USA > Connecticut > Hartford County > Glastonbury > Glastenbury for two hundred years: a centennial discourse, May 18th 1853 > Part 1
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INDIAN MAP OF GLASTENBURY.
Pewterpet Brook
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GLASTENBURY
FOR
TWO HUNDRED YEARS:
A
CENTENNIAL DISCOURSE,
MAY 18TH, A. D. 1853.
WITH AN APPENDIX,
CONTAINING
HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL PAPERS OF INTEREST.
BY REV. ALONZO B. CHAPIN, D. D., Rector of St. Luke's Church, South Glastenbury ; Hon. Mem. R. I. Hist. Soc .; Hon. Mem. Penn. Hist. Soc. ; Mem. Conn. Hist. Soc. ; Corresponding Sec. Philolog. Soc .; Mem. Conn. Acad. Arts and Science, etc., etc.
Fulgor Apostolicus Glastoniam irradiat. Venatius Fortunatus. An Apostolical splendor irradiates Glastonbury.
HARTFORD: PRESS OF CASE, TIFFANY AND COMPANY.
1853.
L
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by JOHN A. HALE, CHAIRMAN, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Connecticut.
F1 4
691
PREFATORY NOTE.
IN the preparation of a history like the present, the general, mus t of necessity take precedence of the particular. At the same time the more of personal and particular history that can be combined with the general, the more immediately and permanently interesting will it be to individuals. The author las endeavoured, therefore, so to digest and arrange the materials before him, that the Town, its lands, its people and their occupations, should each receive a due share of attention. It would have given him pleasure to have been able to have enlarged the genealogical portion of his work, but this he could not do without extending it beyond the size deemed suitable for such a record. What he has given under this head, out of the abundance of the materials collected by himself, or kindly furnished by friends, will enable many of those who wish, to trace their ances- try, and to do it with much more readiness and ease than before. He trusts, too, that what he has given in regard to the ownership and division of lands, will not be without its interest and value to those who desire to trace the titles to their estates. And finally and chief- ly, he hopes and prays that the history of the Fathers will operate as an incentive to the sons, to induce them to put forth still greater exertions in the cause for which our ancestors toiled, and suffered, and bled ; that religion and learning, the two corner-stones of the State, laid by our fathers, may arise and shine, because their light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon them.
COLLECT.
DIRECT US, O LORD, IN ALL OUR DOINGS WITH THY MOST GRACIOUS FAVOUR, AND FURTHER US WITH THY CONTINUAL HELP, THAT IN ALL OUR WORKS BEGUN, CONTINUED AND ENDED IN THEE, WE MAY GLORIFY THY HOLY NAME; AND FINALLY, BY THY MERCY OBTAIN EVERLASTING LIFE THROUGH JESUS CHRIST OUR LORD. AMEN.
GLASTENBURY.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN;
SONS AND CITIZENS OF GLASTENBURY :
IN obedience to the will of that community in which it has pleased our heavenly Father to place me, I stand here, your representative, on this anniversary occasion. My duty, therefore, as the representative of the filial band I see about me, is, to recall the memory of the past, that we may the bet- ter understand the present-to remind you of the history of those men of fearless daring, heroic virtue and Christian prin- ciple, whom we are permitted to call our fathers-to trace the progress of those institutions which they founded, through the vicissitudes of two succeeding centuries-to mark the causes which have aided, retarded, accelerated or modified the development of those civil and religious principles that formed the life and soul of the State which they begun, that, knowing their principles and purposes, their sufferings and trials, their wants and wishes, we may the better understand the cost of the blessings which have descended to us, and may be induced thereby to make the greater sacrifices for their preservation. Thus, the memories of the fathers, em- balmed in the bosoms of the sons, will become at once, me- mentoes of the past and lessons for the present and the future.
Less than three centuries ago, and the wild man of the wood shared the lovely and the fertile valley of the Connec- ticut, with the wild beast of the forest, undisturbed by the
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footfall of the white man, unknowing and unknown to the civilized world. No sooner had the white man anchored his ship in the harbor, planted himself on the coast, reared a fort and mounted his gun, than the astonished natives cried out, MANITTOWOCK !- they are gods,* and the fame thereof spread- ing throughout all the country roundabout, their alliance and protection were sought by all the weaker tribes. In 1631, WAHQUINNACUT, or Bear-of-long-river,t a sachem of some of the tribes near Hartford, made a journey to Plymouth and Boston, beseeching the governors of those colonies to com- mence a plantation on the Connecticut, promising them corn and beaver for their support. But though the authorities took no notice of the application, individuals were moved by the representations given of the exceeding fertility of the soil, to explore the country, and finally to begin a settlement .¿ The precise date of this event has not been ascertained, but the settlers themselves have left it on record, that Wethers- field, of which Glastenbury was then a part, is the "most Auncient Towne of the Colony."§ The first settlement of Wethersfield, therefore, was probably commenced in 1634. The original purchase of the natives was six miles north and south, extending five miles west, and three miles east of Con- necticut river ; which was subsequently enlarged by an ad- ditional five miles to the eastward. No deed of the first pur- chase seems to have been given, and the following from the Colonial Records is all the record evidence we possess of that transaction.
" At a court held at Watertown, [Wethersfield,] November first, 1636, [the following deposition was received and ordered to be recorded.]
* R. W. 111.
t So Dr. Barratt, I. P. M. 2. It is compounded of WAH, a contraction of MUK-WAH, or M'QWAN, a bear ; Gal. 341, QUNNEK, or QUINNIK, long, R. W. 146, Cot. 24, TUK, or TOOK, water, river, M. R. I. 52, and ur, at, or on. Cox- NECTICUT, therefore, is QUENEK-TUK-UT, or long river ; a name applied rather to the Indians than the river.
# Def. I. 73, B. II. C. 124. Def. writes the name WAGHINACUT, and Barb. WAHQUIMACUT, but Barr. WAHQUINNACUT, which is undoubtedly nearest the truth.
§ Col. Law, 1650, 25.
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" Guilford, June 16, 1665.
This is to certify, unto all whom it may concerne, that upon his certaine knowledge, by the advice of the Court, Wethersfeild men gaue so much unto Sowheag as was to his sattisfaction for all their plantations lyeing on both sides the great Riner, wth the Islands, viz. six miles in bredth on both sides the Riuer, & six miles deep from the Riuer westward, and three miles deep from the Riner eastward.
Thus testifyeth George Hubbard.
By me George Hubbard.
Taken upon oath before me Willm Leete ;
This is a true coppy of the originell being examined & compared therewith this 18 of May, 1667, pr me,
John Allyn: SecretTy."*
CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY.
The present town of Glastenbury is six miles north and south, and " eight large miles" east and west, as expressed in the purchase, which, according to modern admeasurement, extends nearly nine miles from the river. The territory em- braced within these limits, furnishes a greater variety of soil, and diversity of landscape, than can often be found within the same space. From "the Narrows" in the river, a short distance above the WONGGUM meadows, to the north line of the town, stretches a band of rich alluvion, of exceeding fer- tility, varying from half a mile to a mile in width, furnishing some of the richest and most delightful meadows in the world .¡ East of this, occurs an extensive tract of land, rest- ing on a substratum of red sandstone, presenting all the va- rieties of plain and rolling country, usually found in seconda- ry formations. The diluvial of this formation, toward the south part of the town, is piled up in a peculiar and very in- teresting manner, betokening some sudden and violent con- vulsion of nature, when the land received its present form and appearance. This region of secondary averages about a mile in width from the southern limit of the town, until it
* T. C. R., I. 5.
t Dr. Charles Daubney, LL. D., Prof. in the Univ. Oxford, England, after having visited the principal countries of Europe, and several in Asia, for pur- poses of geological observation, came to this country in 1837. In his account of his tour through the country, he pronounces the valley of the Connecticut one of the finest portions of country he has anywhere seen.
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reaches Roaring Brook, when it expands rapidly to the east, becoming some four or five miles wide before reaching the north line of the town. The land within the limits of this territory is all easy of cultivation, and with proper attention to manuring, most of it productive. Some parts of it, how- ever, are suffering the consequences of having been overtaxed, and the drifting sand bank threatened, at one time, to over- run a very large area ; but the sudden and extensive spring- ing up of the pitch pine, (Pinus rigida,) after an absence of several generations, has arrested this enemy, and rendered the land itself valuable .*
The remaining portion of the town belongs to the primi- tive formation, as geologists are accustomed to call it, and is composed mostly of stratified granite or gneiss, presenting more than the usual varieties of rock and hill, and variegated landscape, to be found in primitive regions of country. On the western border of this, there is a narrow strip of chloritic gneiss, dipping rapidly to the west, and traversed by large dykes and veins of unstratified granite. In many places this formation seems to have been upheaved by some immense power from beneath, and the materials composing the granite veins to have been injected, in a state of fusion, into all the cracks and crevices of the broken rocks. Various minerals, more curious than useful, occur in these beds and veins of granite, of which broad plates of mica, and large specimens of feldspar, are the most abundant. This region is worthy the especial notice of men of science, presenting some of the best examples of the junction of an unstratified white gran- ite, of a comparatively recent date, with the older, darker and stratified rock of similar material, to be met with in the coun- try. In the south-eastern portion of the town, especially in the region of "Dark Hollow," mica abounds in the rocks, forming a coarse grained inica slate. This valley is the mythic region in the history of Glastenbury, and stories of
* This recent appearance of the pine, after so long an absence from our for- ests, is not peculiar to this region. The same is true of portions of country north of us, acres of land being now covered with dense forests of thrifty pines, where thirty years ago the tree was unknown.
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enchanted visions and wonderful sights have been rife con- cerning it, from an early period. Gold and silver, and pre- cious gems, have been supposed to abound there, but have been so closely watched and guarded by "the weird sisters," as thus far to elude the sight of mortals. Better authentica- ted is the tradition that wild cats formerly lived there in great abundance. Between the portions already described, the predominant rock is a light gray gneiss, the superincumbent soil partaking largely of the materials which compose the rocks themselves .*
For a long period after New England was redeemed from the abyss of waters, the whole valley of the Connecticut above Middletown, seems to have been submerged, and there is scarcely room for doubt, that for some ages after the waters of the valley forced themselves through the " Narrows," that all the region of country lying on the borders of Roaring Brook, above the mills of the " Hartford Manufacturing Company," formed a lake of very considerable magnitude. The narrowness of the gorge through which the waters now flow, the comparative freshness of the rocks jutting from its precipitous banks, and the appearance of the country above, give this opinion an air of probability which can not well be resisted or set aside. The only remaining peculiarities of soil, are a circular area of considerable extent at Nipsic, compri- sing a level portion of country, or elevated plain, high above the adjacent plains on the west, yet exceedingly fertile ; and an elevated plateau, or region of table land, east of Roaring Brook and Sparksville. These, together with the precipitous Kongscut, the rugged Minnechaug, and other mountains of lesser note, complete the outline of the landscape.
INDIAN HISTORY AND SALE. 1
When the whites first landed in this country, the whole of New England, and much of the adjacent territory, was occu- pied by a race of Indians since known as the ALGONQUIN
* Per. Geo. Rep. 218-235, 445-449.
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LENAPE, or manly men of the Algonquin mountains .* This nation, identified by sameness of language, included the Knisteneaux, the Chippeways or Ogibbewahs, the Algon- quins, the Micmacs, Etchemins or Passammaquoddies, the Penobscots, the Massachusetts, the Narragansetts, the Mo- hegans, the Delawares, the Long Islanders, the Minsi, the Saukhicans, the Souriquois, the Miamis, the Scoffies, the Mississages, the Ottawas, with the Sheshatapoosh, of Lab- rador .; The Indians living on the river which forms our western border, were called QUINITIKOOCK,Į or QUNIHTITUK- QUT§ Indians, signifying those who lived on the Great, or Long-river, the latter being the common interpretation, the former the usage of the Indians in this vicinity.|| On the east were tribes, families, or clans called NIPMUCKS, signifying simply Indians living away from the river.IT These Indians, with those lying on the west, were called MOHEGANS, or the Wolf-tribe .** Still west of these was a tribe of the Iroquois family, called MOHAWKS, that is, Men- eaters, it being their custom to eat the prisoners taken in
* ALGONQUIN is a name applied to a particular tribe of Indians by the French. Gal. 21. LENAPE, is from LENNO and NAPE. I suspect the English Alleghany is the same as the French Algonquin, or at least connected with it.
t Gal. 305.
R. W. 19.
§ Cotton in M. H. C., 3d S., II. 225.
|| The word CONNECTICUT is generally translated Long-river, and is derived from QUINIH, long ; TOOK, Or TUK, water, and UT, OCK, on, upon, place of. The usage of the Indians in this vicinity however, seems to imply that they sup- posed the first part of the compound to be QUINIQUI, great, the name by which it is described in all our early records. " Great-river," therefore, is simply a translation of the Indian word Connecticut. The orthographies of this word have been various ; of which the following are examples.
Roger Williams, QUNNIHTICUT, Key, 22, 117.
Josiah Cotton, QUNNEHTUKQUET, M. H. C., 3 S., II. 225.
Colonial Records, CONNECTICOTT, 2, 15, 20.
Callandar, QUNNITICUT, R. H. S., IV. 74.
Rec. E. Hamp. KENITICUT, Trumb. C. R., I. 573.
1 Nip, water, river; and MUCK, from, away from. R. W. 25, 33.
** This name was also written MOHICANS, MAHINGANS, Gal. 34, 44, and by Rev. Dr. Edwards, who spoke the language as readily as his mother tongue, MUHHEKANEEW. Obs. Lang. Muh.
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war .* With this tribe the Mohegans were in continual war- fare, and tradition relates that before the arrival of the whites, more than one bloody battle had been fought with them up- on these plains of NAUBUC, whereon we are now assembled. East of the MOHEGANS came the PEQUTTOOG or PEQUOT, that is, the Grey-fox tribe ;t with which war was of frequent oc- currence, and whose leader or sachem at the settlement of this town was PEKOATH,¿ also signifying Grey-fox.
The Indians on the river were subdivided into numerous clans or families, one of which was wholly within the limits of Glastenbury, and several others were upon its borders, of which the following particulars have been gleaned.
1. NAYAUG, pronounced by the Indians probably NAU- YAUG. This clan lived in Glastenbury, making their head- quarters and principal residence at the place now bearing their name; which, when compared with the early records and probable etymology, seems to have been the original of Roaring-brook. As the CONNECTICUT was the Great-river, SO NAYAUG was Noisy-water, or Roaring-brook.§ This tribe
* From MOHO, to eat, R. W. 36 ; properly, MOHOWAUG.
t PEQUAWUS, Grey-fox, R. W. 95 and 19.
# Deforest supposes this name to be a mistake for WOPIGWOOT, written by the Dutch, WAPEQUART, p. 67, but as lie has no acquaintance with the Indian language, his opinion can decide no question of Indian philology. The name of WOPIGWOOT, and his father, WOIPEGUANA, as given by Uncas in 1679, are evidently from the same root. The Wor, seems to be an Indian prefix, an- swering to the Englishi article the, while PEQUANA and PIGWOOT, are merely orthographie variations of PEQUOT, and hence the names signify merely the Grey-fox, that is, the chief who bore the totem of Grey-fox.
§ The etymology of this word is something in doubt. " Roaring-brook" was first called by the whites, Sturgeon-river, which subsequently gave place to NAYAUG, or Roaring-brook. The syllable NA, (pron. naw,) seems to have been associated with the idea of noise, sounding, or roaring, in the Indian languages as well as many other tongues, e. g.
NA-NAH-SHO-NAT, (the heavy noise of deep) breathing. Cot. SS.
An-NOO-NAU, (the decisive tone of) commanding. Cot. 89.
A-ha-NU-ouk', (the noise of) laughing. Cot. p. 93.
Noo-NU-at, (the noise made by) sucking. Cot. 97.
The Chinese apply a similar radical syllable in the same manner; NEU, (pron. nãoo,) to denote the ox, cow, because of the noise of their lowing or bel- lowing. The Sanscrit employs the root nas, to signify giving sound, or making a noise, which is the precise force of the English noise, (=ndez.) The Indians
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found, within the natural amphitheatre where the centre of South Glastenbury now stands, an admirable protection against the storms and tempests of winter, and with a never- failing stream of the purest water at their feet, over which neither heat nor cold could exert any sway, they spent their time in such enjoyments as the blankness of the savage mind could afford. And it was a place of safety as well as of comfort, the promontory of " Red-hill" furnishing a ready look-out and defense on the river side, while "Chesnut-hill," in the opposite direction, was a good observatory towards every quarter. Here, in the fastnesses of that romantic glen, which has now been engrossed for many years by the cotton- mill, the NAYAUGS protected themselves from the inclemen- cies of the seasons, and the assaults of the Red man. Here, too, these primitive sons of the forest, under the shadow of a projecting cliff, fashioned a huge samp-mortar, in a rock of primitive granite, from whence the cry of NASAUMP,* the re- sounding of the pestle, and the roar of the waterfall, ming- ling, formed the choral of their domestic life; long since sup- planted by the buzz of the spindle, and the rattle of the loom. But though the Indian is gone, the mortar is there, deep and broad, wrought with the skill of the workman, marking the place of the NAYAUGS .; This family, tribe or clan, which amounted to a considerable number, thirty years after the settlement of the town, has hitherto been without a place in our Indian histories, simply, because they ever dwelt in peace and quietness with the whites, no instance having been found of the slightest hostilities between them, though the remnant of the tribe disappeared within the present century.
The nearest approach to hostilities that has come to our knowledge, is furnished by the following tradition in regard
called the horse, NAY-NAY-OU-WE-MOT, Cotton says, p. 4, because of its being a beast of burden. To me it seems more probable because of its neighing, (=nay-ing.) Upon this supposition, NAYAUG signifies noisy water, or Roaring- brook.
* The Indian word for samp. R. W. 33.
+ This mortar, about two feet in diameter, and two and a half in depth, is now covered by the waters of the lower pond of the Hartford Manufacturing Company.
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to John Hollister, which has been supplied by a member of the family abroad. While Mr. Hollister resided on the west side of the river, he was accustomed to come over and culti- vate his land at Nayaug, unprotected by company. On one occasion, a huge, stalwart Indian, claiming to be the most athletic and powerful man of the tribe, appeared before him, saying that he had been told that Mr. H. was the stoutest pale-face in the settlement, and proposing a trial of strength in a fight. Mr. H. assented, and at it they went. After en- gaging in combat until both were well nigh exhausted, they agreed upon a truce, and sitting down on a log, rested them- selves. Having recovered breath and strength they fought again, and again rested, fighting and resting until sun-down, when neither having conquered, they exchanged tokens of friendship, and ever after lived in peace. Now when it is recollected, that all this was long before the settlement of Pennsylvania, by William Penn, in 1681, and that all that he gained of peace and quiet by his upright treatment of the In- dians, had been secured by our fathers a whole generation before his time, it justly entitles them to a share in the praises which have been so abundantly showered upon him.
2. WONGGUNKS. The WONGGUM Indians, who are known / as WONGGUNKS, were those who lived at the bend of the river, as the name imports,* partly in Glastenbury, but principally in Portland; the one name signifying the people, (WONG- GUNKS,) the other the place (WONGGUM) of their dwelling. The name of this tribe is preserved in the name of Wonggum meadows, and Wonggum brook, which reaches the river by passing through the same.
3. HOCCANUM. The HOCCANUM Indians lived, as their name imports, at the fishing-ground,t which occurs at the northern part of the town. In other places the same word was turned into HIGGANUM; especially when other syllables were added, as in HIGGANUMPUS. This tribe, or some one un- known, was accustomed to resort to the " Old Pan," in the
* WONKUN, to bend. Cot. 39.
t UUHKE, or OHKE, and NAMUS, R. W. 89, 102. Cot. 9, 10. This name is common on this river, occurring in Easthampton, Mass. and at Haddam, in the form of HIGGANUM.
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north part of the town, and traces of their fires and burials long remained.
4. PYQUAG. The residence of the Indians at Wethersfield, bore the name of PYQUAG, the meaning of which is not cer- tainly known, but which seems to have denoted a place where the Indians celebrated their public games, and may therefore be rendered dancing-place ;* an inference sustained by some of the ancient traditions, and strongly favored by the peculiar make of the high meadows. These Indians oc- cupied Wethersfield and Rocky Hill.
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