USA > Iowa > Union County > Biographical and historical record of Ringgold and Union counties, Iowa, vol. 2 > Part 44
USA > Iowa > Ringgold County > Biographical and historical record of Ringgold and Union counties, Iowa, vol. 2 > Part 44
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Fenre the coveted dram on his own account, had called for it for II.'s wife, to "make mince pies with," and the accommodating druggist had, inadvertently, elected II --- for treats for the strictly temperate Grand Jury.
In the year 1859, in the absence of Indge Blanchard, H. A. Botleman who was ex officio judge, and as sueli authorized to issue mar- riage licenses, was one morning interviewed by a young man who desired a license to marry. Mr. Botleman thereupon wrote out the coveted document, and handed it over to the expectant groom, who then asked the elerk to perform the ceremony. To this Mr. Botleman objected, claiming want of authority; but one of the rising attorneys of Afton. who happened to be present, insisted that Mr. Botleman was competent. Thereupon the happy groom started for his girl. "But." objected Botleman, "I don't know the form.' " I will give yon one," replied the attorney, who scribbled off a form, barely concluding before the couple appeared, who were straight- way made one. This job, thongh illegal, was well done, the parties living happily together for years, when the wife died in blissful igno- rance that her marriage had not been in striet conformity to the Code of Iowa.
In 1854, J. D. Wright, who at the time was living in Union Township, had selected a site for a home, which he proposed to enter. Delaying for a short time, J. F. Iekis came into the county, prospecting. and selected the same location, of which he took the numbers. starting for the Land Office at Chariton on Saturday morning. Being advised of the se- lection, Wright borrowed a team and ax of James Husband, and during the day hauled logs and laid the foundation of a cabin, start- ing on Sunday for Chariton. Arriving there, he found the land already entered by Iekis, but, on producing proofs of the foundation being laid previous to the entry, held it by pre emption, and Ickis received his money back from the Land Office after waiting & year for it.
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HISTORY OF UNION COUNT ?.
An old settler relates the following: During the early days, when to see a light from a house on the prairie'a little after sundown meant food and rest to the belated traveler, the resources of the settlers were sometimes taxed to the utmost to accommodate the nut- merons applicants for shelter. On one occa- sion there happened to be. three or four families stopping over night at the house of one of these pioneers, and, of course, their respective complements of "young 'uns" were not lacking. and our friend, being of a philosophical turn of mind, wondered where and how all the aforesaid "young 'uns " would be accommodated for the night. Jis doubts were not of long duration, being soon solved by the worthy hostess, who, prodneing a large trundle-bed, proceeded to pack the rising generation into its capacious recesses like so many red herrings, taking the pre- cantion, however, to leave their heads sticking out on the four sides to enable them to obtain the necessary supply of air; and in the mnorn- ing, after all the children were sorted out and consigned to their respective departments, not one was found missing, and our friend was filled with a wondering admiration for the executive genius of the female sex in general, and that of his hostess in particular.
COUNTY BUILDINGS.
The old court-house, still standing, and used for mercantile purposes, was built on its pres- ent site in 1955, at a cost of $1,750. It is a two-story frame. The court-room was below, and above were offices, at first four, and after- ward three in number. This building was used until the close of 1872, in which year the new court-house was built. Previous propositions to build a court-house had been voted down. and the sudden conversion of enough to carry the measure was due to the springing up of Creston, as a formidable rival and a possible aspirant for the county seat. The new court-house is a two-story brick, cost- ing $25,000. The bonds have all been paid.
The court-room is above and also the jury rooms and the office of the county superintend- ent. Below are the four county offices.
The old jail, now used for a inceting place by the conncil of Afton, was built of timbers, in 1860, and used until 1880, when the present building was erected. This is a neat two- story affair, and is considered a good jail, al- though several escapes have been made from it.
The county infirmary and poor farm are located on the northwest quarter of section 12, Highland Township. The house is a fine brick building, three stories high, 36x50 feet in dimensions. It was built in 1879, and con- tains thirty well-arranged and suitably-fur- nished rooms. Everything is neat and clean, and in perfeet order. The barn is 36x44 feet, in size, with a fourteen- foot shed at the end, and a basement. There are also a well-built corn crib and wagon shed. The whole is in charge of Mr. and Mrs. A. C. Hager, whose economical and wise management has elicited warm praise from all acquainted with this and former administrations.
Union County issued 825, 000 of bonds to build its present court-house. These are all paid off, but $16,000 of bonds issued for other purposes are now outstanding.
POPULATION OF THE COUNTY.
The census returns since the organization of the county have been as follows:
1850, SO; 1854. 101 ; 1856, 806; 1859, 2,003; 1860, 2,012; 1-63, 2,420; 1865, 2,533; 1867, 3,010; 1869, 3,321: 1870, 5,936; 1873, 6,911; 1875, 8,827; 1980, 14,980; 1885, 16,502.
The population by townships in 1860 was: Dodge, 86; Highland, 235; Jones, 251; New Hope, 149; Platte, 322; Pleasant, 377; Union, : 562. In 1870 -- Dodge, 229; Douglas, 821; Ilighland, 247; Jones, 810; Lincoln, 560; New Hope, 299; Platte, 565; Pleasant, 563 ; Sand Creek, 32S; Union, 1,531. 1880-Dodge. 497; Douglas, 5,920; Grant, 013; Highland, 640; Jones, 1,096; Lincolu.
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MISCELLANEOUS.
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782; New Hope, 328; Platte, 963; Pleas- ant, 652; Sand Creek, 611; Spaulding, 593; Union, 2,053. 1885 -- Dodge, 566; Douglas, 769; Grant, 643; Highland, 582; Jones, 751; Lincoln, 777; New Hope, 555; Platte, 829; Pleasant, 667; Sand Creek, 574; Spaulding, 656; Union, 628; Afton, 1,119; Creston, 7,393.
The number of dwellings in 1885 was 3,332; number of families, 3,402; number of white males, 8, 532; number of white females, 7,800; number of colored males, 79; number of colored females, 82; native-born, 14,723; foreign-born, 1,779. Born in Germany, 466; Ireland. 399; Sweden, 234; Canada, 180; England, 144; Bohemia, 186; Scotland, 38; France, 21; Wales, 19; Denmark, 19; Nor- !
way, 9; ITolland. 4: other countries, 60; natives of Iowa. 6.877; Illinois, 2,207; Ohio, 1,786: Pennsylvania, 832; Indiana, 764; New York, 568; Missouri, 291; Virginia, 165; Kentucky, 152; Wisconsin, 11S; Kansas, 107; Vermont, 109; Michigan, 96; Massa- chusetts, 87; Maine, 82; New Jersey, 64; West Virginia, 58; Nebraska, 55; Connecti- cut, 47; Maryland. 41; Tennessee, 30; Min- nesota, 34; New Hampshire, 29; North Carolina, 26; Rhode Island, 17; Georgia, 11; Colorado, 6; California, 5; Arkansas, 4; Lou- isiana, 4; Mississippi, 4; Texas, 4; Alabama, 3; Delaware, 3; Nevada, 3; Oregon, 2; South Carolina, 2; Dakota, 5; Wyoming, 4; Utah, 2; Washington, 2; Idaho, 1.
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714
HISTORY OF UNION COUNTY.
ON.
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& FTON, the county seat of Union County, is lo- cated on sections 16 and 21, Union Township, two miles east of the geu- graphical center of the county. The site is well selected. com - manding a fine view of a large scope of country. The undula- tions of surface are sufficient to afford ample drainage for the streets, which are wide and regu- larly laid out. Twelve - Mile Creek runs only a short distance to the west of the town, giving a pleasing variety to the adjacent scenery.
The land was owned and the town platted by E. A. Temple, of Chariton, in 1854, and received its christening from the wife of the proprietor. In February, 1855, the county , his family. In addition to this house being seat was located here by the special commis- . need for a store and dwelling it also contained the postoffice (W. H. Brinkerhoff, deputy pozunaster), and the office of James B. Daw sou. county judge.
sioners. The first house was built of logs, 20x20 feet, by David Fife, in April, 1855, who occupied it as a store and dwelling. When the roof was half on, he moved his family and a small stock of groceries into this house of a single room, and commenced re- tailing goods.
The next bonse was built by Elbert H. Smith, on the north half of the northeast quarter of section 21, adjoining the town plat.
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Next, William Collings built a plank cabin, 10x12. This also was a one-room, one- story building, and over the door was a shingle with the word "Entertainment " painted on it in prominent letters. Shortly after this, September 15, 1855, occurred the first publie sale of lots in Afton, the attend- ance being quite large, numbering about fifty, and inelnding quite a number of parties from Knoxville, Osceola and Chariton.
The sale was a success, only one lot on the public square selling for less than $100. At noen the sale adjourned, and the erowd took dinner at Colling's house, the " bill of fare " being mutton, corn bread and coffee.
W. H. Brinkerhoff built the next house, also of logs, on the east side of the square, ad- joining that now occupied by F. Brockman, and in it started a dry-goods and grocery store, living in the back part of the room with
Daring this scason numerous other build- ings were creeted, the most important of which was a frame store building, 20x40, one and a half stories high. built by J. Norris, and rented to D. J. Guthridge, who, in the fall of 1855, filled it with a fine stock of gen- eral merchandise, by far the finest stock in the county.
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AFTON.
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The fall of 1855 found the town of Afton in a hopeful and thriving condition, numer- ons stores and dwellings having been built, the county seat located, and everything indi- cated a healthy growth the following season. In addition to those already named, there came this season J. W. Alley. M. Baldwin. J. B. Dawson, Rev. W. C. Williams, Reuben Riggs, James Blanchard, J. B. White and Il. Robb.
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The first resident physician in Afton was Dr. W. B. Davis, who settled in the summer of 1856. In May of that fyear, the Pisgah postoffice, which had been itinerating from one point to another until finally brought to Brinkerhoff's store, was changed to Aiton, and T. M. Robinson received the appointment of postmaster; the service was weekly, and the mail matter was of a very limited charac- ter, almost entirely letters, with only an occa- dional paper, the last year's salary amounting to the munificent sum of $10, and the office conld almost be carried in the commodious hat of the postmaster. At this time the mail route which supplied Afton ran from .Chariton viu Osceola and Afton to Platts- month, being carried on horseback, once a week.
In the winter of 1855-6, John C. Show built a two-story log house for a hotel. This ; strategy which should demoralize the High-
building he in a few months sold to William Lock, who hung out the sign " Afton House," catering to the wants of the traveler in both ; self a letter purporting to come from the solids and jinids.
In the spring of 1856, James Blanchard erected a store building 20x10 feet, one story high, on the south side of the public square, and filled it with a stock of drugs and gro- ceries. lle was a man of enterprise and means, educated and qualified for positions of honor and trust. About this time J. B. Dawson, attorney at law and county judge, who came to Afton from Petersville, in 1855, built a frame office 16x24, where Truman's bank now stands.
commeneed building the Occidental House, but did not complete the same until 1857. The improvements in Afton were not large this year, the question of removing the county seat being strongly urged by the citi- zens of the then flourishing village of High- land, the question of removal tending to nnsettlethe minds of persons desiring to locate, and the consequence being a refusal to make investments until the matter should be finally decided.
In the deed of dedication every alternate lot was donated to the county for public pur- poses, and by order of Connty Judge Daw- son, April, 1856, the proceeds of such sale were to be used to erect public buildings in Afton. In 1856-'7, the strife for relocating the county seat became very bitter, and every means was adopted to carry ont the intentions of parties interested. Ilighland was better 1 built and a hner-looking town than Afton, and John D. Wright, J. F. Ickis, Dr. J. A. Day and some others urged its claims with great vehemence. For a time the indications were that Afton would come out second best, and it was a matter of serious discussion how ; to avert the impending danger. Judge Blanchard, a resident and a very zealous advocate of Afton, concluded to try a piece of landers. Accordingly, taking the postmaster, T. M. Robinson, into the plot, he wrote him- 1 President of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad Company, and stating that they had decided to run the road through Afton (the exact location had not been deter- mined upon, and both towns were contes- tante). Handing it to the postmaster before the arrival of the weekly mail, he received it with his other mail matter in the regular way. A large crowd being gathered at the time in the postoffice, he opened the import- ant document, which he read carefully, and, apparently surprised and greatly clated, he
During the summer of 1556. Joseph Norris , annonneed to the crowd present (some being
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HISTORY OF UNION COUNTY.
the leaders of the Highland faction) the con- . reaching 1,214 in 1850. The State eensus of tents of the letter received. Dismay and 1885 gives 1, 112 as the population. consternation took bold of the opposition, and one of the leaders announced, as he left INCORPORATION. the office: "By G-d, boys, we are beat." And at the election the week following, the Highlanders were so disheartened that they did not work with their previous zeal, and so lost the county seat.
The railroad was, however, not located for years after.
The first school in Afton was taught during the winter of 1866-'7, by Charles Milnes, in a log house, 16 x20, on lot 473. The school was well attended and successfully conducted. The first frame dwelling house in Afton was built by T. M. Robinson, on lot 472, in the summer of 1856. Immediately after the election which confirmed Afton in her posi- tion as county seat, the contract was amandine to Gortun C. Mollare, for Dui- ing the court-house, for the sum of $1,750.75; work was at once commenced on the same, the building being completed in November, 1857.
The Occidental House was finished this season, and occupied by its owner, J. Norris, as a hotel; it gave better accommodations to the traveling publie than had been heretofore enjoyed.
In the thirty-odd years that have elapsed since Afton was located, there has been much to stimulate the growth of the town, and the citizens have not been slow to improve their advantages. The center of a large scope of fertile agricultural lands, with a class of busi- ness men with means and experience, with the advantages of being the county scat, with men of capital resident in the town, with ample educational and religious advantages, the town will, doubtless, keep abreast with the improvements of other places.
POPULATION.
By 1870 the population of Afton reached nearly 1,000. It grow very slowly after this.
Afton was incorporated during the last months of 1868, and the officers elected to serve until the regular annual election in the spring of 1569, were as follows: Mayor, T. M. Robinson; Councilmen, H. C. Grimes, George A. Stone, W. R. Roberts, Riley Marley and D. A. Thornton; Attorney, S. W. McElderry; Recorder. J. S. Syp; Assessor, J. D. Spencer; Marshal, W. II. Beard; Treas- urer, Ira Seeley. The officers for each year since have been:
1869 .- (Same as above.)
1870 .- Mayor, S. W. MeElderry ; Council- men, S. N. Miller, G. C. Wilson, John Syp, N. C. Viekers and Jacob Elliott; Recerder, J. E. Cherry; Marshal, J. P. Smith; Assessor, J. C. Lucas.
1871 .- Mayor, S. W. McElderry; Council- men, N. W. Rowell, E. C. Wilcox, N. C. Vickers, II. C. Grimes and D. A. Thornton ; Recorder, O. E. Davis; Marshal, John Lloyd; Assessor, D. J. Spencer; Treasurer, Theodore F. Shunk; Street Commissioner, John Lloyd; Attorney, N. W. Rowell.
1872 .- Mayor, S. W. McElderry; Council- men, H. A. Botleman, J. M. Fleming, George P. Wilson, L. Lemon and D. J. Spencer; Recorder, O. E. Davis; Attorney, George P. Wilson; Marshal, John Lloyd; Treasurer, Theodore F. Shunk; Street Commissioner, John Lloyd.
1873 .- Mayor, J. M. Milligan; Recorder, O. E. Davis; Councilmen, II. A. Botleman, C. L. Tilden, Lewis Lemon, D. J. Spencer and George P. Wilson; Marshal and Street Com- missioner, John Lloyd; Treasurer, Theodore F. Shunk; Attorney, S. W. McElderry; Assessor, T. M. Robinson.
1874 .- Mayor, J. M. Milligan; Council- men, D. J. Spencer, A. , Dickinson, Ed. Grindle, T. C. Ashby and C. L. Tilden; Ro- corder, O. E. Davis; Marshal and Street
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AFTON.
Commissioner, John Lloyd; Treasurer, Theo- dore F. Shunk; Attorney, D. D. Gregory.
1875 .- Mavor, N. W. Rowell ; Council- men. T. C. Ashby, H. A. Botleman, A. Diekinson. C. L. Tilden and P. Allen ; Rc- corder, J. W. Alley; Treasurer, Theodore F. Shunk; Marshal and Street Commissioner, John Lloyd; Attorney, J. M. Milligan.
1876 .- Mayor, N. W. Rowell ; Council- men, A. Diekinson, I. N. Riee, C. L. Tilden, T. C. Ashby and J. W. Cherry; Recorder, J. W. Alley; Attorney, J. M. Milligan; Mar- shal, John Campbell; Treasurer, Theodore F. Shunk: Street Commissioner, Jolin Lloyd.
1877 .-- Mayor, T. M. Robinson; Council- men, P. Allen, J. T. Beebe, George Brown, J. A. Grant and Henry Slater; Recorder, J. W. Alley; Treasurer. O. E. Davis; Marshal, John Campbell; Street Commissioner, I. N. Cherry; Attorney, J. M. Milligan.
1878 .-- Mayor, T. M. Robinson; Council- men, P. Allen, J. F. Syp, Henry Slater, J. A. Grant and Henry Bolinger; Recorder, Josiah Needham ; Treasurer, O. E. Davis; Marshal, John Campbell; Street Cominis- sioner, F. M. Richey.
1879 .- Mayor. J. A. Grant; Councilmen, J. M. Milligan, D. J. Spencer, H. Slater, A. J. White, S. W. MeElderry and T. C. Ashby; Recorder, W. H. Robb; Marshal. L. Petrie; Treasurer, J. E. Hays, Jr. ; Street Commis- sioner, J. F. Syp.
1880 .- Mayor, J. E. Cherry; Councilmen, T. C. Ashby, H. Slater. J. M. Milligan, D. J. Spencer. S. W. MeElderry and P. H. Seay: Recorder, J. W. Beebe: Marshal, L. Petric; Attorney, A. W. Enoch; Treasurer, James E. Hays, Jr .; Street Commissioner, M. Carter.
1881 .- Mayor. J. E. Cherry: Councilmeu, T. C. Ashby, H. M. Slater, S. W. McElderry, D. J. Spencer. J. M. Milligan and P. II. Seay; Recorder, J. J. Baxter; Treasurer, Theodore F. Shunk; Marshal, L. Petrie; Assessor, T. M. Robinson; Street Commis- sioner, R. F. Bagg.
1883 .-- Mayor, W. E. Pridgen; Council- men, T. C. Ashby, Charles Bothe, H. Epper- son, J. W. Lewis, D. J. Spencer and H. M. Slater; Recorder, J. J. Baxter; Attorney, A. W. Enoch; Street Commissioner. M. V. French; Marshal, C. W. Sbull; Treasurer, Theodore F. Shunk.
1584 .- Mayor, J. T. Beebe; Councilmen, R. S. Beymer, George Brown, II. Epperson, P. Kearney, D. J. Spencer and F. S. Van Patten: Recorder, J. J. Baxter; Attorney, A. W. Euoch; Street Commissioner, Thomas Mooney; Marshal. George Sholtz; Treasurer, Theodore F. Shunk.
1885 .- Mayor. J. T. Beebe ; Councilmen, R. S. Beymer, J. E. Cherry, P. Kearney, H. Epperson, F. S. Van Patten, D. J. Spencer; Recorder, J. J. Baxter; Attorney, A. W. Enoch; Street Commissioner, Thomas Moon- ey; Marshal, Thomas C. Ashby; Treasurer, Theodore F. Shunk.
1SS6 .- Mayor, J. T. Beebe; Councilmen, H. Bolinger. T. G. Briggs, J. E. Cherry, H. Epperson, F. S. Van Patten and D. J. Spencer; Recorder. J. J. Baxter ; Attorney, A. W. Enoch; Street Commissioner, Thomas Moon- ey; Marshal. W. J. Staggs; Treasurer, The oflore F. Shunk.
POSTMASTERS.
The postoffice of Afton is the legitimate successor to that of Pisgah, which has been referred to elsewhere. John D. Wright was postmaster at the time the office was removed to the county seat. The postmasters since his incumbency have been in succession: T. M. Robinson, William H. Williams, Dr. John Roberts, Lee Ewing, William Keating, Lev Ewing (again), William Keating (again), George Beymer, I. N. Rice, O. U. Ickis, S. W. McElderry, and C. K. Ingham, who was appointed March 1, 1855.
SCHOOLS.
Of the two school buildings now in Afton the frame was built in 1867 or 1868, and en-
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HISTORY OF UNION COUNTY.
larged in 1883, and the brick was erected in 1876. Both are two stories in height. The frame contains five rooms; and the brick, which cost $13,000, contains four rooms. The former is in the southern part of the village, and the latter is four blocks west of the square. A well-arranged course of study is pursued, ending in a high school where pu- pils are fitted for college or for business life. Latin and German are the languages taught. Classes have graduated each year since 1879. In 1885-'6, $3,359.96 was paid to teachers, and the annual school expenditures amount to about $5,000. Nine teachers are employed, including the principal, who is, for the year 1886-'7, S. D. Lucas. In 1885-'6, J. H. Hays was in charge, and for the previous eight years C. B. Stayt, present county super- intendent, had the management of the schools. During one year of Mr. Stayt's ad- ministration there were two more enrolled than there were persons of school age in the district. This was because of a large attendt ance of non-resident pupils. The presen- number of school age is 331. The school year is ten months in length. . The School Board includes E. J. Emmons (President), R. S. Beymer, F. W. Brockman, R. J. MeKec, J. M. Milligan and W. P. Cowl. D. Davenport is Secretary and J. F. Creel, Treasurer.
BANKS.
The first bank in Afton was the Citizens', opened in 1869, by J. E. Hays and T. F. Shunk. It closed in 1876.
The First National Bank was organized in 1876, with $50,000 capital. Dr. J. T. Beebe was president, and O. E. Davis, cashier, until the bank went out of business, between three and four years later.
The Afton Bank was started in 1876, by R. Truman. and is still in business.
CHURCHES.
Methodist Episcopal Church .- The first preacher appointed to visit Afton was named
by the Conference of 1854, and the first quar- terly meeting was held in Deeember of that year. The first class was formed in January, 1865, at the residence of Sarah Collings, now Mrs. Sarah Ray, and che was the first to join. The other members were Joseph Eek and wife, Dr. James Lewis and wife, Colonel J. W. Alley and wife, Mrs. Collings and Mrs. Williams. Mr. Eck was the first class-leader. The meetings were held in private houses un- til 1856, then in the school-house until 185S. and for the next five years in the old court- house. The society then built, under the ministration of Rer. D. Sheets, the first church in Afton. In 1868, under the charge of Rev. T. MeK. Stuart, this building was enlarged and improved.
The pastors have been, in succession, Revs. W. C. Williams (still a resident of Union County, living on a farm), Spooner, B. Mitch- eil, Jacob Delay, D. Sheets, S. E. Willing, G. J. Nixon, B. Shinn, David La Mont, George Binke, A. Brown, M. Miller, P. St. Clair, J. A. Stayt, T. MeK. Stuart, J. Miller, William Plasted, W. F. Bartholomew, C. J. Waynick and J. H. Sensney.
The membership of the church is about 160. A nnion Sunday-school was organized as carly as 1857, and in 1859 a distinctively Method- ist school was formed; C. B. Stayt is snper- intendent, and the attendance is about 125. The stewards of the church are: I. N. Cherry, N. W. Rowell, B. T. Nix. C. B. Stayt, R. B. Kelley, Mrs. L. S. Groves and Mirs. J. Yager. The trustees are: C. B. Stayt, N. W. Rowell, B. T. Nix, L. S. Grovcs, J. F. Bishop, J. Yager and I. N. Cherry.
The Presbyterian Church was organized June 15, 1857, by Rev. L. G. Bell, at the house of T. M. Robinson. and Mrs. Robinson was the first member. The charter name was the "Twelve-Mile Presbyterian Church, of Union County, Iowa." For some time after the organization, the church enjoyed the oc- casional ministrations of Father Bell, who icsided at Sidney, Fremont County. The
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AFTON.
succeeding pastors have been Revs. Hugh Reed, Caldwell, G. N. Swan (two years), S. A. McElheny (one year), J. Osmond (one year), W. E. Hamilton (one year). Robert Boag (four years), Rev. R. H. Cunningham (four years), J. B. Welty (one year). J. W. Stoutenberg (two years), Alexander M. Dar- ley (one year) and W. E. Ilamilton, D. D. The last uamed left in September, 1856, to take charge of the society in Creston.
The church building was erected in 1869, as a memorial to Father Bell, at a cost of $3,500. It has been improved at different times, $300 being expended in the spring of 1886. The membership of the church is now about 140. The elders are J. A. Day, Will- iam Morrow, E. Fulton (clerk and treasurer), J. M. Milligan, George Miller, Justus Miller, E. J. Emmons and W. P. Cowl. The dea- cons are: G. L. Barnum, J. M. Pinkerton, R. J. McKee and T. M. Robinson.
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