USA > Connecticut > Connecticut yesterday and today : 1635-1935 : celebrating three hundred years of progress in the Constitution state > Part 22
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From 1866, the history of the Wallace Barnes spring plant parallels the development by Yankee ingenuity of a host of new products: The first of these was the crude lamp which extinguished the candle and made a market for what were called "Chimney cleaner" springs for cleaning the chimneys of these kerosene lamps. In rapid succession came the screen tension springs, piano action springs, truss springs, coat collar springs, letter file springs, book back springs, bicycle bell springs, toe clips, anti- rattler springs for buggies, trouser guard springs (these were made by the millions during the height of the bicycle fad), telephone springs, head band springs for telephone operators, etc., etc.
In the panic of 1893 the employees of Wallace Barnes sandwiched an occasional job in between all too frequent fishing trips. Business was almost at a standstill and save for the business acumen of Carlyle F. Barnes in rebuilding the ill equipped and almost bankrupt business, the business might have failed.
After its second president had carried the business through its one great low point, the Company pros- pered and has continued to expand year by year to this present day. Chief among the inventions which have helped in this development are the telephone, bicycles, automobiles, typewriters, phonographs, elec- trical and mechanical appliances, and radios. A new
MAIN
PLANT
INLS WIRE & STER! 1+BL. 57*
BARNES-MADE PRODUCTS
1
Factories of
COLD ROLLING DEPARTMENT
RIVERSIDE AVENUE PLANT -
at-
The WALLACE BARNES COMPANY Bristol, Conn. U. S.A.
L.
The present extensive factory of the Wallace Barnes Company, where all varieties of springs are manufactured.
The WALLACE BARNES COMPANY
Founded 1857
WALLACE BARNES, President 1857-1893
CARLYLE F. BARNES, President 1893-1926
era in spring making, which started in 1914 with the great advances in metallurgy, brought about countless refinements in spring design to which the World War gave impetus.
The Company employs today over 1,000 work- men at peak production; each year more than 3,000 tons of metal are consumed in the manufacture of the thousands of varieties of springs which the Com- pany manufactures. The Wallace Barnes Company, through careful attention to the changing demands of the years and diversification of their products, has grown from a small partnership to one of the great industrial institutions of Connecticut.
WALLACE BARNES
Wallace Barnes was born in Bristol, on December 25, 1827. He was the son of Alphonzo and Almira Barnes. After a boyhood spent in the schools of this little village, he started work at an early age and spent the next few years in acquiring a knowledge of business and in sharpen- ing his already keen sense of trading. It was through this latter ability that he finally came to be the owner of his own manufactory and the founder of one of Connecticut's great business enterprises.
While Wallace Barnes was still a young man, he was employed by the A. S. Platt Co. in Bristol. As a workman there he received $1.25 a day for his labor, and since this was in a time when money was scarce he was at one time paid his wages in hoop wire, the product of the firm. When he came into possession of this hoop wire it marked the end of his labors in the shops of other people.
He immediately started to find someone to whom he might trade his hoop wire, which in those days did possess a real value for hoop skirts were the height of fashion and
many men wished to get the materials necessary to set themselves up in this prosperous business. Still he traveled far to find the bargain that he wished, for it was in Albany, New York, that he finally traded his hoop wire for a gentleman's furnishing store.
Mr. Barnes now had a snug little business, but he neither desired to remain in the gentleman's furnishing business nor in Albany. His next "swap" was to trade his store in Albany "sight unseen" for a farm in Missouri, whereupon he returned to Bristol a landed proprietor.
Soon after his return he exchanged his farm for a black- smith shop on School Street. Within a short time he sold the land and building for $1600, this amount for a wagon load of wire and much Yankee shrewdness.
With his $1600 Mr. Barnes purchased the business of the Platt Company from Mr. Julius Wright, settling him- self by this act for the remainder of his life. The new firm was at first a partnership, with Mr. Dunbar as the other member, but within a few years Mr. Barnes bought out Mr. Dunbar's interest and the Wallace Barnes Com- pany was formed.
Mr. Barnes remained in active charge of the business until his death in 1893, giving nearly forty years of his life to the enterprise he had founded with so small a start.
CARLYLE F. BARNES
Carlyle F. Barnes, who succeeded his father as executive head of the Wallace Barnes Company, was born in Bristol, December 11, 1852. He was a direct descendant, through his father, of Thomas Barnes who left England in mid- seventeenth century to settle in Farmington, Conn. Records show that he was established there as early as 1660. A second ancestor was among the little band that landed in Plymouth in 1620, the real pioneers of New England.
After receiving his earlier schooling in Bristol, Carlyle Barnes went to Williston Seminary from which he gradu- ated in 1870. After his graduation he lived for a time in Hartford, Connecticut; working there first as a clerk in
*[192]>
The WALLACE BARNES COMPANY
Founded 1857
FULLER F. BARNES, President 1926-1930 Chairman of the Board
the store of R. F. Blodgett, and later for four years as a clerk at the Hartford office of Cheney Brothers.
He returned to Bristol, after his brief experience in business at Hartford, to enter the employ of the Wallace Barnes Company. Here he remained until his death in 1926. While his father was still alive he was made treasurer of the concern, and upon his father's death in 1893 he was elected to the presidency.
When he succeeded to this latter position the business was still small and business conditions were of the worst. It was the year of the worst depression known up to that time. Mr. Barnes brought the firm through these trying times and as soon as they were over he began a program of extensive expansion, which was cut short only by his death. To him belongs a large part of the credit for the Company's position today.
Besides his long affiliation with the Wallace Barnes Com- pany; he was also president of the C. J. Root Co., and vice-president of the Bristol Savings Bank. In 1907 he was elected Burgess of the Borough of Bristol.
He was married October 1, 1885 to Lena Forbes, daughter of Samuel Forbes of Forestville. To them were born Fuller Forbes Barnes and Harry Clarke Barnes, both of whom have become executives in the Company.
After a lifetime of great activity, Carlyle Barnes died on April 4, 1926.
FULLER FORBES BARNES
Fuller F. Barnes, the third president of the Wallace Barnes Company, who has been actively associated with the direction of the corporation in an executive capacity since 1910, was born March 6, 1887 in Bristol.
His father, the late Carlyle F. Barnes, was the president of the Wallace Barnes Company, and his mother, Lena Forbes, was of a very old and distinguished family.
His early education was gained in the public schools of Bristol and Philips Andover Academy. In 1910 he gradu- ated from Yale College with the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
HARRY C. BARNES, Treasurer
Immediately after he had completed his education he came to the Wallace Barnes Company as treasurer, which position he retained until 1926. In 1913 he was also made general manager. Upon the death of his father in 1926, he was elected president, whereupon he resigned from his other two offices. In 1930 he retired from the presidency and became Chairman of the Board.
He is a director of Veeder-Root, Inc., Bristol Bank & Trust Co., Dunbar Bros. Co., Manufacturer's Association of Hartford County, William D. Gibson Co., Wallace Barnes, Ltd. He is president of Associated Spring Corp. of Delaware, and Barnes, Gibson and Raymond, Inc. He is treasurer and director of the Washburn Wire Co. and vice-president of North Side Bank and Trust Co. and the American Electrical Works. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
He is President of the Spring Manufacturers Associa- tion of the United States. He was State Senator from the Fifth Senatorial District during the sessions of 1929 and 1931.
HARRY CLARKE BARNES
Harry C. Barnes, treasurer of the Wallace Barnes Com- pany, was born in Bristol on November 20, 1889. He is the son of Carlyle Barnes and Lena Forbes.
He was educated in the Bristol public schools and Hol- brook Military Academy. After completing his courses there he studied at the New England Conservatory of Music.
He came to the Wallace Barnes Company in 1913, and after a few years spent in becoming acquainted with the manufacturing processes was transferred to the office and made secretary of the Company. He held this position until 1926, at which time he was made treasurer, which position he has held ever since.
He is a director of the Bristol Bank & Trust Co .; vice-president and director of Wallace Barnes Co., Ltd .; director of Barnes, Gibson and Raymond, Inc .; secretary of Associated Spring Corp. of Delaware. For four years he was a member of the Bristol City Council.
<193}
THE BRISTOL BRASS CORPORATION - BRISTOL
Čr . . .......
The Bristol Brass Corporation Plant in 1850
HE Bristol Brass Corporation of Bristol, Connecticut was founded on April 3, 1850, as the Bristol Brass and Clock Company. Prominent among the founders of the new concern were many men who were later to be- come famous for their connection with the develop- ment of the manufacture of brass within this state. The first president was Israel Holmes, and the sec- retary-treasurer was I. D. Coe, both of whom were outstanding figures in the building of the American Brass Company.
There are two generally accepted reasons for the founding of this new enterprise: the manufacturers, who were among those interested, wished to provide themselves with a source of supply of sheet brass for their own mills, or else they desired to set up a plant, apparently as an experiment, which would be completely self-contained. The latter reason seems to have been the dominant one in the first decade of the Company's existence, when they were engaged in the manufacture of clocks; but, when they left this field in 1860, the large part of their production of sheet brass did serve as a source of supply for many years to the mills of the founders.
After 1890 the Company began to develop con- siderable of an outside trade in sheet brass, thereby setting the policy that was to remain until the present day. At about 1900 they began the manufacture of rod, wire and brazed tubing, which they added to
their line. Since that date they have successfully undertaken the manufacture of a greater variety of products, always stressing the necessity of a quality product, for which they have been rewarded by the confidence of the industry and a business that reaches 4,000,000 pounds per month at peak production.
The first site of the Company was chosen for the water power that was available there from the Pe- quabuck River. Water power at that time was not only the cheapest source of power, but also the most de- pendable and efficient. Though steam replaced the water, and was in turn replaced almost entirely by electricity as a source of energy, the plant has re- mained upon the original location for eighty-five years.
Like most other companies of that day wood was burned in the furnaces used for annealing; here again Bristol was a happy location because of the abundant supply of chestnut thereabouts. When the chestnut blight came to Connecticut, and the source of supply was nearly wiped out, the wood burning furnaces were replaced by the more modern oil- burning type. Within recent years these have been superseded by electric furnaces, the Bristol Brass Corporation being the second company to install this modern equipment. Today, in spite of the greater convenience and efficiency of the electric furnace, there are a few types of special mixtures which are annealed over the wood fires, since there are some classes of work in which wood can not be excelled.
451947
CONNECTICUT - MAKERS OF BRASS SINCE 1850
The present modern plant is located at the east end of Bristol, and radiating from the site of the original mill extends over eight acres of land. At peak production the Company employs over four hundred men. The chief products today are: Sheet,
rod, and wire, in a wide range of sizes and tempers. Specialties of the Company are rivet and screw wire and welding rods; accurate gauge brasses for auto- mobile radiators and low brasses for use in vanity and cigarette cases.
OFFICERS
ALBERT D. WILSON, President and Treasurer
HARRY N. LAW, Secretary
CHARLES T. TREADWAY, Vice-President
CARL A. GUSTAFSON, Assistant Treasurer
FREDERICK M. SIEBERT, Vice-President and Sales Mgr.
JAMES R. CHAMBERLAIN, Assistant Secretary
Original Board of Directors
Presidents
Present Board of Directors
ISRAEL HOLMES
ISRAEL HOLMES, 1850-1851
DUDLEY INGRAHAM
EDWARD INGRAHAM
JOHN P. ELTON
ELISHA WELCH, 1851-1887
W. K. SESSIONS
PHILO BROWN
ANDREW F. ATKINS, 1887-1893
F. M. SIEBERT
GREEN KENDRICK
JAMES H. WELCH, 1893-1902
A. D. WILSON
L. W. COE PIERCE N. WELCH, 1902-1909
C. T. TREADWAY
F. F. BARNES
E. N. WELCH
JULIAN R. HOLLEY, 1909-1911
H. K. ENGLISH
E. C. BREWSTER
ALBERT F. ROCKWELL, 1911-1924
DEAN WELCH
J. C. BROWN
ALEXANDER HARPER, 1924-1935
F. S. CHAMBERLAIN
ELISHA MANROSS
ALBERT D. WILSON, 1935-
HARRY N. LAW
1- i
The Bristol Brass Corporation Plant Today
11953 .*
T. G. TREADWAY
THE TWENTY-SEVEN TOWNS OF NEW HAVEN COUNTY
IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ESTABLISHMENT TOGETHER WITH THEIR PRESENT ACREAGE AND POPULATION.
ESTABLISHED
TOWN
MILES FROM HARTFORD
ACRES
POPULATION
1638
New Haven
38
14,260
162,655
1639
Branford
43
15,219
7,022
1639s
Guilford
37
30,193
3,117
1639
Milford
45
16,290
12,660
1670n
Wallingford
24
23,933
14,278
1675
Derby
48
3,293
10,788
I686
Waterbury
30
18,405
99,902
1780
Cheshire
26
19,359
3,263
I784
Woodbridge
43
12,758
1,630
1785
Fast Haven
39
8,069
7,815
I786
Hamden
34
21,054
19,020
1786
North Haven
30
13,890
3,730
1787
Southbury
44
25,818
1,134
1796
Wolcott
33
13,125
972
1798
()xford
45
23,035
1, 141
I806
Meriden
18
19,483
38,48 I
1807
Middlebury
36
12,479
1,449
1822
Orange
42
11,184
1,530
1826
Madison
40
25,948
1,918
1827
Prospect
31
8,726
531
1831
North Branford
35
16,498
1,329
1832
Bethany
42
12,816
480
1844
Naugatuck
35
10,750
14,315
1850
Seymour
42
9,509
6,890
1871
Beacon Falls
39
5,792
1,693
1889
Ansonia
43
3,715
19,898
192I
West Haven
42
7,204
25,808
*196 ]*
NEW HAVEN
COLONY FOUNDED 1 638
Herefordshire Quarter.
Yorkshire Quarter.
Mr Gregson's Quarter.
Edmurat Japp.
Hid. Balduin.
Thomas
iilow
Thomas Ville.
Thomas Fugit.
Henderson.
john.
John Johnson.
Dixon
jeremiah
Gomes Budden.
An Elder
-
Filor Builden:
Fowler.
William.
Ostorne
Thomas
Zachariah Mulinan
Hivaler.
Mrs Constable.
John Evance
H: Lucas
Spammer.
Laird Atural's:
Ihr Gafinch
Frances Newman
Henry Browning.
Suburbs Quarter
Thomas Welche
Bailey .
famud
William Rautins.
Francis Braför.
20 perc
Hark Nance
Boykin
jarvis
Lung.
Beryamen!
Richard Miles.
Hrs Eldred
Robert Newman.
Stephen Goodyear.
Nathaniel Artill.
K: Marshall
Buckley.
Richard
William Andrews
Henry Monhill, Thomas Gregson.
John Cooper.
1
Franul Walk. Richard Ostane
Roger Ailing.
John brackett.
M Hichooks.
John Budd.
Jeanes.
William
Kattheus- Gilbert.
Owen Roux.
Lør Ålder:
Richard Berry Nathaniel 2 /2 acres Jurner
Gnowver.
Ézeńcel
-
Thomas Nurnlertisz.
Rigonilus Exstore
Ack
arthur
cha
Veley
Lamberton.
Thomas Jeffreys.
Wh: Mansfield.
Beston.
Hillsum
Chapman Demkar
Thomas slash.
Richard fallon.
Sehr Dawnport:
Samuel Saton.
William. jullie
Quarter
Artiumand
Hjernes Russell.
The Governor's Quarter:
NEW HAVEN IN 1641.
Lawrence Want
ERHONEY 1/2.
THE FREEMEN
in the COURTE
OF NEW HAVEN in 1639
Mr. Theophilus Eaton
Thomas Geffreyes
Richard Hull
Thomas Ellscy
Mr. Joshua Attwater
Goodman Abbott
Mr. Thomas Gregson
Antony Tompson Edward Wigglesworth
Samuel Whitehead John Brockett
John Mosse
John Vincent
Richard Law
Adam Nicholls
Mr. John Wakeman
Mathew Camfield
Nr. Nath. Turner
William Thorpe
John Benham
Tristram Rayner Brother Lanson
William Andrewes
Andrew Low
Mr. Jasper Craine
Mr. ........ James
Francis . Bell
Mr. George Lamberton Nash
Richard Miles
Henry Lendall
Mr. Richard Perry
Mr. Richard Malbone
William Fowler
William Peck Andrew Hull
William Ives
Jolm Cowper
Goodman Sherman
Francis Browne
Joseph Nash
:1197).
Ar Jenet's Quarter
Hr Lamberto ni Quarter
1
Seong: Smith.
Widow Jherman.
Matthew Atoutle op Anthony Thomasrn.
Jean Meester Robert Cogswell
William Pray
FRn.
Edw. Sandler
Ford.
Vianothy
Milletin Sofin
Kich Paul Henry
John Chant Forbridge.
When Moss Shornas
Rutherford
Givennora:
Sesne Hand:
Oxforshell Michel.
Hr: Davenport's Quarter.
John Nash Goodman Davis Mr. Gibberd
Mr. John Davenport Mr. Robert Newman Mr. Matthew Gilbert Thomas Fugill John Ponderson Jeremiah Dixon
Abraham Bell
Mr. Ezekiel Chevers
Mr. Francis Newman
Mr. Stephen Goodyear John Potter
Mr. Samuel Eaton
Thomas Mounson
John Clarke John Chapman
Andrew Warde l Rip:
Captaine Underhill Richard Gildersleeve Matthew Moulthrop Goodman Preston William Tompson
The above map is from E. E. Atwater's history of New Haven Colony. The list of "Freemen" is from "New Haven Colonial Records, 1638-1649". Transcribed and ed- ited by Charles J. Hoadlay M. A. in accord- ance with a resolution of the General Assembly, 1857.
Robert Sceley
Goodman Gibbs
Goodman Livermore
mes
Jasper
Band Yale.
Richard
john
Full
trion
Bill.
Edw. Jench.
Kol Hill.
Wid Hilliards
Edward Wiggleunth
firm Bell.
Richard Hatt.
bochmill
Will Thorp.
7. Buell
Greene.
Roger Aller
Thomas Kimberley
1
William Jus
1 ..
1
Mayors of New Haven
Roger Sherman, Feb. 10, 1784, to July 2, 1793 Samuel Bishop, Aug. 19, 1793, to Aug. 7, 1803 Elizur Goodrich, Sept. 1, 1803, to 1822 (resigned June, 1822)
George Hoadley, June 4, 1822, to 1826 (resigned May II, 1826)
Simeon Baldwin, June 6, 1826, to 1827 William Bristol, June 5, 1827, to 1828 David Daggett, June 2, 1828, to 1830 Ralph I. Ingersoll, June 1, 1830, to 1831 Dennis Kimberly, June 7, 1831, to 1832. Ebenezer Seeley, June 5, 1832, to 1833 Dennis Kimberly, June 4, 1833
(refused to serve)
Noyes Darling, June 10, 1833, to 1834 Henry C. Flagg, June 3, 1834, to 1839 Samuel J. Hitchcock, June 3, 1839, to 1842 Philip S. Galpin, June 6, 1842, to 1846 Henry Peck, June 1, 1846, to 1850 Aaron Skinner, June 3, 1850, to 1854 Chauncey Jerome, June 5, 1854, to 1855 Alfred Blackman, June 4, 1855, to 1856 Philip S. Galpin, June 2, 1856, to 1860 Harmanus M. Welch, June 4, 1860, to 1863 (resigned June 2, 1863 )
Morris Tyler, June 2, 1863, to 1865 Erastus C. Scranton, June 6, 1865, to 1866 Lucien W. Sperry, June 6, 1866, to 1869 William Fitch, June 1, 1869, to 1870 Henry G. Lewis, June 7, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1877 William R. Shelton, Jan. 1, 1877, to 1879 Hobart B. Bigelow, Jan. 1, 1879, to 1881 John B. Robertson, Jan. 1, 1881, to 1883 Henry G. Lewis, Jan. 1, 1883, to 1885 George F. Holcomb, Jan. 1, 1885, to 1887 Samuel A. York, Jan. 1, 1887, to 1889 Henry F. Peck, Jan. 1, 1889, to 1891 Joseph B. Sargent, Jan. 1, 1891, to 1895 Albert C. Hendrick, Jan. 1, 1895, to 1897 Frederick B. Farnsworth, Jan. 1, 1897, to June I, 1899
Cornelius T. Driscoll, June 1, 1899, to 1901 John P. Studley, June 1, 1901, to Jan. 1, 1908 James B. Martin, Jan. 1, 1908, to 1910 Frank J. Rice, Jan. 1, 1910, to Jan. 19, 1917 Samuel Campner, Jan. 19, 1917, to 1918 David E. Fitzgerald, Jan. 1, 1918, to 1926 John B. Tower, Jan. 1, 1926, to June 5, 1928 Thomas A. Tully, June 5, 1928, to 1932 John W. Murphy, Jan. 1, 1932
Courtesy of the Gallery of Fine . Irts, Yale University
ROGER SHERMAN First Mayor of New Haven, 1784-1793
HE site of New Haven, called by the Indians, Quinnipiac, first became known to the English through the Pequot War in the summer of 1637. In June of that year a party of settlers under the leadership of Theophilus Eaton and John Davenport had arrived in Boston. When they were informed of the level, fertile lands along the Sound and the easy means of access by water, an exploring party was sent to explore the ground with a view to making a settle- ment there. This party was so favorably impressed that they left seven men there to make preparations for a per- manent colony. The following April, the remainder of the company arrived by boat from Boston. In November and December of 1638, the purchase of the land at New Haven was consummated with the Sachems of the various tribes. A year passed after the arrival before the settlement was ready for any formal establishment of a civil or ec- clesiastical authority, and it was June, 1639, when the free planters met and the "seven men" were chosen to establish a church. The Church was instituted in August hy the solemn and formal covenant of these men. On the 25th of October the civil authority was established, the "seven men" having conferred suffrage upon "all those that have been received into the fellowship of this church since the gathering of it, or who being members of other approved churches, offered themselves. Theophilus Eaton was chosen as the first magistrate and Robert Newman, Matthew Gil- bert, Nathaniel Turner and Thomas Fugill as deputies. New Haven remained a separate colony, apart from Con- necticut, until December 13, 1664, when the last General Court was held; New Haven Colony was absorbed into Connecticut by the Charter received from Charles II.
LEADERS OF ORIGINAL, SETTLERS
1
An Early View of the New Haven Green
While New Haven refused to submit, at first, they were given no choice when the Royal Commissioners arbitrarily assigned New Haven to the jurisdiction of Connecticut in the year 1664. For some time after her forced submission to Connecticut, New Haven was penalized for her stub- bornness by refusal of suffrage, but by 1670 most of the ill-feeling had died away and amicable relations existed thereafter. After the union with Connecticut, New Haven became a meeting place of the General Court of the Colony and so remained until 1875. New Haven, after losing her sovereignty, became a township and a county seat, contin- uing with this form of local government until 1784 when the act for incorporation as a city was passed by the General Assembly. Under this form of government, the present one, Roger Sherman, the great statesman, was chosen as the first mayor.
In the founding and early growth of New Haven, the church was of prime importance. We have already noted that the basis of suffrage in the carly settlement was de- pendent upon church qualifications; this Church, which was founded nearly three hundred years ago is today known as the Center Church, remaining today upon the same spot where it was placed by those seven men. The first minister was John Davenport, one of the co-founders of the settle- ment, who is best remembered for the sermon which he preached on the first Sunday after the arrival of the settlers. The First Church remained the only church in New Haven until 1742, when forty-three seceders founded what is now known as the North Church. The basis of secession was the adoption by the First Church of the Saybrook Platform. which in forming a Consociation did away with the single council of each individual church. To the seceders this was tantamount to abolishing the whole foundation of the church. The present structure on the Green was erected in 1815, and in the same year the name of the society was designated as The United Society by an act of the legis- lature. Trinity Church, the first Episcopal Church in Nen Haven, was founded about 1752, the exact date not being known. At that time a house of worship was built on the east side of Church Street, which continued as the home of this body until 1816, when the present edifice on the
Green was consecrated.
In speaking of the three oldest churches of New Haven, we have had occasion to mention several times the Green. This historical landmark is as old as the settlement itself. When the land was first laid ont and divided among the settlers in 1638, the New Haven Green was designated as the center square of the nine original squares ( see map on p. 197). It has so remained the center of the city to this present day. In addition to being the home of the three oldest churches, it was also the location of the first County House, and of New Haven's two statehouses. Most of New Haven's important history has centered in and about the Green.
Today, New Haven's greatest claim for greatness lies in her cultural advantages. It is very largely the carly and proper establishment of educational institutions within the settlement that today gives her this predominance. When the settlers arrived in 1638, they brought with them an excellent schoolnaster who remained in New Haven until 1649. After his departure the teaching of the children of the Colony was undertaken by various men until the found- ing of Hopkins Grammar School in 1668. This school was the first institution of its kind in the country and it has continued to serve all people from that day to this. Its establishment was made possible by a bequest from Gov- ernor Hopkins, which was further increased by a town appropriation. The second notable step in marking New Haven as a great cultural center was the removal of Yale College to New Haven in 1716. Since the story of Yale is well known we need not mention it further here. In the primary and secondary schools New Haven has con- tinned throughout its history to keep with the leaders, she being among the first to adopt the present system and to provide public high schools. Today, in addition to her two high schools and the Boardman Trade School, New Haven is the home of Arnold College of physical education, Al- bertus Magnus College, New Haven College for Women, Connecticut' College of Pharmacy and many schools for commercial training. Both in number of institutions and in the quality of their training, New Haven easily ranks first in the State in cultural attainment.
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