USA > Connecticut > Fairfield County > Stratford > The genesis of Christ Church, Stratford, Connecticut : background and earliest annals, commemoration of the two hundred fiftieth anniversary 1707-1957 > Part 10
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I have no time to tell you about the personal lives of the heroes of the underground, who helped cre- ate this parish, or of the early parishioners who steadied it until the mid-eighteenth century. Their extant letters, wills, tombstones and official acts in the local courthouse and in the Archives of the State of Connecticut deserve careful study. Once the Stratford Anglicans broke the severity of the Blue Laws, the Church began to spring up everywhere. The ministry of Samuel Johnson was central in extending the witness of the Church of England to every vital area of the commonwealth. To the underground move- ment, to the copies of the Book of Common Prayer in private homes, to the loyal and strategic work of the S.P.G., and to the help from Rye in Westchester County, N.Y., this parish must ever be indebted. The aching hands and bleeding feet of our forefathers, who bore the burden and heat of the day, have given you (and all of us in the present Diocese of Connecticut), communion in the Catholic Church, the confidence of a certain faith, the comfort of a reasonable, religious and holy hope, and, I hope, favor with God and charity with our world.
The reader is reminded that the Connecticut His- torical Society has genealogical materials covering the families of the earliest Stratford Anglicans. Their wills are filed in the State Library in Hart- ford. The foregoing paper is indebted to the fol- lowing printed works in addition to the printed facsimiles and to the manuscripts cited and repro- duced:
Baird, Charles Washington. Chronicle of a Border Town. History of Rye, Westchester County, New York, 1660-1870, N.Y., 1871.
Beardsley, Eben Edwards. The History of the Epis- copal Church in Connecticut, (2nd ed., 2 vols.) N.Y., 1869.
Bolton, Robert. History of the Protestant Episco- pal Church, in the County of Westchester, from its Foundation, A.D. 1693, to A.D. 1853, N.Y. , 1855.
Church in Connecticut, 1705-1807 (The): Illustra- tive Documents, ed. Joseph Hooper, [Hartford], June, 1906.
Documentary History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (Connec- ticut), ed. Francis L. Hawks and William Stevens Perry, (2 vols.), N.Y., 1863.
Fox, Dixon Ryan. Caleb Heathcote, Gentleman Colo- nist: The Story of a Career in the Province of New York, 1692-1721, N.Y., 1926.
Orcutt, Samuel. A. History of the Old Town of Strat- ford and the City of Bridgeport, Connecticut. (2 vols.), [Fairfield?], 1886.
Pennington, Edgar Legare. Church of England Begin- nings in Connecticut and Black Monday at Yale, Hartford (C.M.P.C.), Sept .- Nov., 1938.
Perry, William Stevens: The History of the Amer- ican Episcopal Church, 1587-1883, (2 vols.), Boston, 1885.
Shepard, James. The Episcopal Church and Early Ecclesiastical Laws of Connecticut, preceded by a Chapter on the Church in America, New Britain, 1908.
Wilcoxson, William Howard. History of Stratford, Connecticut: 1639-1939, Stratford, 1939.
FOOTNOTES: 1 James Shepard, op. cit., 16. The annals here gathered through 1630 are largely from this work. 2 W. S. Perry, op. cit., I, 86.
3 See Thomas C. Pitkin, "William Blackstone, " in William B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, V (Episcopal), N.Y., 1859, 1-3; see also W. S. Perry, op. cit., I, 86-89.
4 E. E. Beardsley, op. cit., I, 9.
5 Ibid., I, 9.
6 Ibid., I, 10. 7 James Shepard, op. cit., 18.
8 See Samuel Orcutt, op. cit., I, 184-185 and
315-317; W. H. Wilcoxson, op. cit., 51.
9 James Shepard, op. cit., 18.
10 E. E. Beardsley, op. cit., I, 13.
11 James Shepard, op. cit., 18-19.
12 E. E. Beardsley, op. cit., I, 15. (He quotes from Poor's English Civilization in America, 61.) 13 James Shepard, op. cit., 19.
14 See Maud O'Neill, "A Struggle for Religious Liberty: An Analysis of the Work of the S.P.G. in Connecticut, " Historical Mag. of the P. E. Church, XX, no. 2 (June, 1951), 173-189, esp. 174.
15 W. H. Wilcoxson, op. cit., 72.
16 E. E. Beardsley, op. cit., I, 16.
17 James Shepard, op. cit., 19. 18 Ibid., 19.
-
49
19 Morgan Dix, ed., A History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York, (Part I), N.Y., 1898, 42-44. 20 See E. E. Beardsley, op. cit., I, 10-12; Nelson R. Burr, Christ Church Parish and Cathedral: 1762- 1942: An Historical Sketch, Hartford (C.M.P.C.), 1942, 5. Also E. L. Pennington, op. cit., 5.
21 See The Public Records of the Colony of Connec- ticut, from 1665 to 1678, ed. J. Hammond Trumbull, Hartford, 1852, 15. On the religious problems of Rye, see pages 120, 142, 150, 232, 240, 252 and 321. 22 See Morgan Dix, op. cit., 37-42; E. E. Beardsley, op. cit., I, 16-17.
23 W. H. Wilcoxson, op. cit., 151-153; 157-159; Samuel Orcutt, op. cit., I, 315-317.
24 W. H. Wilcoxson, op. cit., 135-136.
25 Ibid., 316-317.
26 Connecticut State Library: Ecclesiastical Papers (1659-1789), series 1, vol. 1, document 30. 27 W. H. Wilcoxson, op. cit., 161.
28 James Shepard, op. cit., 20.
29 Dixon R. Fox, op. cit., 46-47.
30 James Shepard, op. cit., 20; Howard E. Kimball, "The Anglican Church in British North America: Ec- clesiastical Government bofore 1688," British Humani- tarianism: Essays Honoring Frank J. Klingberg, ed. Samuel Clyde McCulloch, Phila., [1950], 84-99. 31 James Shepard, op. cit., 20. 32 Ibid., 20. 33 Ibid., 21.
34 Samuel Orcutt, op. cit., 316-317; E. E. Beards- ley, op. cit., I, 17. 35 Elizabeth Hubbell Schenck, History of Fairfield, Fairfield County, Connecticut, 1639-1818, (2 vols.), N.Y., 1889-1905, I, 267-268.
36 Christ's Church at the Town of Rye in the County of Westchester and the State of New York (1695-1945) : A Chronological Historical Review, [Rye, N.Y., 1945?] 4
37 James Shepard, op. cit., 21.
38 Full details appear in Charles Washington Baird, op. cit., 92-127. See also Dixon R. Fox, op. cit., 46-49. 39 The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, from August, 1689, to May, 1706, ed. Charles J. Hoad- ly, Hartford, 1868, 192. 40 Ibid., 205.
41 Quarter of a Millennium: Trinity Church in the City of New York, 1698-1947, ed. E. Clowes Chorley, Philadelphia, [1947], 8-10. 42 James Shepard, op. cit., 21. 43 Edgar Legare Pennington, "The S.P.G. Anniversary Sermons 1702-1783, " Historical Mag. of tho P. E. Church, XX, no. 1 (March, 1951), 10-43.
44 Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut (1689-1706), 328. 45 W. S. Perry, op. cit., I, 564.
46 Christ's Church at the Town of Rye. .. A Chrono- logical Historical Review, 4.
47 David Humphreys, An Historical Account of the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gos- pol in Foreign Parts. Containing their Foundation, Proceedings, and the Success of their Missionaries in the British colonies, to the Year 1728, London, 1730, 61-63, 335-336. (Copy in Trinity College). 48 For an over-all picture of the American Church at this time, see "An Account of the State of the Church in North America" (November, 1702) By George Keith, Evan Evans, Alexander Innes, Edmond Mott, John Talbot, William Vesey, and John Bartow," Historical
Mag. of the P. E. Church, XX, no. 4 (Dec., 1951), 363ff., esp. 403.
49 Samuel Orcutt, op. cit., I, 296.
50 W. H. Wilcoxson, op. cit., 177-179; 181.
51 Dixon R. Fox, op. cit., 214.
52 Christ's Church at the Town of Rye, 5.
53 The Church in Connecticut, 1705-1807, 3-4.
54 Robert Bolton, op. cit., 149.
55 Ibid., 155-156; 163.
56 Documentary History of the P. E. Church Con- necticut), I, 8-12.
57 The Church in Connecticut, 1705-1807, 4. 58 Robert Bolton, op. cit., 165.
59 Ibid., 167-169. 60 Ibid., 166-167.
61 Documentary History of the P. E. Church (Con-
necticut ), I, 17-18.
62 Ibid., I, 18-19.
63 E. E. Beardsley, op. cit., I, 21-22.
64
Documentary History of the P. E. Church (Con-
necticut), I, 19-22.
65
Ibid., I, 33-34.
66 Ibid., I, 22-26. 67 Ibid., I, 26-28. 68 Robert Bolton, op. cit., 176-177.
69 Ibid., 178.
70 Documentary History of the P. E. Church (Con-
necticut), I, 35-36. 71 Ibid., I, 29-31.
72 Morgan Dix, ed., op. cit., Part I, 165.
73 Documentary History of the P. E. Church (Con-
necticut), I, 36-37. 74 Ibid., I, 38. 75 Samuel Orcutt, op. cit., I, 316-317.
76 William Stevens Perry, op. cit., I, 566; E. E. Beardsley, op. cit., I, 16-17. 77 Robert Bolton, op. cit., 185, 170.
78 W. H. Wilcoxson, op. cit., 177-179, 181.
79 Robert Bolton, op. cit., 187.
80 The Records of the Colony of Connecticut (1706- 1716), 104.
81 The Church in Connecticut, 1705-1807, 5-6.
82 Ibid., 6-7. 83 Ibid., 8-9. 84 Earlier transcribers (e.g., under Jan. 16-17, 1710) have read "William Rawlinson," but the at- tached facsimile seems to justify "Ronaldson" or "Rounoldson." This name ought to be carefully checked in the papers of the S.P.G. as soon as possible for establishing the correct surname. 85 For details concerning Daniel Shelton, see W. H. Wilcoxson, op. cit., 448-449.
86 Documentary History of the P. E. Church (Con-
necticut), I, 45-46. 87 Ibid., I, 46-57.
88 Christ's Church at the Town of Rye, 8-9.
89 W. H. Wilcoxson, op. cit., 184-186. 90 Mass. Historical Soc. Collections, XIV (1816), 297-301, esp. 299.
91 Documentary History of the P. E. Church (Con-
necticut), I, 47-49. 92 Ibid., I, 50-51.
93 Ibid., I, 49-50. 94 Ibid., I, 51-52.
95 An Abstract of the Proceedings of the Society for ... 1715, London, 1716, 26-29.
96 Samuel Johnson, President of King's College: His Career and Writings, ed. Herbert and Carol
Schneider, (4 vols.), N.Y., 1929, I, 11.
97 Ibid., I, 11.
98 Frank J. Klingberg, "The Expansion of the An- glican Church in the Eighteenth Century," Histori- cal Mag. of the P. E. Church, XVI (1947), 292-301, esp. 299.
99 Maud O'Neil, "A Struggle for Religious Liberty" loc. cit., 175. 100 Robert Bolton, op. cit., 206. 101 Documentary History of the P. E. Church (Con- necticut), I, 52-53.
50
102 Samuel Johnson ... His Career and Writings, I, 497ff. 103 London, 1722, 40-41.
104 Samuel Johnson ... His Career and Writings, I,
13.
105 W. S. Perry, op. cit., I, 287. Perry says wrongly that Trinity Sunday fell on May 31, 1722. 106 Samuel Johnson. .. His Career and Writings, I, 13-14.
107 Documentary History of the P. E. Church (Con- necticut), I, 56-58. 108 Edgar L. Penning, Church of England Beginnings, 13.
109 Documentary History of the P. E. Church (Con- necticut), I, 58-60.
110 Samuel Johnson .. . His Career and Writings, I,
15-16. 111 Ibid., I, 16-17.
112 Documentary History of the P. E. Church (Con- necticut), I, 53-55. 113 Ibid., I, 61-62.
114 E. E. Beardsley, Life and Correspondence of Samuel Johnson, (2nd ed.), N.Y., 1874, 36. 115 Ibid., 37. 116 Ibid., 54.
117 Samuel Orcutt, op. cit., 320.
118 Appended to a Society sermon preached by Zachary Pearce, London, 1730.
119 Connecticut State Library: Ecclesiastical Pa- pers (1659-1789), series 2, vol. 5, document 56, pages a, b, c, d.
120 Connecticut State Library: Ecclesiastical Pa- pers (1659-1789), series 1, vol. 10, document 335.
AN APPENDIX BY CAROLYN HUTCHENS
DID ANGLICANS SETTLE THE TOWN OF STRATFORD?
In the light of recent discoveries, there seems to be a possibility that the first settlers of Stratford, Connecticut, were loyal adherents of the Church of England, in spite of general belief to the contrary. The Rev. Adam Blakeman, the first minister at Stratford, was a regularly ordained priest of the Church of England, who had served suc- cessfully in Derbyshire and Leicester, and who was accompanied by a number of his parish- ioners when he came to this country approximately in 1640 .- That he came as a dissenter from the Church of England has been assumed, but he was not "Puritan-minded" in England and there is no record of his ever having renounced the Church either abroad or after his arrival in America. For some time we have known that he was born in Staffordshire, England, in 1598, and that he was graduated from Christ Church, Oxford, where he matricu- lated on May 23, 1617.3
Recent correspondence with the Rev. Wilford Austin Pemberton, rector of the church at Breaston, Derby, England, has supplied information to confirm the present writer's be- lief that Mr. Blakeman was not a dissenter. Dr. Pemberton stresses the fact that Blake- man's appointment to a parish in Leicester was made by the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church, Oxford, an institution most loyal to the Church and King, and that it was unlike- ly that they would appoint a Puritan. " Dr. Pemberton is continuing his researches.
Little is actually known of Mr. Blakeman's ministry at Stratford. The earliest Town Record extant is dated 1650, and the earliest Church Records (Congregational) begin in 1675, ten years after Mr. Blakeman's death. (How did the first papers come to be destroyed?) The history of the beginning of the settlement at Stratford has to be pieced together through other sources, most of them fragmentary. Even the names' and the date of arrival of the first settlers are not certainly known, but it is apparent that they were not a part of the Connecticut Colony when the Fundamental Orders were issued and the General Court established in 1639. When the General Court, in that year, sent Rod- ger Ludlow to establish a plantation at what they called "Pequonnock" [our present Strat- ford], territory believed to be unsettled, he found the Blakeman group already on the land and reported that he moved on to occupy a settlement at Fairfield instead. His communication seems to be the first knowledge that the Connecticut Colony had of Blake- man's existence.
Blakeman's settlement was new, and there was yet no law in Connecticut which pre- cluded the presence of an Anglican priest and his followers. (There were priests else- where in New England. )ยบ The strict enforcement of uniformity under an Established Church and the "Blue Laws" came later. Connecticut did not disturb the Blakeman group in the practice of its religion. There is no record that their beliefs were questioned or their settlement endangered.
51
When, soon after Stratford became integrated in the Connecticut Colony, the Common- wealth was established in England, making the use of the Prayer Book felonious, Mr. Blakeman and his people may have discontinued using their liturgical forms, to all ap- pearances conducting their services like those in other Connecticut towns. This accommo- dation of their practice to the English law makes it understandable why later historians, faced with little or no information about the beginnings of Stratford, might conclude that Blakeman was a dissenter, even from the first.
The Restoration of the Royal Family in England probably did not change the type of public services conducted during the interregnum. Connecticut had become rigidly Cal- vinistic, and Prayer Books understandably continued in hiding. Having ministered to his people for nearly two decades without these printed guides, Mr. Blakeman, now 62, looked wistfully toward retirement. When, in 1664, however, a group met to call the Rev. Is- rael Chauncey to assist Mr. Blakeman, protest seems, for the first time, to have dis- turbed the quiet town, and during the year following Mr. Blakeman's death, a bitter quar- rel burst suddenly into the open. The town witnessed a serious division of opinion, basicly on religious beliefs but ostensibly on the choice of a proper successor to Mr.
Blakeman. Those who were full members of the Congregational Church in any town had the right to call a minister, but the amount of salary paid to him was fixed by town vote --- by all the voters. When the Stratford vote was taken, those of the Congregation Society who had called Mr. Chauncey were found to be a minority, and the majority refused to al- lot the salary until some basic pastoral compromise might be reached. It seems likely that the majority of the town were Anglicans by conviction, that is, deprived Anglicans, but since the law forbade the establishment of the Church of England, they held out for a reductionist or lenient Congregational policy. In their letters to Mr. Chauncey and his Society, they indicated a desire to cooperate but only if their children might be baptized, as was customary in England, and if other church privileges should be extend- ed to them, notwithstanding the fact that they did not wish to become full members of the Congregational Church. Mr. Chauncey refused to accept any compromise. (Mr. Blake- man, it seems, had met the wishes of the majority in a satisfactory way. )
The majority group eventually called their own minister. Both, for a time, received the same salary and used the same meeting house --- though at different hours on the Lord's Day. (It is significant that this second group did not ordain their leader. Did they believe that only bishops might effectively ordain?) After conflicts continued to arise, the "half-way Covenanters" removed from the Stratford Society and from Strat- ford itself.
Perhaps remnants of the second group made an attempt to bring the Church to Strat- ford as early as 1690. We have few facts to guide us beyond indirect evidence and in- ference. At all events, in 1702, a considerable group petitioned Doctor Compton, the Lord Bishop of London, for a Church of England missionary. When, in 1706, the Rev. George Muirson came from Rye, New York, to minister in Stratford, he was met by a large and enthusiastic group of people, anxious to have their children baptized and some, to receive the Sacrament of the Holy Communion. At the time of his visits, the Venerable Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was notified that the Con- gregational minister, the Rev. John Reed, was willing to receive Holy Orders in the Church of England. The following year, Stratford Churchmen began raising money for the building of an Anglican Church. The heightened activity of Anglicans between 1702 and 1707 can best be explained by a long preparation. It is probable that the establish- ment of the Anglican Church in Connecticut in 1707 was the fulfillment of a desire that had persisted in the community during the sixty-odd years that followed the arrival of the priest, Adam Blakeman. 7
.
1 See Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, London, 1702.
For example, see Samuel Orcutt, A History of the Old Town of Stratford and the City of Bridgeport, 2
Connecticut, (2 vols.), [Fairfield?], 1886, I, 186: "These families were all, probably communicants in the English or Episcopal Church when they left their native land, and brought their certificates as such, with them to America. In the list of the ship that brought three families that settled in Stratford --- William Beardsley, William Willcoxson and Richard Harvie, it is said: 'the parties have certificates from the minister of St. Albans in Hertfordshire, and attestations from the justice of the peace accord- ing to the Lord's order.' These certificates as communicants, and attestations of loyalty -- they having taken the oath of loyalty -- by the justice, were a prerequisite to the privilege of emigration. The Rev. Adam Blakeman himself was not only a communicant, but a regularly ordained minister of the English Church in good standing, having been suspended from officiating as a clergyman, for nonconformity to a few par- ticular forms of service, then not in the prayer-book. One of these was the requirement that persons
52
while partaking of the sacrament should be in a kneeling position. This kneeling was the form of the Roman Catholic Church in which they taught the 'Worshiping of the Host.' This form, the Puritans thought, was idolatry, and therefore refused to observe it." [Orcutt does not document this guess.] For the list of certificates, see Orcutt, I, 122. Speaking of the original Anglican settlement under Blakeman, Orcutt (I, 315-317) writes: "They came to America with no other name than dissenting members of the Church of England, and as such were organized into a local body and called the 'Church of Christ in Stratford.' It is not a supposable thing that these persons, although placed in church organization, without the approbation of a Bishop, could at once forget, or wholly forsake the religious training re- ceived, or their affection for the church and its usages, from which they were separated. Hence, in 1666, when some questions of church discipline arose there were found those who desired to maintain and be governed by rules which had been familiar to them in England."
3 See Cotton Mather, op. cit., passim.
4 Orcutt, I, 315-316, assumes, on the basis of the New Haven Historical Society Papers, III, 307, that those who came "from England to this country were compelled to do so or observe certain rites and cere- monies of the English Church, which they believed unscriptural, and therefore wrong. They objected to the cap and surplice, the ring in marriage, the cross in baptism, the rite of confirmation, kneeling at the Lord's supper, etc." Many immigrants came for reasons of business, largely in the hope of improving their fortunes. For a recent study of the Puritans in Anglicanism, see Prof. I. Calder, Activities of the Puritan Faction in the Church of England, 1625-33, London, 1957.
5 Orcutt, op. cit., I, 184-185, lists seventeen families and gives the approximate numbers in each.
6 See the early pages of William Stevens Perry, The History of the American Episcopal Church, 1587-1883, (2 vols.), Boston, 1885, vol. I; and James Shepard, The Episcopal Church and Early Ecclesiastical Laws of Connecticut, Preceded by a Chapter on the Church in America, New Britain, 1908.
7 The Rev. Wilford Austin Pemberton, B.A., B.D., Ph.D., A.K.C., wrote me under date of May 4, 1957, my letter to him having been forwarded by the Bp. of Derby: "I have visited Leicester and found that [Blakeman] was minister of Great Bowden from 1624 to 1628; and that he has signed the transcripts of the register from 1627 as "Adam Blakeman, minister." He had been presented to Great Bowden by the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church, Oxford. He signed as minister, because the benefice was not strictly a rec- tory or a vicarage, and not therefore as he disliked the title of rector or vicar. It is interesting to note that St. Nicholas, Little Bowden and Market Harborough, contiguous parishes, were also in the gift of the D. and C. of Christ Church, Oxford. Richard Mouse the minister of St. Nicholas, Little Bowden, was an eminent royalist, instituted in 1626, and ejected by the Parliamentarians as early as 1642. It is unlikely that Christ Church, Oxford, would appoint ' Puritans,' it being an institution most loyal to the King. Nicholl's History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester, a first rate and exhaustive work, states that Blakeman was minister of Bowden Magna 1624-8 and that in 1564 Bowden Magna was returned as a peculiar, exempt from the jurisdiction of the Archdeacon (Vol. II, pt. ii, 1798, p. 475) and that the value of the curacy in 1646 was but -20 pa. (p. 478). The archdeaconry county of Leicester was once in the Lincoln Diocese."
ILLUSTRATIVE DOCUMENTS
DOCUMENT I.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE SUFFERINGS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE CHURCH OF ENG- LAND AT STRATFORD.
[An Account of the Sufferings of the Members of the Church of England at Stratford.]
A truc narrative of the late persecution, which hath been lately cruelly acted by the authority of the Colony of Con- nceticut in New England, upon and against the members of the Church of England, being professors of the same faith, and Communicants of the same Church of England, as by law established ; the said government of Connecticut being, at present, in the hands of Independents, (viz. : )
Firstly .- Whereas, thero hath been, for twenty or thirty ycars past, a considerable number of Frecholders, inhabitants of the town of Stratford, professors of the faith of the Church of England, that are desirous to worship God in the way of their forefathers, but have hitherto been hindered from en- joying the holy ordinanecs of Jesus Christ, until the year 1703 ; by which means our children and many others, grown
.
persons, have remained without the administration of the holy ordinance of Baptism, (there being at this day in the town of Newhaven to the number of near 900 unbaptized persons,) and so throughout the government, proportionably.
Secondly .- The above said town of Stratford, in the forc mentioned year 1705, being destitute of a minister, and the professors of the said Church of England having hitherto lived peaccably and quietly, paying all rates and taxes pro- portionably with our neighbours, considering the deplorable state we were like to be in with our posterity, the profes- sor's of the Church of England made their application to the Rev. Mr. Vezie [Vesey], Minister of Trinity Church in New- York, the 14th of September aforesaid, to come and preach to us, and also to administer the holy ordinance of baptism ; but by reason of the distance of places, the Rev. Mr. Vesey inter- ceded with the Rev. Mr. Muirson, Minister of the Church of England at Ryc, being considerable nearer. To which Mr. Muirson readily complied, and accordingly, on the 2d Sept., 1706, came to Stratford, accompanied by the IIononrable Col. Caleb HIcatheote, a member of the Honourable Society for
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