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HISTORY
Los ANGELES
COUNTY
ALIFORNIA. ..-
-ne BY J. ALBERT WILSON,~
AUTHOR OF "THE PARADOX AND OTHER POEMS;" "GEORGE WASHINGTON BROWN," ETC., ETC.
CHAPTER I. PREFACE.
History Defined-Difficulties of the Work-Amount of Labor Involved- Incompleto Records-Three Sacks of Notes-Plan of the Work-Thanks for Assistance-Authorities Examined.
" Al.L, history is but a splendid fiction !"
Snch was Lord Byron's exclamation on reading an account of the Greek revolution, in which he himself had been a principal actor. Sweeping as it is, yet dwells there more than a modi- cum of truth in his criticism; for however careful a historian may be, he knows well, that much of the information upon which he bases his record of past events, is at best but par- tially accurate, is too often wholly unreliable.
This editor submits, that while all history is-in the very nature of things-a compilation, yet history, like cookery, differs as to worth in two important particulars; first, as to the ingredients ; second, as to the manner of serving. Regarding the first, he would say, that he has used the best the market affords ; as to the second-his readers must judge for themselves.
Many and great are the difficulties which ever beset and perplex the patient historian, and with all such he has not been unfamiliar. Numerous books have already been written on the topic he has essayed, yet is he forced to the conclusion, that but few of these deserve to rank as history. He has not scrupled to make free use of every seemingly reliable aid. but alas ! too often has encountered the hideous hag Mendacity masquerading in the painted semblance of beauteous Truth. To repulse the first, and woo the second, has been his constant
aim, and with modest confidence he now presents these fruits of his labor to the public eye, assured-that while perfection is not claimed-yet they constitute a history as reliable as human industry can evolve from out the remaining fragments of a decayed past. Errors will doubtless be detected, but these are unavoidable; and in no case does he hold himself responsible for the reliability of quoted statements.
Very many of the records of Los Angeles City and county are sadly incomplete, while those of an early date are all in the Spanish language, necessitating translation, and munch extra labor. In order to keep the expenditure within reasonable limits, and make this publication possible, it is absolutely necessary that it be advanced with the greatest speed compati- ble with strict accuracy. If then the reader should find the following pages deficient in literary polish or grace of diction, let it be borne in mind, that the ai: has been to present our patrons with a fairly reliable history couched in plain English, rather than with a work of art designed only to captivate by means of brilliant metaphor, and glowing rhetoric.
The amount of labor involved in the preparation of such a work, can scarcely be appreciated by one who has never under- taken the task-The poring over old newspaper files for items of information; the searching of musty and dusty archives; the numberless interviews with old inhabitants; the long and tedious comparison of countless notes, collected from all sources; the careful elimination of unreliable gossip-separating as it were, the tares from the wheat. As some indication of what, has been done in the collection of information only, as we now write, three large grain sacks stand in one corner of the
' room, packed to overflowing with pencilled ships of hrown paper-the notes we have gathered and used to make this book. In the collection of these, five months were consumed, and during a portion of that time the Editor was assisted by Mr. H. W. Cornish and Mr. A. M. Freeman, members of the historical staff. But after this much had been accomplished, the whole book-equal in volume to three ordinary novels, had to be compiled and written from out that mighty chaos of facts and figures, In this task the Editor (single-hander,) has consumed but three and one-half months, and in addition has read and corrected all of the proof himself. Ile submits that. he has not been idle.
In the preparation of this work he has had neither friends to reward, nor foes to defame. le entered Los Angeles last Feb- ruary a total stranger to the county and the coast. With the completion of this task he bids farewell to both-perhaps for- ever, and carries away with him only the most grateful mem- ories of countless courtesies and kindnesses received from Cal- ifornians, during one of the most pleasantly spent years of a not unvaried life. Wherever it may hereafter be his fate or fortune to wander, there will California surely have a friend, but Los Angeles-« lucer.
The plan of this work contemplates: First, a brief history of the State of California from the earliest times down to the American occupation, with special attention to those events happening within Los Angeles county. Second, a history of the county from the American occupation to the present time. Third, a history of each township separately, briefly touching on such matters as have not been fully described in other
12
HISTORY OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.
1
Los Angeles Correspondence of San Francisco Bulletin, and other papers. H. D. Barrows (1856-1880).
" Los Angeles County Indians." A series of letters to the Los Angeles Star, by Hugo Reid (1852).
" Historieal Sketehes." A series of letters to Los Angeles Evening Express, by Hon. Stephen C. Foster (1876).
" Recollections of a Ranger." A series of letters to the San Francisco Golden Era, by Major Horace Bell.
BOOKS AND MAGAZINES.
Forbes' " California " (1833).
Powell's " Golden State."
Hittell's " Resources of California."
Native Raees of the Pacific States, by H. H. Baneroft (IS75. five volumes).
Historical Sketeh of Los Angeles County, by Warner, Hayes & Widney (1876).
Condition, Progress and Advantages of Los Angeles County. - by A. T. Hawley, (1876).
Annals of San Francisco (1854).
Herald Pamplılet, (1876).
California Register (1859). Wood's Reminiseenees of California (1854).
Homes in Los Angeles County, by MePherson (1873). Nordorff's " California."
Truman's " Semi-Tropieal California."
Life of Vasquez, (Herald Pamphlet, 1874 1.
General Land Offiee Report (1879). State Engineer's Report (1880).
Report of United States Exploring Expedition (1841).
* A Bloom from the Angel Land, by a German nobleman. Los Angeles "City Directories."
Missions of California, by Right Rev. W. Ingraham Kip. "Two Years Before the Mast," by Richard H. Dana (1840). " Three Years in California," Rev. W. Colton (1850). Laws of California.
Codes of California.
+ RECORDS.
Records of Court of Sessions (1850-1852).
County Supervisors' Minutes (1852-1880).
Records of County Court (1850-1880).
Records of District Court (1850-1880).
A. W. Steinhart, Esq.
16
William R. Olden Esq ..
Richard Melrose, Esq. (Ed. Gazette.)
John P. Zeyn, Esq.
B. Dreyfus, Esq ..
Theodore Reiser, Esq ..
August Langenberger, Esq.
Theodore Rimpau, Esq.
Henry Kroeger, Esq.
Davis & Brother.
J. M. Guinn, Esq .. .
William H. Spurgeon, Esq ..
Santa Ana.
George C. Knox, Esq .. .
66
J. G. Kimball, Esq ..
Henry S. Knapp, Esq. ..
Editor Santa Ana Times
Editor Santa Ana Herald
Richard Eagan, Esq. San Juan Capistrano.
Padre José Mut .
Rev. Robert Strong
Westminster.
Rev. A. J. Compton
Rev. F. A. Field
Hon. Stephen C. Foster Downey.
Editor Downey Courier
L. L. Bequette, Esq ..
J. K. Bauks, Esq .. 4.
J. W. Venable, Esq., (County Assessor).
J. H. Burke, Esq ..
Right Rev. Francis Mora.
Los Angeles.
Hon. J. J. Warner .. .
HIon. John G. Downey.
Hon. Ygnacio Sepulveda
HIon A. J. King
William Garner, Esq.
Gospel Swamp.
W. N. Tedford, Esq ..
Gospel Swamp.
Don Eulogio de Celis.
Gen. John H. Shields
Florence.
Ilenry D. Barrows, Esq.
Rev. G. D. Compton.
Compton.
John O. Wheeler, Esq.
Hon. Prudent Beaudry =
George Hansen, Esq .. .
Daniel Gridley, Esq ..
Artesia.
Don Bernardino Guirado.
Old Los Nietos.
Thomas E. Rowen, Esq.
Ilon. Antonio F. Coronel
Major Horace Bell .
A. W. Potts, Esq., (County Clerk) . Los Angeles.
W. W. Robinson, (City Clerk and Anditor) R. Nadean, Esq ...
Dr. J. P. Widney
Dr. J. S. Griffin . .
=
HI. T. Hazard, Esq.
O. W. Childs, Esq.
=
Oscar H. Kimball, Esq ..
N. Levering, E-q. .
Ilon. Henry Hamilton San Gabriel.
L. H. Titus, Esq.
J. De Barth Shorb, Esq ..
L. J. Rose, Esq .. .
F. P. F. Temple, Esq ..
El Monte.
Frauk W. Temple, Esq.
Rev. James Woods.
H. M. Newhall, Esq.
AUTHORITIES EXAMINED.
NEWSPAPERS.
(Constituting & Complete File from June 20, 1854 to July 1, 1830 inclusive.)
Southern Californian, June 20, 1854 to January 1, 1853. Los Angeles Star, Jannary 4, 1855 to March 20, 1858. Southeru Vineyard, March 20, 1858. to January 1, 1860. Los Angeles News, January 1, 1860 to November 27, 1872. Los Angeles Star, November 27, 1872 to May 1, 1876. Los Angeles Evening Eepress, May 1, 1876 to Jan. 1, 1877. Los Angeles Herald, January 1, 1877 to January 1, 1878. Los Angeles Evening Express, Jan. 1, 1878 to July 1, 1880. Los Angeles Morning Journal, Feb. 1, 1880 to July 1, 1880. Anaheim Guzette, special subjects.
Santa Ana Times, "
Santa Ana Herald, Downey Courier,
Los Cerritos "
Bryant Gates, Esq.
San Vicente "
Anderson Rose, Esq.
La Ballona "
D. Freeman, Esq ..
Sausal Redondo "
Daniel Waite, Esq.
Salt Works.
Hon. Charles MeClay
San Fernando.
D. W. Fields, Esq.
Newhall. "
James Feore, Esq.
Right Rev. W. Ingraham Kip
San Francisco.
John H. Temple, Esq .. B. F. Seibert, Esq .. .
Anaheim.
MSS. Pleadings in Important Criminal Cases (1850-1880). Minutes of Los Angeles City Council (1850-1880).
It will be readily understood that the foregoing list contains seareely a tithe of the names of those who have contributed by information or otherwise, toward the success of this undertak- ing. To mention the names of all would require a volume devoted to that purpose only, and for this reason the vast majority must remain unthanked by name; yet may these rest assured that we are none the less grateful to them. The gentlemen who have so liberally subseribed to the view de- partment, and for copies of the book, have also our hearty thanks; for without such liberality on their part, the publica- tion of this work would have been impossible.
OAKLAND October 20. 1880.
* Written in German and published at Berlin. + Spanish and English.
portions of the book. Chronological and other tables for speedy referenee, and biographies of our view subscribers, close the volume.
The Editor wishes especially to thank the Editors of the several newspapers published in Los Angeles City and county for their hearty assistance toward this work. He is also in- debted to the following gentlemen-among many others, for valuable information rendered :-
O. P. Passons, Esq ..
Albert B. Clark, Esq.
Orange.
Patterson Bowers, Esq.
R. C. Crowder, Esq.
Don F. P. Ramirez.
Dr. J. E. Fulton . Fulton Wells. =
Gen. E. M. Sanford.
Gen. Phineas Banning
Wilmington.
Major P. H. Downing.
George Hinds, Esq ..
J. H. Melville, Esq.
Santa Moniea.
M. D. Johnson, Esq.
George Carson, Esq ..
San Pedro Raneh. ,,
William Briggs, Esq.
J. Bixby, Esq.
Edward T. Wright, Esq.
MAIN ST_
6. L. SMITH & CO. LITH DAKINO CAL
OM PION & WEST.
BAKER BLOCK, CORNER OF MAIN 29 ACADIA STREETS, LOS ANGELES, CAL.
13
HISTORY OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
CHAPTER 11
INTRODUCTORY HISTORY.
(1513-1770.)
Discovery of the I'neific by Balboa-Invasion of Mexico by Cortex-First navigation of the Pacific-Explorations by Cortez-Origin of the name "California" -Subsequent exploratims -Explition of Cabrillo-Drake's iliscoverics-Harbor of San Diego discovered- Piracy-Colony at La Paz - Abadlomant-lesnits refuse to rohimize -- Fathers Kioo aml Salvatierra - First mission in lower Califuroia- Father Ugarte -Settles at San Xavier - Work of the Jesuits Firat explorations Early superstitions-Will beasts and Demons-King's expeditions-Ugarte's expedition-Link's expeditions Enmity against the lesnits- Kxpulsioo-The Franciscans - The Dominicans-Innipero Serra- His associates -- Galvez Three missions Experlition organized-Despatched -San Diego aml Monterey founded.
To BALBOA belongs the credit of lirst discovering the Pacific Ocean. To Magellan that of first navigating it in ships, But it is to Cortez-the indomitable, we must render the honor of lirst exploring its shores.
He had burned his fleets at Tabasco; he had conquered and spoiled Mexico; he had profaned the shrines of the Aztecs, and loaded their King with chains. Inllamed by success, and arrogant with power, he yet sighed for new worlds to conquer, and despatched his generals to explore the Californian gulf, and bring him word what manner of men dwelt within the countries surrounding it. Dissatisfied with their report, he commanded a second expedition in person, but found little to reward his persistence, save sterile soil and naked savages. His was the fate of all pioneers, in all ages, he saw the land of promise his dreams had pictured, but might not enter in and realize the pleasures he believed it to contain. Disheartened he returned home, and disappointed he died.
Whenee comes the name " California" we know not with certainty, for writers ditfer much in opinion on this subject. Perhaps of the many advanced, the most plausible theory is that it was derived from an old Spanish Romance published in Sevilla, Spain, about 1510, entitled " The Sergas of Esplandian, the son of Amadis, of Gnul;" and, among many other wonder- ful relations, containing the following curious passage :-
Know that on the right hand of the Indies, there is an island called California, very near to the Terrestrial Paradise, peopled by black women, without any men among them, because they are accustomed to live after the manner of the Amazons. They are of strong and hard- ened bodies, of ardent courage, and of great force. The island is the strongest in the world, from its steep rocks and great cliff's. Their arms are all of gold, and so are the caparisons of the wild beasts they ride.
Many ardent adventurers succeeded Cortez in attempting to explore this wondrous land, but all with scanty results. The most successful was Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, who, in 1542, discoverel and named Cape Mendocino. He was followed in 1577 by Sir Francis Drake, who discovered a Bay, supposed by
some to have been that of San Francisco, but which was more probably Bodega Bay or " Jack'> Harbor." In 1602, the har- bor of San Diego was discovered by Don Sebastian Viseayno. who gave glowing accounts on his return of the marvelous productiveness of the soil in that neighborhood.
At this period piracy was regarded as a legitimate enterprise, and was conducted under letters patent issued to their subjects by all, or nearly all the European nations, The only restric- tion these cut-throats were under, was that they must not prey upon the commerce of their parent thag; that of all other nations was lawful spoil. Thus Captain Drake rohbed the Spanish gallons nudler British colors, and was Knighted by good Queen Bess as a reward for his achievements in this line, and for endeavoring to steal the western coast of America from the Spanish crown. Thus an effort made by the Spanish admiral Otondo in 1683, to colonize Lower California at. La Paz, was abandoned through fear of the Dutch privateers. Still later, the Jesuits, at least partly on this account, refused $40,000 a year subsidy from the Spanish goverment, to attempt the settlement of the Californias. For more than two centuries the land discovered by Cortez was trodden only by savages and wild beasts.
Associated with Admiral Otondo in the colonization scheme of 1683, was a German Jesuit Friar unmed Kühn, but better known to the world by the Spanish name Kino. Once, in fear of death, he bad made a vow to St. Francis Xavier, and in fulfillment of this devoted his whole subsequent life to the purpose of bringing about the spiritual conquest of the Californias.
Taking with him another priest named Salvatierra, as enthusiastic as himself, these two spent eleven years traveling throughout Mexico, preaching the crusade of their hope, and begging alms to assist them in the accomplishment of this --- the aim of their ambition. At last the college of desuits in Mexico was moved to lend a helping hand. Father Juan Ugarte, the venerable professor of philosophy at the college, even became so interested, that he took upon himself the direc- tion of the financial affairs pertaining to the enterprise. Under these auspices, on the 25th day of October, 1697, the first Jesuit Mission in Lower California was established at Loreto under charge of the indefatigable Father Salvatierra. Three years later, moved by missionary zeal, Father Ugarte surrendered his chair of philosophy at the college, and also crossing the California gulf, settled at San Xavier, there to spend the rein- nant of his days, instructing squalid savages in the forms of Christian faith.
WORK OF THE JESUITS.
However much modern historians may differ upon minor points; however much modern moralists may decry their
methods of conversion: all must agree that the desnit. Fathers were not only the first white settlers in Lower California, but that they also were the pioneers of exploration in the upper province; and that to them must ever he accorded the credit. due those who open up a hitherto wholly unknown territory to subsequent and more systematic enterprise. Truly, before their advent, the coast and harbers of the northern country had. as we have seen, been frequently explored by navigators; but. its vast interior-its mighty mountains, its deep valleys, ils far- reaching prairies, with all their boundless possibilities, yet remained a very terra incognita; throughout the length and breadth of which timorons fancy pictured unheard of and say age animals, and yet more savage men and demons, banded together mler the immediate leadership of the great arch- enemy, all bound by physical force and dire enchantment, to resist the incoming of the blessed gospel of Christ.
The first expedition into the interior, of which any authentic record remains, was in 1700, when the Jesnit Father Kino taalready mentioned), impelled alike hy missionary fervor an geographie enterprise, penetrated to the rivers Gila and Col- orado, and by four subsequent journeys in the same general direction, fextending in all over five successive yours,) exploded the then popular fallacy -that California was an island. I 1720, Father Ugarte, in a vessel of his own construction, reached the river Colorado, by way of the gulf; and in 1766, the Jesnit Father Wincestas Link, also explored a portion of the northern territory, and confirmed the statements of both the others.
But the star of the Jesuits, long in the ascendant, at last. reached the zenith-then waned, and set. With that sturdy persistence, and oneness of purpose which has ever character- ized their Order, they for seventy long years waged incessant warfare, alike against the forces of nature, and the powers of darkness. During that period they established fifteen missions upon the peninsula; they surrounded them with grain-lichts and orchards; they amassed wealth-cattle, and horses, and sheep ; and their Indian converts were mbered by the thou- sand. They buildled well, hat they buildled in vain. The King of Spain feared them; the grandees of Spain envied them; ergo-the welfare of Spain demanded their expulsion; the ediet was promulgated, and the Jesuits were cast ont.
In the year 1767, the Franciscan Friars of the college of San Fernando were duly installed; to be in turn succeeded by the Dominican Friars, five years later.
EXPEDITION INTO THE UPPER TERRITORY.
The Jesuits had been expelled; the Franciscans had taken their place; and the missionary spirit ran high. In 1768, Francis Junipero Serra, a Francisenn Friar, of the college of San Fernando, Mexico, was nominated Missionary President of
14
HISTORY OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Upper California. This priest was a native of Mayores, and carly in life filled the chair of philosophy in the University of that place. This be resigned for the wider field of Missionary lahor, mid had already distinguished himself in Mexico by his eloquence and zeal among the natives. The Franciscan annals deserihe him as " a love-inspired enthusiast, whose eye kindled with delight at sight of a band of savages, and whose heart thrilled with transport at the baptism of an Indian babe." With him were associated four others, all from the same col- lege, and named respectively-Father Fernando Parron, Father .Inan Biscayna; Father Francisco Gomez; and Father Juan Crespi. At Loreto, a peninsular port these five were joined by Don Joseph Galvez, " Visitador General," who had been commissioned by the king to superinteud the proposed expedi- tion. It was now determined to establish three missions in Upper California, located respectively-one at the port of Monterey, one at the port of San Diego, and the third at some point between these two-this latter to be named " San Buenaventura."
In furtherance of this design, an expedition was organized in five divisions, twa to proceed by land, and three hy water; all to meet at San Diego. The first land division under com- mand of Captain Rivera y Moncada, left Santa Anna some time in September, 1768, and reached San Diego May 14, 1769. The second, under Governor Gaspar de Portala, and accom- panied hy the Father President, left Villacata May 15, 1769, nud reached San Diego July 1, 1769. These divisions cach took with them horses, mnles, and cattle to stock the proposed Upper California missions, For the other divisions there were three vessels provided. The " San Carlos" sailed from Loreto January 9, 1769. She was commanded by Don Viucente Vilal, and carried, beside subordinate officers, twenty-five soldiers, a surgeon, and a priest. She reached San Diego May 1. 1769, with only the officers, Friar, eook, and two scamen -all others having perished on the voyage by hunger, thirst and seurvy. The "San Antonio" sailed from cape San Lucas February 15, 1769. She was commanded by ' Don Juan Perez, and reached San Diego April 11, following, having lost eight of her crew hy seurvy. The "San Joseph " sailed from Loreto June 16, 1769, and was never afterward heard from.
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