was established in Rhode Island before the Revolution. Great- grandfather Uriah Ross emigrated from Scotland to Rhode Island before the Revolution, and was engaged in that strng- gle on the side of his adopted country. He died of old age. Grandfather Samuel Ross also lived to old age, being about eighty; but liis wife, Joliannalı (Mowry) Ross, died compara tively young, of a cancer.
The subject of this sketch received the usual district-school education. He came to Califor- nia by the Panama route in 1859. His father liad been here in 1850, working chiefly at liis trade of carpenter, preceded by a brief trial of mining. His health becoming impaired after eighteen montlis, he went home, intending to
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return with his family, in renewed vigor. He was disappointed in both respects, and died in Rhode Island in 1855.
When A. D. Sayles arrived in California in 1859, he went to farming for wages for two or three years, and then rented a ranch and has been farming ever since. He was married De- cember 7, 1862, to Miss Sarah Jane Comstock, a native of Lewis County, New York, born February 20, 1841, a daughter of Eri H. and Esther A. (Thornton) Comstock. Her great- grandfathers on both sides are known to have been natives of Rhode Island. Grandfather Ezekiel H. Comstock moved from that State into New York, and was there married to Miss Lucy Jenks, whose mother lived to be ninety- two. Grandmother Patience Thornton lived to be eighty-four, and her husband was over seventy.
Eri H. Comstock was a forty-niner, and did a little mining, but soon settled in Stockton, where he carried on a general store. He be- came the owner of 2,100 acres of land in this township, and was rejoined by his wife in 1852, when they settled on the ranch near the Cala- veras river. Their two children, Seth H. and Sarah J., now Mrs. A. D. Sayles, remained with their grandparents Conistock to be educated. Seth H. came to California twice, being accom- panied on the second trip in 1859 by Mrs. Sayles. The father died in Nevada in Febru- ary, 1862, aged about fifty. Seth H. was mar- ried to Miss Sarah Elizabeth Harrod, who died in 1879, leaving one child, Charles W. Com- stock, born in 1877, and now living with his grandmother, Mrs. Sethi Thomas, of Dent Township, his father having died November 12, 1884.
On January 12, 1863, five weeks after their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Sayles settled on 300 acres of the original Comstock ranch, where they still reside. They are the parents of a large, unbroken family of ten children: Esther Maria, born April 25, 1864; Edward Wood, October 26, 1865; Harry Albert, December 14, 1866; George Henry, July 31, 1868; Emily
Jane, January 22, 1870; Oscar Arthur, Febru- ary 23, 1871; Frank Howard, February 25, 1873; William Henry, December 24, 1877; Lyle Ramsey, April 11, 1880; Burt Elmore, February 12, 1882.
M. KILE, one of the bright young lawyers at the Stockton bar, is a native of San Joaquin County, born near New Hope, February 16, 1865. Joseph Kile (deceased), father of our subject, was born near Columbus, Ohio, in 1812, his parents being Virginians, and their ancestors from Holland. When quite young he removed to Missouri, locating in Saline County. He served in the Mexican war, under General Harney, and after its conclusion returned to Missouri. In 1849 he emigrated to California, making the journey overland, and for a short time mined about Mokelumne Hill and Sonora. He decided that other lines of in- dustry would be more profitable or more agree- able to him than mining, and turned his atten- tion to the cattle business. Early in the '50's he settled near New Hope, and in partnership with a Calaveras County pioneer, Thomas Wheel- er, and another gentleman named Oldliam, he was extensively engaged in cattle raising and dealing, also driving to Los Angeles. He fin- ally drew out of his connections in the cattle busines and engaged in farming on his ranch. His business thereafter was that of an agrienlt- urist and capitalist. In 1870 he removed to Stockton, where he lived until his death. He was married in this county to Miss Mary Cath- erine Hardesty, a native of Indiana, born near Bloomington, who accompanied hier parents across the plains to this State when young. Joseph Kile was a member of the San Joaquin Society of California Pioneers, and was an active inan from the early days of the State until his death. He acquired a large area of land, in Texas, which he held along with his ranch in this county, and he also had other property interests. Ile was one of the stockholders of the Savings
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Bank. He died in 1884; his wife died in 1878.
J. M. Kile, with whose name this sketch com- mences, was the only child of his parents. He was reared in Stockton from his fifth year. His early education was received in this city, where he attended the high school. He after- ward took a special course in Latin at the Oak- land Academy, and, having decided to adopt the law as his life profession, lie commenced attend- ance at the law department of Vanderbilt Uni- versity, Nashville, Tennessee, where he gradu- ated in June, 1886. He then returned to California and was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the State. He commenced practice in San Francisco, being associated with the office of B. McNey, until March, 1887, when he came to Stockton to locate.
Mr. Kile was married October 9, 1888, to Miss Rachel C. Horton, a native of Nashville, Tennessee.
Mr. Kile is a member of Stockton Parlor, N. S. G. W. Politcally he is a Democrat. He is a well-read and exceptionally intelligent young lawyer, and gives promise of a bright career in his chosen profession.
ENRY KOONTZ, a farmer of Union Town- ship, was born in Ohio in 1837, a son of John and Elizabeth (Jonepher) Koontz; both natives of Pennsylvania. The father died in Ohio in 1853, and the mother in 1873. When two years of age Henry was taken to Wayne County, Illinois. In 1857 he came to California by water; he left New York May 22 and arrived in San Francisco on the last of June, that year. After spending about two years in San Fran- cisco, working at odd jobs, lie went to the Gold Hill Mines, Placer County, but soon went to Sacramento on account of sickness. He was engaged on a farın there for two years, then went to San Joaquin County, where he worked at odd jobs for a while, then purchased his ranch, in 1864, where he has resided ever since;
it is situated about two miles from New Hope. He also owns a ranch about three miles from this one on the banks of the north fork of the Mokeluinne.
His wife, Clemence (May) Koontz, was born in Wayne County, Illinois, and died at the age of thirty-two years, in 1883, leaving six chil- dren, namely: John L., Elizabeth, William H., Katie, George and Clemence A.
M RS. DELIA MARCELLA LOCKE, widow of the late Dr. D. J. Locke, and residing upon a farm near Lockeford, was born in North Abington, Massachusetts, May 30, 1836, the daughter of George and Susanna (Shaw) Hammond. Her mother was also a native of North Abington, and her father a native of Carver, Massachusetts. The Ham- monds were of an old Massachusetts family, near Plymoutlı. William Penn's mother inar ried a Hammond for her second husband, and Mrs. Locke is a descendant from that family. One of her father's brothers was a well-known physician, and one was a farmer. Mrs. Locke's father was brought up on a farm, but went to North Abington and learned the shoemaker's trade, which he followed until he came to Cali- fornia, in 1861, by way of the Isthmus. Ile settled in Lockeford, which has since been his residence. His father, Benjamin Hammond, a farmer, who lived at Carver, Massachusetts, died at the age of fifty years. Daniel Web- ster was a friend of the family and sometimes visited them. The Shaws were also of the old New England families. Ebenezer Shaw, a grand- father of Mrs. Locke, was a farmer and one of the principal citizens of North Abington, whose judgment was consulted upon all matters of local interest. He had seven daughters.
Mrs. Locke was educated at North Abington and at Plymouthı, and taught school two years at the former place. She was married at the Congregational Church there to Dr. Locke, on May 8, 1855, and the next day started for Cali-
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fornia, sailing from Fall River through Long Island Sound to New York city, where they took the ocean steamner, George Law, which was afterward named the Central America, and was subsequently lost at sea. After crossing the Isthmus by railroad, the next year after the riot there, they took the steamer Golden Age to San Francisco, arriving July 1, and coming at once to Lockeford.
Dr. D. J. Locke, by whom the town of Locke- ford was laid out, came to this State in 1849, from Boston, as physician of the Boston and Newton Joint-Stock Association. They started April 16, that year, and the company, number- ing twenty-five men in all, arrived in Sacra- mento September 16. The Doctor tried mining, but abandoned it, and on the last day of the year 1850 he and his brother Elmer camped on the place which is now the homestead of the family. They purchased the land embracing their pres- ent ranch from Staples & Co., who claimed it by right of a Spanish grant. This claim, how- ever, was valneless, and the settlers were com- pelled to repurchase the land froin the Govern- ment.
The highlands, on which the town is now situated, are about sixty feet above the flats, across which a high, narrow ridge extends to the river, broken in two places by sloughs, which carry away the winter floods. On the highest point of the ridge a pretty little hill, among a number of oaks still standing, the settlers built their cabin and commenced the new life of ranch- ing. Ninety miles distant the snow-capped summits of the Sierras were visible, while be- tween them and those distant peaks was an nn- broken waste with hardly a settler's cabin, Grizzly bears were plentiful, five being caught near the cabin in 1851 by a Mr. Lewis, a great hunter.
The bottom lands surrounding the cabin were covered withi luxuriant grass and stretched far away into the distance, forming a pleasant pie- ture, which has increased in beauty as the years have gone by. The bottom land is about three feet higher than when the Doctor settled there. 40
having been overlaid by sediment from over- flows. The levees are now high and strong, however, protecting the farms from future floods. The river also has been straightened, which gives a direct channel and materially lessens the danger.
In 1854 the Doctor returned East, and during the next year brought to California his newly wedded wife, as already mentioned, after which time he resided upon his farm to the date of his death, May 4, 1887, and was buried in the family cemetery near the river road. When he was seventeen years of age he was a school teacher. He graduated at the Bridgewater Normal School, in the class of 1842, at the age of twenty; he also graduated at the Harvard Medical College at Boston. At his home here he was trustee of the school board of Lockeford from the time of its organization, in 1854, al- most continuously until a few years before the time of his death.
In regard to the temperance movement he first joined the Dashiaways in San Francisco, some time in the '50's; and in 1858 he beeamc one of the charter members of the Live Oak division, No. 29, of the Sons of Temperance, organized in his hall, and afterward a member of the order of Good Templars; was also one of the principal members of the Congregational Church, which also was organized in the same hall; and he was a trustee of this religious body. He retained his membership in the church and in the Good Templars until his death. His widow and her sister, Susan L. Locke, are the only remaining original members of that church. The Doctor expended a great deal of money in improving the town, erecting mnost of the large buildings. He practiced medicine until within a few years of his death.
His greatest ambition was to have all of his thirteen children well educated. Their names are: Lnther, born in 1856, now managing the Lockeford meat inarket; Ada, born in 1857, now the wife of Rev. W. H. Cooke, of Oakland, pastor of the Golden Gate Congregational Church; Nathaniel Howard, born in 1859, now
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a farmer on the home ranch; Horace M., born in 1860, now a physician of the Somerville (Massachusetts) MeLean Asylum; Ida, born in 1862, the wife of Rev. W. II. Bascoe, formerly pastor of the Congregational Church of Locke- ford, who died August 5, 1889; Mary, born in 1864, now Mrs. W. P. Moore; William W., born in 1865, attending the Institute of Tech- nology at Boston; Hannalı, born in 1867, now attending the Boston Conservatory of Music; John C., born in 1869, attending Phillips Acad- emy, Exeter, New Hampshire; Edward M., born in 1871, attending school at Lockeford; Eunice, born in 1874, attending the Oakland High School; George II., born in 1877; and Theresa, born in 1879.
E. CROSS, M. D., of Drs. Cross, physi- cians and surgeons, Stockton, is a native of Lockport, New York, born March 24, 1842. He received his literary education mainly at Saginaw, Michigan. On the breaking out of the civil war he offered his services in the Union cause, enlisting at Detroit in 1861 in the Lancer regiment, in which he served until its disbandment, six months later. He then re- enlisted in the Twenty-third Michigan, and was mustered in as Second Lientenant of Company E. The command proceeded to the front in Kentucky, and at Bowling Green he was pro- moted First Lieutenant. He commanded the company until compelled, in 1863, to resign his commission on account of failing health. Leav- ing the scene of strife, he turned his attention to the profession of medicine, pursuing a course of independent study for two years, after which he began attendance at the Homeopathic Medi- eal College of Missouri, in St. Lonis. After his gradnation at this institution he commenced the practice of his profession at Brookfield, Missouri. From there hc afterward removed to Pensacola, Florida, where he practiced until 1873. In that year he came to California, locating at Stockton, where he soon took rank
among the foremost practitioners, a position which he has thenceforth easily maintained, commanding the highest respect of his profes- sional brethren and the esteem and confidence of the people. He is a member of the Ameri- can Institute of Homeopathy.
Dr. Cross was married in Michigan to Miss Imogene Lyon. They have four children, viz .: Harry Nelson, Edith Helena, George L. and Walter A.
ANIEL PAYTON, M. D., gynecologist. No. 302 Lindsay street, Stockton, Califor- nia, was born in Alabama, July 9, 1827, a son of A. C. and Elizabeth (Elledge) Payton, now deceased. Longevity is marked in the l'ay- ton family. The grandfather, who was named Danicl, of Kentneky, by occupation a planter, lived to an advanced age. The father, with his family, moved to Missouri about 1834, and be- came a merchant in Kirksville, Adair County, Missouri. The failure of the State Bank of Illi- nois in 1843 crippled his resources.
D. Payton, the subject of our sketch, received some education in the local subscription schools and afterward a more regular course in Win- chester, Kentucky. When his father's pros- pects were blighted by financial disaster, lie en- gaged in farm work for a few years, and as soon as possible took up the study of medicine, his preceptor being Dr. George W. Ilatton of Ap- panoose County, Iowa. He first practiced in Wayne County, Iowa, where he was elected connty treasurer and afterward county judge, without serious interruption to his medieal practice, his official duties extending over a period of four or five years, not requiring much of his time. He was formally graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Keokuk, Iowa, in 1860, and continued his practice in that State about two years longer,-in all twelve years. In 1862 he moved with his family by ox and mule teanis across the plains to Oregon. The party comprised forty families, and they
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were five months on the way. Arriving in Union County, October 5, 1862, they built a fort near Le Grand, being the pioneers in that region, and Dr. Payton was one of the thrce commissioners appointed to organize Union County. He removed to Salem, the capital of Marion County, in 1865, and there helped to organize the medical department of Willamette University in 1866, taking the chair of Thera- peutics, afterward Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. IIc held that position thirteen years and received the honorary distinc- tion of Professor Emeritus at the close of his connection with the institution. Meanwhile he had served as a director of the public schools twelve years, mayor of the city one term, and re- presentative of Marion County in the State Legislature one term. Desiring to perfect him- self in his chosen specialty of gynecology, he made three sojonrns in New York in 1882, 1886 and 1888, to follow the post-graduate, polyclinic and Bellevue courses for physicians. After these three terms of attendance at the best lec- tures and demonstrations available on this con- tinent, and a general practice of forty years, he devotes his attention almost exclusively to gyne- cology, which is among the most nsefnl, neces- sary and humanitarian of medical specialties. Dr. Payton settled in this city in 1883, recogniz- ing in its natural advantages the destiny of a great center of population. He has served in this city as President of the Board of Health two years, declining a re-appointment. He is a member of the American Medical Association, of the San Joaquin County Medical Society and an honorary member of the State Medical Soci- cty of Oregon. He has one brother living in Macon, Missonri, the Rev. John Payton, a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and a soldier of the Mexican war.
Dr. Payton was married in Missouri, in 1847, to Miss Elizabeth Hatton, a native of that State, a sister of his medical preceptor and of Dr. J. B. Hatton, deceased. She died in Salem, Oregon, in 1878, leaving five children, one of whom has since died. The four living children
arc: John Eberly, M. D., a physician of estab- lished reputation in Engene City, Oregon; Bes- sie, now Mrs. Edgar Farrington of that city; Belle, the wife of Dr. A. C. Helm, proprietor of the Oregon IIonse in Ashland, Oregon; Minnic, now Mrs. E. S. Suyland of Stockton. The Doctor has nine grandchildren and one great- grandchild. He was again married in Douglass County, Oregon, in 1882, to Mrs. Henrietta (Lane) Stemmerman, born in New York, a danghter of Joseph and Margaret (Hnston) Lane, both deceased at an advanced age. The grandfather Huston and his wife (nee Burton), also lived to an advanced age.
Dr. Payton is a member of Salem Lodge, No. 4, F. and A. M., and past master in the order, which he joined in Appanoose County, Iowa, nearly forty years ago. He has been a member of the " Christian " Church since 1850, joining in Wayne County, Iowa, and was an elder of the church in that State.
VERY C. WIIITE, District Attorney of San Joaquin Connty, is a native Califor- nian, born at Woodbridge, this county, May 17, 1862. Ile was educated in the public schools and at the San Joaquin Valley College, Woodbridge, where he completed the course in 1885. He had chosen the profession of law as his future vocation, and when he had finished his literary education, he commenced attend- ance at the law department of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where he was grad- uated in 1887. On the 17th of May, 1886, he was admitted to practice by the examining com- mittee of the Supreme Court of Michigan, and when he returned to California in 1887, he was admitted by the Supreme Court of this State. He commenced practice in the office of J. C. Campbell, at Stockton, but afterward entered into partnership with W. S. Buckley. He was elected to the office of District] Attorney of San Joaquin County at the November election, 1888, and since entering upon the discharge of
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the duties of the office has encountered some of the most complicated and trying business which has ever fallen to the lot of an incumbent of the position. His condnet of the office has been creditable to him.
M. White is a member of Stockton Parlor,
No. 9, N. S. G. W .; of Nemo Lodge, K. of P .: of the Pioneer Society; of Washtenaw Lodge, F. & A. M., Ann Arbor, Michigan, and of the Eastern Star. He is a Democrat politically, and an ardent advocate of the party's doctrines, as well as prominent in its councils.
HISTORY OF SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY.
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ADDENDA.
VITICULTURE.
So much attention has been paid to grape- growing and wine-making in California, that a review of the advancement made in the in- dustry in San Joaquin County will be of in- terest. To Captain C. M. Weber belongs the honor of having planted the first vines, but the first vineyard planted as a business proposition was the El Pinal, planted by William B. and George West.
This vineyard was started in 1852, and over forty varieties of foreign grapes were imported at that time, embracing many of the finest table, raisin and wine grapes. A number of vineyards have since been planted, principally in wine grapes, by C. Von Detler, George S. Ladd, Ezra Fiske, D. W. Keiver, Philip Fitzgerald, J. H. Dodge, J. E. Moore and others.
The El Pinal being the oldest and largest, a description of its growth will be interesting. The first vines were planted, as we have said, in 1852, and the Messrs. West have since de- voted their attention to growing wine grapes and manufacturing wines and brandies.
The first wines were made early in the 50's, under a tree, with the most primitive arrange- ments. The processes of mannfacture and se- lection of proper varieties of grapes for thie various kinds of wines, were matters concerning which the early pioneers of California were almost entirely ignorant; and it was only after years of experimental work that their efforts were crowned with success and the fact was es- tablished that California could produce wines and brandies which could compete in open mar- ket with those of Europe. Instead of the few barrels and beam presses first nsed at the El
Pinal we now find large buildings of brick and adobe, em bracing 50,000 square feet of storage room, fully equipped with the latest approved machinery for crushing, pressing, pumping and distilling. The cellars contain cooperage with a capacity of 500,000 gallons, and the fermenting honse has a capacity of 100 tons of grapes per day. The product has increased from the few barrels of the '50's to 350,000 gallons in 1889. The largest single shipment of wine and brandy ever made from California was made from this vineyard in 1889. It consisted of 110,000 gallons and was shipped via Cape Horn by Messrs. George West & Son to New York. The outlook for the wine business at the present time is very encouraging. Prices for the last few years have ranged low, but owing to the increased consumption of wines in the Eastern States the market has become much firmer and a gradual advancement in the price of grapes will soon re-establish the business on the old basis of profit of $100 per acre. The crops produced in San Joaquin County have been so large that even at the prevailing low prices growers have netted a reasonable profit. A crop of ten tons per acre is not unnsnal. The wines and bran- dies produced in San Joaquin County have at- tracted much attention at all the conventions of the viticultural commission. The brandies are acknowledged by all to be the only brandies produced in the State which will rank with the cognacs of France.
There is a large and growing demand for these brandies in the East, and as soon as enough grapes of proper varieties are in bear- ing, a market can be found in England for all the brandy of the cognac type which can be
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prodneed, as English merchants have already pronounced the 1886 brandy produced at El Pinal superior to any French brandy coming into the English market, and expressed a wish to handle the prodnet as soon as it should be of sufficient quantity to warrant the undertaking.
The ports, sherries and sweet wines of San Joagnin are also of superior quality and are nn- equalled in California.
In 1885 Mr. West introduced the Medoc types of claret grapes, and the wine produced from them comes up to the most sangnine ex- pectations. These grapes are shy bearers, but the price paid for them is much higher than for any other wine grapes. The soil of San Joa- quin Connty in the neighborhood of Stockton is partienlarly adapted to the growth of table grapes, while the soils of the sonthern and eastern portions of the connty will undonbtedly produce a fine raisin.
In the whole county it is safe to say that 3,000 acres are devoted to grape culture.
The table grapes of the county possess most
unnsnal keeping qualities and a considerable trade has been built up with the Eastern States and Territories.
The business of growing these grapes is very profitable, as they are all prolific bearers and the prices realized are high, ranging from $30 to $60 per ton.
There are countless acres of land suitable for the culture of the Tokay, Emperor and Black Ferrara grapes, and with 60,000,000 of people for a market it would seem a safe venture to grow them.
'The excellence of all products of the grape in San Joaquin County is becoming so widely known that a few years will nndoubtedly see this industry one of the greatest importance.
STOCKTON METHODISM.
Some additions to the history of Methodism in Stockton were expected until this, the latest honr before the last page of the volume goes to press.
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