USA > Georgia > The story of Georgia and the Georgia people, 1732 to 1860 > Part 8
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The officers of the battalion came from all parts of the State, and as there was no immediate call for active service the little army was not put into the field, and only a few of the officers selected won any laurels during the war.
Among the most ardent of the young Liberty Boys was James Jackson, a fiery young Englishman, whose name does not appear among them, for he was a comparative stranger and not yet of age. Young Jackson had been invited to Georgia by Mr. Wereat, his father's friend, and had been in the province only a few years. He was a law student when the war broke out, and sympathizing with the Americans he threw himself with his whole soul into the contest. He so distinguished himself in the first military movements in Georgia that he was given a command as captain. He was in Savannah when it fell, and fled with John Milledge to South Carolina to join the army there. He was put in command of some refugee troops and was at the surrender of Augusta and commandant there. Then he raised and commanded a battalion of cavalry, and when Savannah fell he was the officer to whom was delegated by General Wayne the honor of leading the first troops into the evacu- ated city.
He threw himself after the war into politics, and at one time opposed his old commander, General Wayne, for a seat in Congress, and up to his death in 1806 he was per- haps the most prominent figure in Georgia. He was a man
White.
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of perfect fearlessness and exceedingly hasty temper, and in those days a word was followed by a blow and a blow by a duel. He fought a duel to the death during the Rev- olution with Lieutenant-Governor George Wells, who had affronted him, and fought several duels after that. He was intensely devoted to his adopted State, and there was no honor which she had it in her power to confer that she withheld from him. We shall see him often in the course of this history.
The council to whom all the matters connected with the government were referred consisted of George Walton, Wm. Ewen, Step Drayton, Noble W. Jones, Basil Cowper, Edward Telfair, J. L. Girardeau, Jonathan Bryan, John Smith, Wm. Gibbons, John Martin, Oliver Bowen, Ambrose Wright,* Samuel Elbert, Jos. Habersham, Francis Henry Harris.
Of a number of these we have already spoken. Of some few of them we know little, and one of them was de- nounced in an after time as a Loyalist. John Martin, known by Governor Wright as black John from the northward, was afterward governor, and was in that position when the Legislature returned to Savannah. Ambrose Wright had been Mr. Whitefield's traveling companion and his trusted friend, who was in charge of his interests at Bethesda and received a generous bequest from him when he died. Oliver Bowen was the leading naval officer in Georgia.
The council elected Geo. Walton temporary president and commissioned the officers of the battalion, and elected Mr. Archibald Bulloch the first president of the council. Mr. Bulloch called a convention to form a con- stitution. It was duly chosen and a constitution was adopted, but all record of its members and of its doings have been lost. We have the constitution it formed, but no other trace of it. The constitution was adopted by the
* He was the ancestor of General Ambrose R. Wright of the C. S. A.
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convention which met in Savannah in 1777 ; but President Bulloch, who called the convention and presided over its sessions, died soon after its adjournment, and Button Gwin- nett was chosen by the council to succeed him.
There was but little attention paid to the weak province of Georgia by the British during the years 1775, '76, '77 and '78, and there were no military operations of any im- portance. There was a little skirmish near Savannah, dig- nified by Bishop Stephens as the first battle in Georgia. An abortive movement was made on St. Augustine in 1776, and a second of the same character in 1777. A successful campaign, conducted by John Jones, Captain Twiggs and Captain Marbury, from the new settlements, against the Cherokees, and loss of an insignificant fort on the Alta- maha, were about all the military movements of the first two years. The fact was, many denizens of Georgia did not know there was a war save from rumor.
There was so little trouble in Georgia that the conven- tion had an uninterrupted session, and in 1777, in the city of Savannah, adopted the first Constitution of the State of Georgia. It provided that (1) all persons who were elected representatives should be Protestants, and should have two hundred and fifty acres of land or two hundred and fifty pounds of other property. 2. That all voters must have ten pounds of property. 3. That delegates to the Continental Congress should be annually chosen. 4. The governor was to be chosen annually by the Assembly. 5. There should be a superior court in every county. 6. There should be a supreme court, consisting of a chief justice and three or more justices of the peace, in every county. 7. Estates should not be entailed. 8. Schools should be established in every county, supported by the State. 9. No clergyman should be a member of the House of Delegates.
It proceeded at once to disestablish the Church of Eng-
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land and to form the parishes into counties. These counties were all, save one, named in honor of those Englishmen who had stood by the colonies in Parliament. Christ
MAP OF THE
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SETTLEMENTS
Church was called Chatham ; St. Matthew's, Effingham; St. Philip's, Glynn; St. Andrew's, Camden; St. George's, Burke; St. Paul's, Richmond; the new county west of north and west of St. Paul's, Wilkes; St. John's, Liberty.
Acting in accordance with this Constitution the Assem-
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bly proceeded to elect a governor, and, as we have seen, elected Jno. Adam Treutlen.
The Constitution being adopted, the Legislature pro- ceeded to take severe measures against the Loyalists. Many of the worthiest men in the State were not in sympathy with these rebellious movements, and those who had ven- tured all had no disposition to show the laggards, or, worse, the enemies to the cause, any mercy.
It could not have been expected that all the people, or even a majority of them, would fall in with the measures of the Whigs. There were many of the people sincerely at- tached to the British government. They were among the most intelligent and the wealthiest, and were not to be classed at all with those brigands who were afterward known as Tories. They were, however, very obnoxious to the patriots, and the Assembly adopted severe measures against them. They were pronounced guilty of high treason and banished from the State and their property confiscated. The list of these attainted ones is found in Watkins's Digest and in that of Marbury and Crawford. Those included in the act were among the very best people of the State; they were men who had done faithful work in and for the colony. They had occupied leading places and were often people of large means and some of them of great intelligence. While one is not disposed to detract from the noble group who espoused the cause of the colonies, it is too late now to throw odium on these who were denounced by this first act of ostracism as Loyalists.
The names as given in the official list are : Sir James Wright, R. Reed, Andrew Hewitt, Wm. Moore, Thos. Reed, Geo. Baillie, James Hume, Esq:, John Bond Randall, Geo. Webb, Wm. John Yonge, Esq., H. Yonge, Sr., John Love, Charles W. McKennon, P. Yonge, Jos. Johnson, George Barry, Jas. Robertson, John Johnson, Alex Wylly, Jas. Brown, Wm. Love, Wm. Johnstone, D. Johnson, Chas. Hall,
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John Lightenstone, A. McGowan, James Moore, John Mull- ryne, Wm. Sims, Wm. Colville, Josiah Tattnall, Sr., John Inglis, John Murray, Wm. McGilveray, P. Dean, Sir An- thony Stokes, J. J. Zubly, D.D., T. Johnson, John Wood, Geo. Kincaid, Henry Yonge, Jr., Chas. Wright, Geo. Bor- land, Jas. Downey, Thos. Eaton, John Graham, Wm. Frink- field, Jas. Ed. Powell, John Hume, Esq., Geo. McCauley, Gerymyn Wright, Jos. Farley, Esq., Jno. Jameson, Chas. Wright, Thomas Eaton, James Taylor, Geo. Finch, Philip Moore, Wm. Panton, John Simpson, Charles McCulloch.
This act of confiscation and amercement was passed very promptly by the first Legislature, but before it could be carried into effect the tables were turned, for Governor Wright was restored to his place, and a retaliatory act of attainder was promptly passed, and we may well judge with great heartiness, against the prominent Whigs .*
The campaign against St. Augustine was a pitiable fail- ure. There were great discord and contention in the Amer- ican ranks between the leading officers. A few small skirmishes, in one of which Colonel Elijah Clarke was wounded, and the British had the advantage; and then 'the Americans retired toward Savannah and abandoned the effort to invade Florida for the time. This was the first campaign of the Georgia forces, and its results were by no means encouraging. Then the British began to move northward, and the attempt to resist the advance of their forces in the latter part of 1778 was a gallant but fruitless one. At Midway church there was a sharp skirmish in which the brave General Screven was killed, and in which young James Jackson, then a lieutenant, distinguished himself; but the British troops reached Savannah, and after a sharp engage- ment, in which the Americans, badly handled, were routed, the city fell again into the hands of the British.
The only relieving feature of the dark time was that
* The list of the proscribed Whigs is given on pp. 93-95.
.
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Colonel John White, for whom White county was after- ward named, with a small body of militia succeeded in cap- turing, on the Ogeechee, five armed vessels and one hun- dred and five troops.
The account of the capture of Savannah has been fully given by McCall, Bishop Stevens and Colonel Jones, and we have little more to do with it than to recognize the fact.
As soon as Governor Wright was reinstated he called a Legislature together. The members of it were:
Savannah-Samuel Farley, James Mossman, John Simp- son, and James Robertson.
Little Ogeechee-Wm. Jones.
Midway-Jno. Irvine, Jos. Fox.
Ebenezer-Alex. Wright, Basil Cowper, Nathaniel Hall. Acton-David Zubly.
Wilmington-Philip Yonge.
St. Andrew's-Robert Baillie. James Spalding.
Frederica-Wm. Panton.
St. David's-Sam'l Douglas.
St. Patrick's-Robert Porteus.
St. Thomas's-Simon Paterson.
St. Mary's-Wm. Ross.
Halifax and St. George's-Alex. Wylly, John Henderson. Of these, however, only fifteen qualified .*
Although the war had continued for nearly four years from its first beginning at Concord and Lexington, there had been but little disturbance in upper Georgia up to this time. The Indians were somewhat menacing, but they were a considerable distance from the remotest settler. People from North Carolina and Virginia came without fear into the new country above Augusta in the early years of the war. The people from Liberty and the counties below had some of them been forced to take refuge in parts of the State more remote from the coast, and there was little
* Jones, Vol. 2, 419.
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change in the condition of affairs in any other part of the State ; but in the latter part of 1778 and during the whole of 1779 war with all its horrors swept over Georgia. No part of it escaped, and no State save South Carolina was so devastated.
After Savannah was captured and General Howe had retreated to South Carolina, the British column almost without resistance marched northward, and there was a battle or skirmish with a body of Tories near where Waynesboro now is. In this fight Twiggs, Few and Inman, Whig captains, won the field. McCall says that Cap- tain Inman, who was doubtless a kinsman of the captain of the same name who fell at Kings Mountain, killed three Tories with his own sword. This skirmish did not interfere with the progress of Colonel Campbell to Augusta. He captured that then little village without any difficulty, and then marched on through the upper part of Richmond county to the extreme limit of the white settlement at Fort Charlotte, where Petersburg stood and where the Broad river joins the Savannah.
The few partizan troops in Georgia had gradually fallen back before the advancing British column until they formed a junction with a column of troops under Colonel Pickens, who had crossed the river from South Carolina. These troops pursued a body of Tories under command of Colonel Boyd, a gallant British officer, who had gone into the new county of Wilkes and taken position on Kettle creek, near Washington. There were eight hundred of them, and the troops under Pickens, with Dooly and Elijah Clarke, attacked Boyd and won a decided victory .*
* In the battle Boyd was mortally wounded. General Pickens treated him. with great kindness, and when the Briton was in his last hours he gave his. watch and other valuables to General Pickens to be sent to his wife. This the chivalric Irishman did. Years after, when Mrs. Boyd died, she bequeathed that watch to the family of General Pickens, and they have it now.
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The Tories in the up-country were now so disheartened by this defeat that they fled the country. The British troops then returned from the up-country and Augusta came once more into the hands of the Americans. General Ashe now crossed the Savannah river into Georgia and with quite a considerable force took position on Briar creek, in what is now Screven county. He was attacked by the British under General Prevost and signally defeated * and his army was broken to pieces. Many very severe things have been said of this brave and patriotic North Caro- linian. It is not my office to exonerate, or condemn him. His case was brought at his instance before a court of inquiry, and he was fully vindicated from all other charges than the one of handling an army so large without proper caution. His forces were mere militia from different States. They were poorly equipped and badly disciplined. It is certain that the defeat was an entire and a crushing one, and destroyed the last vestige of hope that Georgia was likely to be recovered from the clutches of the British.
When Governor Wright was placed in his seat again he called a meeting of a loyal assembly, and they at once retaliated on the Whigs by passing an act of attainder and confiscation. This roll of honor has been preserved and is herewith given. It aimed to take in all those who were obnoxious to the crown, and contained the names of sundry persons who were afterwards denounced by the Georgia Legislature of 1782 as Tories. These men were :
John Houston, governor; Noble W. Jones, speaker; John Adam Treutlen, counselor; M. Sheftall; Lachlan McIntosh, general; Wm. O'Bryan, treasurer; George Walton, member of Congress; John Wereat, counselor; Wm. Stephens, attorney; Ed Telfair, member of Congress; John McClure, major; Ed Davies, assem- blyman; John Clay, paymaster; Samuel Elbert, rebel general, Sa- vannah; Seth John Cuthbert, major, Darien; W. Holsendorf, coun-
* For a very full account of this engagement see Jones, Vol. 2, 348-352.
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selor, Darien; R. Howley, governor; George Galphin, superin- tendent Indian affairs, Silver Bluff; Andrew Williamson, rebel gen- eral; John White, colonel; N. Wade, treasurer; John Twiggs, col- onel, Richmond; Wm. Few, rebel counselor, Columbia; E. Lang- worthy, rebel delegate; Wm. Glascock, counselor, Richmond; Robert Walton, commissioner, Richmond; Jos. Wood, clerk; Pig- gin, colonel; Wm. Hornbay, distiller; Pierce Butler, rebel officer, Darien; Jos. Wood, member of Congress; Rev. Wm. Piercy; Thos. Savage, planter; Thos. Stone, councilor; Benj. Andrew, councilor, Liberty; John Baker, colonel, Liberty; Wm. Baker, rebel officer, Liberty; Francis Brown, planter, Liberty; Nathan Brownson, member rebel Congress; John Hardy, captain; Thos. Morris, of- ficer; Thos. Maxwell, planter, Liberty; Jos. Woodruff; W. Le Conte, counselor, Liberty; P. Chambers, shopkeeper; T. Wash- ington, rebel officer, died in Charleston; C. F. Chevalier, coun- selor, French refugee; E. Maxwell, planter, Liberty; Thos. Max- well, mayor of Sunbury, Liberty; Wm. Gibbons, Jr., planter, Sa- vannah; Wm. Davies, officer, Burke; Jno. Graves, yeoman, Lib- erty; Charles Kent, counselor; Jno. Bacon, mariner, Liberty; N. Saxton, tavern-keeper; P. Lowe, officer; S. Spencer, mariner; Jno. Winn, Sr., planter, Liberty; Dev Jarrett, assemblyman, Richmond; S. West, gent., Liberty; J. Dupont, planter; Frederick Pugh, planter; James Rae, planter, Richmond; James Martin, planter; John Martin, sheriff, Jefferson; Thos. Pace, officer, Richmond; Benj. Few, officer, Richmond; D. Wright, planter, Richmond; C. Bostick, shopkeeper, Richmond; L. Bostick, planter, Rich- mond; L. Marbury, officer, Richmond; Jno. Sharp, planter, Rich- mond; Jno. McIntosh, colonel, Liberty; James Houston, surgeon, Chatham; James Habersham, Jr., merchant, Savannah; Jno. Hab- ersham, major, Savannah; John Milledge, assemblyman, Savan- nah; Levi Sheftall, butcher, Savannah; P. J. Cohen, shopkeeper, Savannah; Jno. Sutcliff, shopkeeper, Savannah; Jonathan Bryan, counselor, Savannah; John Spencer, officer, Savannah; Rev. Jno. Holmes, chaplain, Burke; Wm. Gibbons, Sr., counselor, Savan- nah; Sheftall Sheftall, officer, Savannah; P. Minis, shopkeeper, Savannah; C. Pollock, shopkeeper, Savannah; R. Hamilton, at- torney, Savannah; Benj. Loyd, officer, Savannah; J. Alexander, officer, Savannah; John Jenkins, assemblyman; S. Stirk, secretary, Effingham; P. Densler, yeoman; H. Cuyler, officer, Savannah ;.
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Jos. Gibbons, assemblyman, Savannah; Ebenezer Platt, shop- keeper, Savannah; M. Griffin, planter; P. De Vaux, gentn., Sa- vannah; John Gibbons, vessel master, Savannah; John Smith, planter; Jos. Oswald, planter; Josiah Powell, planter; Samuel Sal- tus, planter, Liberty; John Sandeford, planter; Peter Tarling, officer, Savannah; Oliver Bowen, commodore, Savannah; Lyman Hall, member of Congress, Liberty; Andrew Moore, planter; Joshua Inman, planter, Burke; John Dooly, colonel, Wilkes; Jno. Glen, chief justice, Savannah; Rich Wyley, member council, Sa- vannah; A. F. Brisbane, counselor, Savannah; Shem Butler, as- semblyman, Savannah; Jos. Habersham, colonel, Savannah; Jno. Stirk, colonel, Effingham; R. Demere, general, Darien; C. Odingsel, captain, Effingham; Wm. Peacock, counselor, Liberty; John Bradley, sea captain; Jos. Reynolds, bricklayer; Rudolph Strohaker, Chas. Cope, Lewis Cope, butchers, Savannah; Hep- worth Carter, captain, Jefferson; S. Johnson, butcher; Jas. Harris, planter; Henry Jones, colonel, Burke; Hugh McGee, captain; John Wilson, gent., Richmond; George Wyche, officer, Rich- mond; Wm. Candler, officer, Richmond; Z. Fenn, planter, Rich- mond; Wm. McIntosh, colonel, Darien; Dr. Brydie, surgeon, Savannah; A. MacLean, merchant, Augusta; Pat Houston, baro- net, Savannah; McCarty Campbell, merchant, Augusta; James Gordon, planter; Jno. Kell, gent., Darien; John McLean, planter; John Snider, planter, Effingham; Jno. Elliott, officer; R. Swinney, yeoman; Hugh Middleton, officer; Joe Pray, mariner; J. McLean, planter.
The French allies, assisted by the Americans, made an effort to recapture Savannah in September, 1779. Count D'Estaing, the French commander, directed the move- ments. He was wounded, and Count Pulaski, a Pole, who was an American ally, was fatally wounded. The battle was a fierce one and the loss of the French and Americans con- siderable. The victory of the British was complete, and they were the masters of the whole of Georgia.
Early in 1780 the British forces reoccupied Augusta and strengthened their works. They were attacked by Elijah Clarke and Major James Jackson, but they resisted the as-
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sault successfully and the Americans suffered greatly ; and McCall says, what Brown indignantly denied,* that Brown was guilty of great cruelty to the helpless captives, hang- ing a large number. Brown admits there were some fifteen persons hung, but says they were atrocious criminals, who were hung for their murders and thefts. He denied the charge of Ramsay that he had allowed any cruelty from the Indians, and denied that there was any committed. The fearful story of the massacre of the prisoners rest on McCall alone, who gives as his authority certain let- ters from some unnamed British officers, who he says gloated over it. General Lee makes no mention of it, and it is probably not true. Governor Wright says "thir- teen of the prisoners who broke their paroles and came against Augusta have been hanged, which I hope will have. a very good effect."+ Governor Wright had reached Sa- vannah in July, 1779, and finally left there in the spring of 1782. He had the title of governor-general, but his rule was after a short time almost entirely confined to the limits of the garisoned city of Savannah. Here his Rump Par- liament assembled and passed sundry laws that they could not execute. He was the most detested of the British officers, and the partizan troops took great pleasure in swooping down on his large estates and burning his barns. He says he had nine burned. He did his best to carry out the decree to confiscate rebel property, but he was handi- capped and thwarted on every hand. The tide of disaster to the Americans reached its flood when Count D'Estaing failed in his attack on Savannah. When Lincoln fled Corn- wallis swept victoriously over South Carolina, and Camp- bell subjugated all upper Georgia. In 1781 the tide began to turn and the staunch old governor began to see the end of his sway, and called lustily for help, which never came.
.
* See White's Historical Collections, Richmond county.
+See Governor Wright's Letters, Georgia Historical Collections, Vol. 4.
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He was game to the last, and had regular sessions of the courts and the Assembly, and the lawmaking body gravely passed its sweeping acts and observed all the forms of a peaceful government, even though the governor could see from his upper windows the smoke of his burning barns, fired by that pestiferous young Englishman, James Jack- son, whose legion was making havoc in the loyal province. But this was in 1782. Nothing could have been blacker than the sky in Georgia from 1779 to 1781 was for the Whigs.
The State authorities had been driven from Savannah and Ebenezer to Augusta, and there was in the times of confu- sion no possibility for observing the forms of law. Trivial disputes divided the disorganized Whigs, and Wereat, Wal- ton, Wells, Howley and Heard acted as governors during one year. While Heard was acting as governor at Heard's fort, Howley, with his council, was in South Carolina. Everything was in confusion. John Milton had fled with the archives of the State to Charleston; thence he conveyed them to Newbern, N. C., and finally lodged them in Balti- more, from whence they were returned to Georgia several years after the war ended. Farming was impossible, cattle were driven off, and starvation was threatened to the up- country people. The great-hearted Clarke and Wm. Can- dler gathered the women and children and led them over the mountains to the Holston country, where they were fed till the war ended.
But despite all these adversities the Whigs were unsub- dued, and again Augusta was attacked, and successfully. General Lee had come, and Clarke, Jackson and Dooly were there, and at last Brown surrendered to the Ameri- cans. There had been little quiet in Georgia from early in 1779 to the spring of 1781, and the saddest feature of it all was the bitter strife between the Whigs and Tories. As 7
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we have seen, many of the best people in Georgia were Loyalists. They had every reason to love the king for whose father the colony was named. Georgia had been the petted child of the crown. There was nothing England could do. for her that she had not done. No young colony had ever been more prosperous than she had been since the crown had taken charge of the government, and the substantial old Englishmen who had always loved the king refused to follow the lead of these hotheads, as they called those- who brought on the war; and now, after these disasters had. come in such succession to the Whigs, others doubted the wisdom of any further resistance and were disposed to ac- cept the terms proposed by the British, and thus increased the number of the disaffected. Taking advantage of this turmoil, the lawless and rapacious on both sides began a war of unrelenting severity and of unbridled robbery. The Loyalist from principle and devotion to his parental government and the Tory brigand were very different people, but they were soon classed together. The loyal Highlander, who was true to his king and was anxious to. fight for him, and the quiet German who only wanted peace, were put in the same category with the robber Tory. It. was a war to the knife. There was no pity on either side. John Dooly, the father of Judge Dooly, had been mur -. dered in his own home by the Tories, and when nine Tories had been captured by a band of Wilkes county Whigs the- furious sons of the murdered man slaughtered them all .* Grierson was shot to death after his surrender in Augusta, and Patrick Carr in cool blood shot an officer to death as. he was handing his sword to Colonel Jackson. There had been developed a number of brave partizan leaders. John Twiggs, a Marylander, was always in the field and never defeated in the fray. He came with his kinsmen, John and. David Emanuel, and was a young mechanic. He was first.
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