History of Benton County, Iowa. From materials in the public archives, the Iowa Historical society's collection, the newspapers, and data of personal interviews, Part 5

Author: Hill, Luther B; Lewis Publishing Company, Chicago (Ill.)
Publication date: 1910
Publisher: Chicago : The Lewis publishing company
Number of Pages: 900


USA > Iowa > Benton County > History of Benton County, Iowa. From materials in the public archives, the Iowa Historical society's collection, the newspapers, and data of personal interviews > Part 5


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35


The Indians at this agency became idle and listless in the absence of their natural and wonted excitements. and many of them plunged into dissipation. Keokuk himself became dissipated in the later years of his life, and it has been reported that he died of delirium tremens after his removal with his tribe to Kansas.


SACS AND FOXES LEAVE THE COUNTY.


In 1838 the exodus of the Saes and Foxes from Benton county had its beginning in the treaty with them which was ratified on February 21st of that year. the ceded tract embracing 1.250,000 acres directly west of the Black Hawk Purchase and of


1


32


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


the same length. The piece of land was twenty-five miles in the middle and ran off to a point at both ends, and in Benton county its west line crossed the Cedar river near the west line of Benton township and included what would be very nearly one tier of easternmost townships. Township 86. range 9, was included in the cession. and the earliest settlers in Benton county, of 1839-40. were very near the Indian line. Two years prior to this formal throwing open of Indian lands to white settlement in Benton county. the territory of Wisconsin had been organized and Iowa had been politically attached to it. until the latter was created on the 4th of July in the same year signalized by the withdrawal of the Sacs and Foxes from the eastern border of Benton county. The lowa territory of that day. however, embraced that part of old Wisconsin lying west of the Mississippi river and north of Missouri.


WHITES ON THE HEELS OF INDIANS.


The last treaty by which the Saes and Foxes relinquished all their lands west of the Mississippi (and therefore, in Benton county) was made at their agency (Agency City) October 11. 1842. and ratified March 23. 1843. By its terms they were to be removed from the country at the expiration of three years. and all who remained at that time were to depart at their own expense. Part of them were removed to their reservation in Kansas in the fall of 1845, and at that time were to depart at their own expense. In the meantime the white settlers had been streaming into the ceded territory, their entry into it at the earliest possible moment after the dawn of May 1. 1843. being attended by all the excitements and violence of an "Oklahoma rush."


These times have been- so well described by Judge Nourse in his centennial address that his language is here reproduced : "In obedience to our progressive and aggressive spirit. the Government of the United States made another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, on the 11th day of August. 1842. for the remaining portion of their land in Iowa. The treaty provided that the Indians should retain possession of all the lands thus ceded until May 1. 1843, and should ocenpy that portion of the ceded territory west of a line running north and south through Redrock, until October 11. 1845. These tribes, at this time. had their principal village at Ot-tinn-wa-no. now called Ottumwa.


33


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


As soon as it became known that the treaty had been concluded, there was a rush of immigration to lowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made near the Indian boundary, wait- ing for the Ist day of May. As the day approached, hundreds of families encamped along the line, and their tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military expedition. The country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but the United States military authorities had prevented any settlement or even the making ont of claims by any monuments whatever.


"To aid them in making out their claims when the hour should arrive, the settlers had placed piles of dry wood on the rising ground, at convenient distances. and a short time before twelve o'clock of the night of the 30th of April these were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived, it was announced by the discharge of firearms. The night was dark, but this army of occupation pressed forward, torch in hand, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of enrves and angles. When day- light came and revealed the confusion of these wonderful surveys, munerous disputes arose, settled generally by compromise, but sometimes by violence. Between midnight of the 30th of April and sundown of the Ist of May, over one thousand families had settled on their new purchase.


"While this scene was transpiring. the retreating Indians were enacting one more impressive and melancholy. The winter of 1842-43 was one of unusual severity. and the Indian prophet. who had disapproved of the treaty. attributed the severity of the winter to the anger of the Great Spirit, because they had sold their country. Many religions rites were performed to atone for the crime. When the time for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived. a solemn silence pervaded the Indian camp, and the faces of their stontest men were bathed in tears; and when their cavalcade was put in motion, toward the setting sun. there was a spontaneons outburst of frantie grief from the entire procession.


"The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and south through Redrock. The government established a trading post and military encampment at the Rac- «con Fork of the Des Moines river. then and for many years known as Fort Des Moines. Here the red man lingered until the 11th of October. 1845. when the same scene that we have before described was re-enacted. and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the 'New Purchase.' The lands thus occupied Vol. 1-3


34


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


and claimed by the settlers still belonged in fee to the general government. The surveys were not completed until some time after the Indian title was extinguished. After their survey. the lands were publicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at public auction. Under the laws of the United States, a preemption or exclusive right to purchase public lands could not be acquired until after the lands had thus been publicly offered and not sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant making improvements in good faith might acquire a right over others to enter the land at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre. 'Claim laws' were unknown to the United States statutes. They originated in the 'eternal fitness of things,' and were enforced, probably. as belonging to that class of natural rights not enumer- ated in the constitution, and not impaired or disparaged by its enumeration.


"The settlers organized in every settlement prior to the public land sales, appointed officers, and adopted their own rules and regulations. Nach man's claim was duly ascertained and recorded by the secretary. It was the duty of all to attend the sales The secretary bid off the lands of each settler at $1.25 per acre. The others were there, to see, first, that he did his duty and bid in the land. and, secondly, to see that no one else bid. This, of course. sometimes led to trouble, but it saved the excite- ment of competition. and gave formality and degree of order and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have at- tained. As far as practicable. the territorial legislature recognized the validity of these 'claims' upon the public lands, and in 1839 passed an act legalizing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to support a promise to pay for the same. The Supreme Territorial Court held this law to be valid. The opinion not only contains a decision of the question involved, but . also contains much valuable erudition upon that 'spirit of Anglo- Saxon liberty' which the Jowa settlers unquestionably inherited in a direct line of descent from the said Anglo-Saxons. But the early settler was not always able to pay even this dollar and twenty- five cents per acre for his land."


ROVING INDIAN BANDS. ,


Part of the nation of Saes and Foxes were removed to their reservation in Kansas during the fall of 1845, and most of the remainder followed in the succeeding spring. This was virtually


35


IHISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


the final chapter in the history of the Benton county Indians, although old settlers recall small roving bands as late as 1854. In this connection, the following (on the authority of a pioneer) is appropriate : "Although the Indians ceded a portion of the coun- ty to the United States in 1837 and the remainder in 1843 they roved over the country as late as 1854. They had a favorite camping place on the east side of the Cedar river, near Mr. Thomas Way's. The spot was chosen partly, perhaps. because 'Unele Tom' always had a good supply of firewater. They came here every year and spent several days in celebrating some of their mystic rites, religious danees, etc. Upon one occasion. James Rice gave them a fine puppy. which they sacrificed to the Great Spirit with much cere- mony. holding a war dance as a part of the exercises. The Indians were many times accused of committing depredations of which they were not guilty. They were very convenient scape- goats for horse thieves. Berry Way. Uncle Tom's renegade son, used to steal and run off their ponies during their annual eneamp- ment near his father's house. Stealing them during the night. Berry would always be at home the next morning, and when the Reds entered complaint. he was on hand to assist them in efforts to discover the missing animals, but always sent them on the wrong trail.


1755084


"Berry Way and another young man. well known thieves of Benton county, made a trip through Black Hawk county in March, 1846. stopping all night at a logging cabin, built by Cedar John- son a year or two before near Big Creek and then occupied by James Newell. The next morning they proceeded up the river to the vicinity of the Turkey Foot Forks; spent that night with Big Wave, a prominent Winnebago chief, and to requite his hospi- Iality, stole two valuable horses from him before daylight. About twenty of Big Wave's band pursued them, and found them at a singing school near Center Point. They threatened to shoot the trio, but the settlers interfered and persuaded the Indians it would be best to place the thieves under arrest and let the law take its course. The seoundrels were accordingly confined in jail at Marion. but soon after escaped."


BIRTH OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT.


The real conception of Iowa as a distinet political body oecur- red in September. 1834, when the territorial legislature of Michigan created two counties on the west side of the Mississippi river called


36


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


Dubuque and Des Moines and separated by a line drawn westward from the foot of Rock Island. These counties were partially or- ganized by the appointment of a chief justice and two associates for each division. On the first of October, 1835, General George W. Jones (long a citizen of Dubuque) was elected a delegate to congress from this section of Michigan territory, and in April, 1836, through his efforts the territory of Wisconsin was created. The census taken that year indicated that its counties of Dubuque and Des Moines had a population of 10,531. In the first terri- torial legislature of Wisconsin, which assembled at Belmont (pres- ent state of Wisconsin) October 25, 1836, each of the lowa coun- ties was represented by three members in the upper house, while Dubuque had five and Des Moines county, seven, in the lower body.


SUB-DIVISION OF COUNTIES.


At the first session, Des Moines county was divided into Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Muscatine and Cook (subse- quently changed to Scott), and at the second session the territory embraced in the original Dubuque county was divided into Dubu- que, Clayton, Fayette, Delaware, Buchanan,. Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar. Most of these original counties were not or- ganized until the creation of the territorial government of Iowa. the congressional act which provided for it going into effect July 3, 1838.


FIXING THE TERRITORIAL CAPITAL.


Shortly before the assembling of the second Wisconsin legis- lature at Burlington. in November. 1837, a convention was held in that place memorializing congress to take such action, and in the same month of the following year Burlington was also the scene of the convening of the first territorial legislature of Iowa. At that time its vast area was bounded on the north by British Amer- ica, south by the state of Missouri, east by the Mississippi river and west by the Missouri and White Earth rivers, and. with the exception of the narrow strip known as the Black Hawk Purchase. was in undisputed possession of the Indians. At the first session of the legislature Napoleon, in JJohnson county, was designated as the temporary seat of goverment, Iowa City, a few miles above. on the Iowa river, being subsequently platted for the permanent


37


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


capital. The new capital of the territory was occupied in April, 1841, the third regular session convening therein during December. Iowa City remained the capital until 1857, when (then under the state government) it was removed to Des Moines.


IOWA BECOMES A STATE.


In 1844 the proposition to ereet the territory of Iowa into a state was carried by vote of the people. the constitutional conven- tion convening at Iowa City on the 7th of October. It also agreed upon boundary lines for the new state, including a large part of the present state of Minnesota, and excluding the traet now em- braced in Lyon, Osceola. Sionx and parts of Dickinson, O'Brien, Plymouth and Woodbury. The state boundaries were rejected by congress and the people, in turn rejected the proposed congress- ional bounds, at an election held in April, 1845. The constitution also having been rejected by popular vote, another convention was held at lowa City May 4, 1846, and agreed to a constitution with provisions for state boundaries identical with the present limits and in harmony with a statehood bill then pending in con- gress. The constitution was adopted by the people, ratified by congress and, under it. Jowa was admitted into the union December 28, 1846.


BENTON, ONE OF NINETY-NINE COUNTIES


Since 1857 there have been ninety-nine counties in the state of Iowa. but their organization has only been uniform since 1871. Benton county was originally constituted December 21, 1837. and was named in honor of Thomas Hart Benton, United States sen- ator from Missouri, who had materially aided in the passage of the bill erecting Wisconsin territory. Its original territory in- elnded the area between its present northern and southern bounds extended to the Missouri river, and it was temporarily attached to the county of Jackson. That was before there was a single settler within its present limts. In 1840( the year after its first settler located) it was similarly attached to Linn county, and re-estab- lished with its present boundaries February 17. 1843. At this point in the general narrative, the author may fittingly enter into details regarding the development of Benton county in every line ` and field.


-


CHAPTER III.


GENERAL PROGRESS OF COUNTY.


ORGANIZATION OF TOWNSHIPS-GROWTH IN PROPERTY-AC- TUAL VALUES OF PROPERTY-1908 (ONE-FOURTH CASH VALUE) -- 1895 (ONE-HALF CASH VALUE)-1885 (ONE-HALF CASH VALUE -1875 (ONE-HALF CASH VALUE) -1865 (CASH VALUE) -IN- CREASD IN POPULATION --- POPULATION OF TOWNS AND TOWNSHIPS -. PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURE -- AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES-THE PAT- RONS OF HUSBANDRY.


Following the coming of the first settlers to castern Benton county in 1839-40, the immigration was very small and uncertain for a decade. During that period New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio furnished the bulk of the early and real pioneers. In 1847. the year after the organization of the county, the population had reached only 312 and by 1850. 672. The period from 1850 to 1860. however, was of unusual development and growth in population. Good state roads were established through the county, stage lines developed, the Cedar river utilized for transportation purposes and a sturdy agitation was progressing over the building of railroads into the county. In fact, all indications were favorable to a sul .. stantial development of the county into a prosperous and pleasant community for thrifty and intelligent people, closely bound to- gether and placed in intimate connannication with the more devel- oped outside world of business and commerce. After 1850 all states sent their contributions to swell the permanent citizenship of Benton county. It numbered 1.250 inhabitants in 1852; 2.623. in 1854; 6.247 in 1856, and 8,496 in 1860. The period covered by the Civil war told the same sad story everywhere; people both north and south were not migrating to new locations, but were fight- ing on bloody battlefields. or remaining at home to uphold their families, or condnet the necessary institutions of their communities.


38


39


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


ORGANIZATION OF TOWNSHIPS.


It is presumined that the board of county commissioners for 1847-8 created several eivil townships, although there is no record to that effect. There is an entry in April. 1847, that John Royal and George Cantonwine were appointed supervisors of Canton township, and they were directed to "open and work all legal laid- out roads in said township." Anderson Amos was appointed sup- ervisor in township 86 north, range 9 west; David Jewell in town- ship 85, range 9. and Thomas Way on a certain road "commencing at the corner of Harrison's field and running to Edward's ford across the Cedar river." Prior to 1851. Polk, Harrison and Tay- lor townships were added to those then in existence. Cue town- ship (changed, in 1862. to Florence) was organized in January. 1855, and in April. 1856. Jackson, Eden, Bruce and Big Grove townships were created. Varions attempts have been made to divide Taylor township. making Vinton township co-extensive with the corporate limits of the city; but, to date, all such efforts have failed. For many years the county has embraced twenty congres- sional and civil townships. as follows; Polk, Harrison, Cedar, Bruce, Monroe. Jackson, Taylor, Benton, Canton, Eden, Big Grove, Homer. Kane. Union, Eldorado, Fremont. Florence, St. Clair, Le Roy and lowa. The township government consists of three trustees and a elerk.


GROWTH IN PROPERTY.


The grand total of the tax assessment of Benton county is $324,949,81, of which amount $138.873.30 is credited to the state and county, $113.281.66 to the schools, and $35.394.69 to corpora- tions. It is also of interest to learn that of the tax last named. the railroads pay the following: Chicago & North-Western. $11.873 .- 49; Chicago. Rock Island & Pacific. $7.825.75; and Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul, $7.005.28.


ACTUAL VALUES OF PROPERTY.


1865


3,495,303


1875


11.557.214


1885


15,777.840


1895


14,244,248


1908


39,677,792


40


. HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


PRESENT BENTON COUNTY COURT HOUSE


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


41


1908 (ONE-FOURTH CASH VALUE).


Townships


Land


Land Ex Corp


Lots


Personal


Totals


Vinton


$


7251 $


7251|$ 369012 $ 406190| |$ 782453


Belle Plaine


30990


29133


267999


168485


467474


Inzerne


11280


10614


11068


44637


66985


Blairstown


42615


56347


98962


Norway


3754


2979


36437


86488


126679


Garrison


2851


2851


44431


53551


100833


Mt. Anburn


731


731


19591


25335


45657


Shellsburg


4510


4250


40739


47432


92631


Keystone


4086


3643


47721


54523


106330


Van Horne


8237


6937


45208


47620


101065


Iowa


235949


844


102035


338828


Le Roy


279291


338


141103


420732


Urbana


400


400


22077


3529-1


57771


Monroe


313086


85216


398302


Bruce


306598


50029


356627


Harrison


152435


275


26251


178961


Polk


310572


53456


364028


C'edar


363356


120655


484011


Jackson


312560


100310


412870


Taylor


307122


102007


409129


Benton


121122


36583


157705


C'anton


297815


81203


379018


Eden


339379


54668


3910-17


Big Grove


319457


3


65630


385090


Homer


321116


55520


376636


Kane


314648


119888


434536


Union


338804


106740


1455-14


Ellorado


326369


18690


117197


192256


Fremont


315715


9976


142679


468370


Florence


317915


6498


156768


481181


St. Clair


318525


3306


172853


494684


Assessed Value


$5985924 $


68689|$ 986828 $2946696| |$9919448


Cash value


23943696|


274756| 3947312| 11786784 39677792


42


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY -


1895 (ONE HALF CASH VALUE)


Townships


Land.


Personal.


Lots.


Polk


$ 277,015


$ 45,752


$


Marrison


145,950


26,278


Cedar


285,352


59,042


12,850


Bruce


210,387


33,465


Monroe


263,390


37,208


Jackson


253,093


45,797


Taylor


268,235


42,412


Benton


95,808


22,268


Canton


234,406


35,630


1,692


Eden


266,470


35,633


Big Grove


265,896


41,849


300


Homer


259,661


33,702


Kane


260,034


34,096


Union


.


260,930


36,731


Eldorado


265,0-15


74,700


15,261


Fremont


256.793


50,802


7,304


Florence


265,358


G1,621


6,550


St. Clair


267,719


63.134


4,830


Le Roy


217,674


56,929


4,804


Iowa


204,427


50,274


2,738


Vinton


50


335,449


425,291


B. Plaine


19,786


81,401


212,100


Garrison


2,053


36,246


36,105


Shellsburg


4,875


30,199


30,248


Van Horne


3,270


39,4-17


34,402


Blairstown


44,035


54,215


Keystone


3,406


25,4SS


29,670


Norway


6,253


53,520


27,968


Urbana


130


12,917


13,995


Assessed value


$1.863,476


$1.518.325


$ 740.323


Cash value


$9,726,952


$3.036,650


$1,180.646


1885 (ONE HALF CASH VALUE)


Townships


Land.


Personal.


Dois.


Polk


$ 297,303


$ 67,701


$ 7,331


Harrison


153,960


37,783


Cedar


268,303


76,666


8,705


Bruce


281,133


59.28S


Monroe


299,849


50,141


Jackson


319,036


73.385


Taylor


242,227


62,248


Benton


95.882


24.549


Canton


331,825


76,322


Eden


217,956


69,962


43


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


Townships.


Land.


Personal.


Lots.


Big Grove


291,642


60,284


341


Homer


186,973


51,981


Kane


262,099


54,891


13,993


Union


216,983


45,511


Eldorado


219,789


50,567


7,260


Fremont


225,706


67,637


3,241


Florence


281,073


111,349


29,990


St. Clair


316,380


64,245


9,905


Le Roy


248,260


54,599


6,510


Iowa


200,230


69,686


4,019


Vinton


3,010


283,707


376,320


B. Plaine


35,509


111,978


185,193


Garrison


1,656


11,466


11,900


Shellsburg


6,296


25,930


32,110


Van Horne


6,450


92,139


68,962


Blairstown


65,031


64,546


Assessed value


$ 5,239,540


$1,818,944


$ 830,436


Cash valne


$10,479,080


$3,637,888


$1,660,872


1875 (ONE HALF CASH VALUE)


Townships


Land. $ 160,736


$ 63,778


$


2,020


Harrison


93.075


37.781


Cedar


263.221


69,446


4,405


Bruce


224,435


36,739


Monroe


157,396


36,739


Jackson


187,939


49,998


5,766


Taylor


204,408


47,167


21,794


Benton


87,372


22,959


Canton


221,073


64,125


Eden


174,917


54,933


35-4


Big Grove


192,261


54.024


346


Homer


160.188


31,780


Kane


189,161


36,83


115


Union


170,687


40.242


Eldorado


181.962


38,663


Fremont


23S,928


60,396


Florence


181.150


80,594


22,925


St. Clair


166,562


50,946


2 105


Le Roy


173.336


65.932


10.465


lowa


192,641


80,878


10,793


Vinton


257,941


392.735


B. Plaine


7,524


86.424


123,796


Blairstown


62.075


56,610


Shellsburg


6,912


25.156


33.265


Assessed value


$3,635,814


$1,455,299


$ 687,494


Cash value


$7.271.628


$2,910,578


$1.374,988


Personal.


Lots.


Polk


44


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


1865 (CASH VALUE)


Townships


Land.


Personal.


Lots.


Eden


$ 137.253


$ 31,367


490


Big Grove


$ 135.576


26,094


751


Benton


103,053


29.774


751


Florence


185,272


47.270


1.135


Iowa


162.780


69,399


18.910


Kane


100.496


15.992


Union


77,494


9.650


100


Ilomer


71,201


9,385


Monroe


89.963


12.220


Cedar


163.036


40,171


440


Fremont


116,956


17.359


Eldorado


97.783


7.774


Jackson


96.523


9,650


Le Roy


149.191


36.700


19,963


Canton


145.583


69.162


8.390


Bruce


100.512


14,706


Harrison


106,994


30.90€


35€


St. Clair


136.053


18.881


Polk


177,000


54,329


1.284


Taylor


190,334


185.556


210.329


Total


2,496,053


$736.351


$262.899


.


INCREASE IN POPULATION.


In 1865 the population of Benton county was 11.245, an in- crease of less than three thousand over that of 1860. From that time on the tale is told in the following table:


1870 22.454


1890 24.178


1875


22.807


1895


24,244


1880


24.888


1900


25.177


1885 23,902


1905


24,117


In line with the increase of population, the increase of taxable property in a county is a conclusive proof of its material develop- ment. But in the consideration of such figures it must always be remembered that the assessed valuation is not the cash valne of the property. In the figures given below, the valuations for 1855 and 1865 are on the full cash basis; those for 1875. 1885 and 1895. one-half the cash value, and for 1908, one-fourth.


It is evident from the condition of the assessors' hook of 1855 that a more or less futile attempt was made in that year to collect the desired figures from its countrymen and townsmen. At that time the government owned most of the land, which it soll for


HISTORY OF BENTON COUNTY


1865 (CASH VALUE)


Townships


Land.


Personal.


Lots.


Eden


$ 137.253


$ 31,367


490


Big Grove


$ 135.576


26,094


751


Benton


103,053


29,774


751


Florence


138,272


47.270


1.135


Iowa


162,780


69,399


18.910


Kane


100.496


15.992


Union


77,494


9.650


100


Ilomer


71,201


9,385


Monroe


89,963


12,220


Cedar


163.036


40,171


440


Fremont


116,95€


17,359


Eldorado


97,783


7,774


Jackson


96,523


9,650


Le Roy


149,191


36.706


19,963


Canton


145,583


69,162


8.390


Brice


100.512


14,706


Harrison


106,994


30,906


356


St. Clair


136,053


18.881


Polk


177,000


54,329


1.284


Taylor


190,334


185,556


210.329


Total


2,496,053


$736,351


$262,899


·


INCREASE IN POPULATION.


In 1865 the population of Benton county was 11,245, an in- crease of less than three thousand over that of 1860. From that time on the tale is told in the following table:




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