USA > Iowa > Page County > History of Page County, Iowa : containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, etc. : a biographical directory of many of its leading citizens, war record of its volunteers in the late rebellion, general and local statistics, portraits of early settlers and prominent men, history of Iowa and the Northwest, map of Page County, constitution of the state of Iowa, reminiscences, miscellaneous matters, etc > Part 38
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HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
ries and hurrying with them to the comparatively quiet water below. Here and there they were deposited and remained as sediment until those giant throes which lifted again the partially submerged continents and hurled the encroaching waves back to their former dominion. Such a change occurred in Page county, and the proofs are on every hand. The "bluff" deposit is known to occupy a region through which the Mis- souri runs almost centrally and measures more than two hundred miles in length and one hundred miles in width. This deposit occurs immediately on the "drift" and with it forms almost the entire surface of this county. The term "drift," as is commonly employed in geology, includes the gravel, sand, clay, and boulders occurring over some parts of the conti- nents, which are without stratification or order of arrangement, and have been transported from places in high latitudes by some agency which (1) could carry masses of rock, hundreds of tons in weight, and which (2) was not always dependent for motion on the slopes of the surface. This agency was ice, either in the form of an extensive glacier or detached masses, called ice-bergs. The whole surface of North America, even to the thirty-ninth parallel, bears evidence of the denuding and transforming power of ice. This was the agency which rounded these hills, partially filled old valleys or dug out new ones, and which left at our very doors these masses of rock-small and large-to excite our wonder and cause us to
seek their origin. The drift appears in numerous localities along the major and some of the minor water courses, and at railroad cuttings. This deposit also covers all the high lands in the county, and varies in thickness from a few to one hundred and eighty feet. It is mostly com- posed of clay and gravel, with occasional beds of sand, and is deposited without much regularity of stratification, and contains many worn and rounded masses of granite, gneiss, porphyry, hornblende, and other primary rocks, together with limestone, sandstone, bits of coal and slate, all of which have been transplanted from points more or less remote from their present locality.
The only material of economical value to be obtained from the drift de- posits are sands and clays. Sand of an excellent quality, suitable for moulder's use and cement may be obtained along the rivers in considera- ble abundance; though no potter's clay has yet been observed in this for- mation in this county.
The best wells of water are to be obtained by sinking to the subterran- ean stream that percolates through the sandy strata of this deposit. Usu- ally, on the prairies, good water may be reached from twenty to forty feet below the surface. The only fossils yet obtained from the drift in this ,county are a few shark teeth and an occasional fragment of silicified wood, which probably belong to a period somewhat older than the drift, and have been transported from some cretaceous deposit over which the
331
HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
drift has passed. In the valley of the Nodaway, near Clarinda, some teeth of the huge and extinct mastodon have been found.
Of the coal-measures only the "Upper coal-measure strata have been exposed in this county, but it is probable that some outline of these Nish- nabotna sandstones exist beneath the surface in the northwestern part." (White). The following account of the coal-measures of the county is taken from Dr. White's Geology of Iowa, 1870, Vol. I, p. 349, et seq : " The strata thus far discovered are all referred to the horizon of the lower half of the series of limestone and shales of the Winterset section [upper carboniferous, C.]. At Hawleyville, just upon the east border of the county, there is an exposure of about five feet in thickness, of bluish argillaceous limestone, with partings of blue, clayey shale. These are no doubt the equivalents of a part of the strata associated with the coal bed at Foster's, in the northwestern part of Taylor county, but no coal has yet been discovered in connection with the strata at Hawleyville. Cross- ing over to the valley of the West Nodaway, the next exposure of strata found were upon the left bank of the stream, a little below Clarinda, the county seat. Here the same bed of coal is found again which is worked at various points in Taylor and Adams counties; together with their as- sociated strata. The coal here is of about the same thickness (from fif- teen to twenty inches) as in the last named counties, and its associated strata has the same general characters. It has been mined just below the mill near Clarinda, and also at several points within a mile below the mill, on the east side of the river. The following section was measured there, commencing with the surface of the river as the base of No. 1.
SECTION NEAR CLARINDA.
No. 5. Hard, bluish, impure limestone. 2 feet
No. 4. Bluish, clayey shale. . 11/2
No. 3. Coal 114
No. 2. Light bluish, clayey shale, containing fossil plants and shells. 2
No. 1. Unexposed to the water's edge. 10
Total .1634 feet
A short distance below this place, a quarry has been opened in some strata of hard, bluish, impure limestone that seems to belong beneath those of the foregoing section, but their actual relative position was not satisfactorily ascertained. Near this point a shaft of several feet in depth has been sunk, with the hope of finding another bed of coal. It was re- ported that such a discovery had actually been made there, but no relia- ble account of the digging could be obtained, nor any evidence that any trace of coal had been found beneath the bed so well known. Going southward about four miles from Clarinda, upon the west side of the val- ley, the same bed of coal and its associated strata are again exposed in
332
HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
the banks of a small creek, just before it empties into the Nodaway. Pro- ceeding down the valley of the Nodaway, we find a very interesting ex- posure of strata in the right bank of the stream, just below the dam at Brady's mill. The locality is very near the south boundary of the state. These beds are all thought to belong beneath the horizon of the coal bed farther up the valley, and seem to have been elevated here by a very slight fold or undulation in the strata.
Going westward from the valley of the Nodaway, we find the next ex- posure of strata in the valley of the main Tarkio. These are slightly ex- posed at intervals from the northern to the southern boundary of the county. The following section was measured in the east valley-side of that stream, on section 7, township 70, range 37, near the residence of Hon. Joseph Cramer.
SECTION NEAR CRAMER'S.
No. 5. Yellowish, marly clay with occasional thin layers of limestone. 6 feet
No. 4. Compact, bluish limestone. 21/2
No. 3. Reddish clay. 212
No. 2. Bluish, marly clay. 21/2
No. 1. Light bluish, sandy, and clayey shales, with thin layers of fine-grained micaceous sandstone, occasionally showing ripple marks. 20 66
Total .331/2 feet
* Passing down the valley of the Tarkio from this point we find the harder and more durable strata of the foregoing section occasion- ally presenting slight exposures in the valley sides, at a nearly uniform elevation above the stream. Going westward into the valley of the East Nishnabotna, we find a few exposures of strata similar to those in the valley of the Tarkio.
MINERAL RESOURCES.
So far as the existence of mineral resources in this county has been demonstrated, they consist entirely of its coal and stone. The only bed of coal thus far discovered within the limits of the county, is the one men- tioned in the preceding sections, and so often seen in the valleys of the Nodaway and its branches; and, although it has not proved capable alone of supplying the inhabitants with necessary fuel, it has, nevertheless, thus far supplied a sufficiency of that kind of fuel for which there is no substi- tute for making iron. No reasonable doubt can be entertained that the lower coal-measure formation with its beds of coal extends beneath Page county; and if the region were a densely populated one, and capital abundant, the facts in the case, whatever they may be, would soon be dem- onstrated. While, however, there are such good reasons for believing
333
HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
that coal actually exists beneath the county, it is proper to caution persons of limited means against undertaking the entire price of sinking a shaft in search of it, with the hope of accomplishing the desired result with the expenditure of only a few hundred dollars. If beds of coal exist at all beneath the one now mined near the surface, a profitable one will not prob- ably be reached at less than several hundred feet below the surface; but at the same time, there are good reasons for estimating the base of all the coal-bearing strata at a less depth than that at which coal is profitably mined in other counties."
Thus briefly has been given all that is definitely known of the geology of this county. It promises many features of interest to the student, and will abundantly reward the earnest worker who shall complete a task so urgently pressing. The fossil characteristic of the coal formations may be obtained at every point where the rocks are exposed, and these expos- ures promise a rich harvest to the student "of ancient life "-the paleon- tologist-as well as to the mere curiosity hunter.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
The natural history of the county is a verisimilitude of all prairie coun- tries. While its forms of life present an infinite diversity, only a few of the many are found to be predominant. The time was, however, when the larger forms of life abounded; when the deer, the elk, and the buffalo made these prairies their home. The coming of the white man, attended by all the circumstances of progressiveness, has driven these larger forms from the country, and now the smaller kind alone retain a footing.
There is no record of any attempt, at any time, made to determine the relation of the flora and fauna to the rest of the state. In many coun- ties such a work has been done, but chiefly in the interests of science and by private individuals. The following resume is by no means a complete representation of its forms, but may fairly be considered as indications of the nature of its forms of life, both animal and vegetable. In the lists as much information has been incorporated as is consistent with a simple cat- alogue of forms. This is especially true of the trees and shrubs. For the sake of accuracy both scientific and common names are given.
AVIDÆ-BIRDS .*
*In the following catalogue the general arrangement of Cowes' "Birds of the Northwest" is adopted as being the one most consistent with the great mass of observed facts, and is the one approved by the leading ornithologists of the country. The arrangement is by families. A few species are included which have not been observed in the county but are known to occur in the counties surrounding. Such are marked with an asterisk (*). Spe- cies doubtfully referred to the county are indicated by a question mark, (?). .
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HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
TURDIDÆE-THRUSHES.
1. Turdus migratorius, Linn-Robin.
2. Turdus naevius, Gmelin-Varied Thrush.
3. Turdus mustelinus, Gmelin-Wood thrush.
4. Turdus pallasii, Cab-Hermit thrush.
5. Turdus Swainsonii, Cab-Swainson's thrush.
6. Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cab-Cat bird.
7. ( ?)Mimus polyglottis, Boie-Mocking bird.
8. Harporhynchus rufus, Cab-Brown thrush.
SAXICOLIDA .- BLUE BIRDS AND STONE-CHATS.
9. Sialia sialis, Haldeman-Blue bird.
PARIDÆE-TITMICE.
10. Parus Atricapillus, Linn-Chickadee.
11. Lophophanes bicolor, Bonap-Crested titmouse.
SYLVIADÆ-WARBLERS.
12. Regulus satrapa, Licht-Golden-crested kinglet.
13. Regulus calendula, Licht-Ruby-crested kinglet.
14. Polisptila cærulea, Sclat-Blue-gray gnat-catcher.
CERTHIADÆ-CREEPERS.
15. Certhia familiaris, Linn-Brown creeper.
SITTID ÆE- NUTHATCHES.
16. Sitta carolinensis, Gmelin-White-breasted nuthatch.
17. Sitta Canadensis, Linn-Red-breasted nuthatch.
TROGLODYTIDÆE-WRENS.
18 Anorthoura hyemalis, Rennie-Winter wren.
19 Telmatodytes palustris, Bonap-Long-billed marsh wren.
20. Cistothorus stellaris, Cab -- Short-billed marsh wren.
21. Thryothorus ludovicianus, Bonap-Carolina wren.
MOTACILLIDÆ-WAG-TAILS.
1
22. Anthus ludovicianus, Licht-Tit-lark.
SYLVICOLIDÆ-WOOD-WARBLERS.
23: Mniotilta varia, Vieill-Black and white creeper.
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HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
24. Parula americana, Bonap-Blue-yellow-backed warbler.
25. Prothonotaria citrea, Baird-Prothonotary warbler.
26. Geothlypis trichas, Cab-Maryland yellow-throat.
27 Geothlypis philadelphia, Baird-Mourning warbler.
28. Oporornis agilis, Baird-Connecticut warbler.
29. Oporornis formosus, Baird-Kentucky warbler.
30. Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Baird-Nashville warbler.
31. Helminthophaga celata, Baird-Golden-crowned warbler.
32. Helminthophaga pinus, Baird-Blue-winged yellow warbler.
33. Perissoglossa tigrina, Baird-Cape May warbler.
34. Dendroica virens, Baird-Black-throated green warbler.
35. Dendroica caerulesceus, Baird-Black-throated blue warbler.
36. Dendroica coronata, Gray-Yellow-crowned warbler.
37. Dendroica blackburnioe, Baird-Blackburnian warbler.
38. Dendroica castanea, Baird-Bay-breasted warbler.
39. Dendroica pennsylvanica, Baird-Chestnut-sided warbler.
40. Dendroica cerulea, Baird-Blue warbler.
41. Dendroica aestiva, Baird-Yellow warbler.
42. Dendroica maculosa, Baird-Black and yellow warbler.
43. Dendroica discolor, Baird-Yellow red-poll warbler.
44. Dendroica dominica, Baird-Yellow-throated warbler.
45. Seiurus aurocapillus, Swain-Golden-crowned wagtail.
46. Seiurus noveboracensis, Nutt-New York water wagtail.
47. Wilsonia pusilla, Bonap-Green black-capped warbler.
48. Euthlypis canadensis, Cab-Canada warbler.
49. Setophaga ruticilla, Swain-Red-start.
50. Icteria virens, Baird-Yellow-breasted chat.
HIRUNDINIDÆ-SWALLOW.
51. Hirundo horreorum, Barton-Barn swallow.
52. Petrochelidon lunifrons, Baird-Cliff swallow.
53. Tachycineta bicolor, Cab-White-bellied swallow.
54. Progne subis, Baird-Purple martin.
55. Cotyle riparia, Boie-Bank swallow, sand martin.
56. Steligadopteryx serripennis, Baird-Rough-winged sand martin.
VIREONIDAE-VIREOS.
57. Vireo nove boracensis, Bonap-White-eyed vireo.
58. Vireo bellii, Audubon-Bell's vireo.
59. Vireosylvia olivacea, Bonap-Red-eyed vireo.
60. Vireosylvia philadelphica, Cass-Brotherly-love vireo.
61. Lanivireo flavifrons, Baird-Yellow-throated vireo.
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HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
62. Lanivireo solitarius, Baird-Solitary vireo.
AMPELIDÆE-WAX-WINGS.
63. Ampelis cedrorum, Bonap-Cedar bird, wax-wing.
64. Ampelis garrula, Bonap-Northern wax-wing.
LANIIDÆ-SHRIKES.
65. Collurio borealis, Baird-Northern shrike.
66. Collurio excubitoroides, Baird-White-rumped shrike.
TANAGRIDÆE-TANAGERS.
67. Pyranga rubra, Vieill-Scarlet tanager.
68. Pyranga æstiva, Vieill-Red-bird.
ALAUDIDÆ-LARKS.
69. Eremophila alpestris, Boie-Horned lark.
FRINGILLIDÆ-SPARROWS.
70. Hesperiphona vespertina, Bonap-Evening grosbeak.
71. Pinicola enucleator, Vieill-Pine grosbeak.
72. Carpodacus purpureus, Gray-Purple finch.
73. Astragalinus tristis, Cab-Yellow bird gold-finch.
74. Chrysomitris pinus, Bonap-Pine finch.
75. Curvirostra americana, Wilson-Red crossbill.
76. Curvirostra leucoptera, Wilson-White winged crossbill.
77. Aegrothus linaria, Cab-Red-poll.
78. Plectrophanes, nivalis, Meyer-Snow bunting.
79. Centrophanes lapponicus, Kaup-Lapland bunting.
80 Centrophanes pictus, Cab-Painted bunting.
81. Centronyx vairdii, Baird-Baird's sparrow.
82. Passerculus savanna, Bonap-Savannah sparrow.
83. Coturniculus passerinus, Bonap-Yellow-winged sparrow.
84. Coturniculus Henslowii, Bonap-Henslow's sparrow.
85. Chondestes grammaca, Bonap-Lark sparrow.
86. Zonotrichia leucophyrs, Swain-White-crowned sparrow.
87. Zonotrichia albicollis, Bonap-White-throated sparrow.
88. Funco hyemalis, Sclat-Snow bird.
89. Sprzella monticola, Baird-Tree sparrow.
90. Spizella pusilla, Bonap-Field sparrow.
91. Spizella pallida, Bonap-Western field sparrow.
92. Spizella socialis, Bonap-Chipping sparrow.
93. Melospiza melodia, Baird-Song sparrow.
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HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
94. Melospiza palustris, Baird-Swamp sparrow.
95. Passerella iliaca, Swain-Fox-colored sparrow.
96. Euspiza americana, Bonap-Black-throated bunting.
97. Hedymeles ludoviciana, Cab-Rose-breasted grosbeak.
98. Guiraca cærulea, Swain-Blue grosbeak.
99. Cyanospiza cyanea, Baird-Indigo bird.
100. Cardinalis virginianus, Bonap-Cardinal bird.
101. Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Vieill-Chewink.
ICTERIDÆ-BLACKBIRDS AND ORIOLES.
102. · Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Swain-Bobolink (rare.)
103. Molothrus pecoris, Swain-Cow blackbird.
104. Agelous phonicens, Vieill-Red-winged blackbird.
105. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, Baird-Yellow-headed blackbird.
106. Sturnella magna, Swain-Meadow lark.
107. Icterus spurius, Bonap-Orchard oriole.
108. Icterus baltimore, Daud-Baltimore oriole.
109. Scolecophagus ferrugineus, Swain-Rusty grakle.
110. Quiscalus versicolor, Vieill-Crow blackbird.
CORVIDÆ-CROWS AND JAYS.
111. Corvus americanus, Aud-Crow.
112. Corvus carnivorus, Bartram-Raven.
113. Pica hudsonica, Bonap-Magpie.
114. Cyanura cristata, Swain-Blue jay.
TYRANNIDÆ-TYRANT FLYCATCHERS.
115. Tyrannus carolinensis, Baird-King bird.
116. Tyrannus verticalis, Say -- Arkansas flycatcher.
117. Myiarchus crinitus, Cab-Great-crested flycatcher.
118. Sayornis fuscus, Baird-Bridge pewee.
119. Contopus borealis, Baird-Olive-sided pewee.
120. Contopus virens, Cab-Wood pewee.
121. Empidonax flaviventris, Baird-Yellow-bellied flycatcher.
122. Empidonax Traillii, Baird-Traill's flycatcher.
123. Empidonax minimus, Baird-Least flycatcher.
124. (?) Empidonax acadicus, Baird-Acadian flycatcher.
ALCEDINIDÆ-KINGFISHERS.
125. Ceryle alcyon, Boie-King-fisher.
B
338
HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
TROCHILIDÆ-HUMMING BIRDS.
126. Trochilus colubris, Linn-Humming-bird. CYPSELIDÆ-SWIFTS. 127. Chatura pelasgia, Steph-Chimney swift.
CAPRIMULGIDÆ-GOATSUCKERS.
128. Antrostomus vociferous, Bonap-Whippoorwill.
129. Chordeiles popetue, Baird-Night hawk.
CUCULIDÆ-CUCKOOS.
130. Coccygus erythrophthalmus, Bonap-Black-billed cuckoo. 131. Coccygus americanus, Bonap-Yellow-billed cuckoo.
PICIDÆ-WOODPECKERS.
132. Picus villosus, Linn-Hairy woodpecker.
133. Picus pubescens, Linn-Downy woodpecker.
134. Sphyrapicus varius, Baird-Yellow flicker.
135. Hylatomus pileatus, Baird-Pileated woodpecker.
136. Centurus Carolinus, Bonap-Red-bellied woodpecker.
137. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Swain-Red-headed woodpecker.
138. Colaptes auratus, Swain-Golden winged woodpecker.
STRIGIDÆ-OWLS.
139. Strix pratincola, Bonap-Barn owl.
140. Bubo virginianus, Bonap-Great horned owl.
141. Scops asio, Bonap-Screech owl.
142. (?) Otus Vulgaris, Flem-Long-eared owl.
143. Brachyotus palustris, Bonap-Short-eared owl.
144. Syrnium nebulosum, Gray-Barred owl.
145. (?) Syrnium cinereum, Gray-Great gray owl.
146. (?) Nyctale albifrons, Cassin-Kirkland's owl.
FALCONIDÆ-HAWKS.
147. Falco Peregrinus, Gmelin-Duck hawk.
148. Hypotriorchis columbarius, Gray-Pigeon hawk.
149. Tinnunculus sparverius, Vieill-Sparrow hawk. 150. (?) Astur atricapillus, Bonap-Gos-hawk.
151. Accipiter fuscus, Bonap-Sharp-shinned hawk.
152. Buteo borealis Vieill-Red-tailed hawk.
153. Buteo lineatus, Jardine-Red-shouldered hawk.
1
339
HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
154. Buteo pennsylvanicus, Bonap-Broad-winged hawk.
155. Archibuteo lagopus, Gray-Rough-legged hawk.
156. Nauclerus furcatus, Vigors-Swallow-tailed hawk.
157. (?)Ictinea mississippiensis, Gray-Mississippi kite.
158. Circus hudsonius, Vieill-Marsh hawk.
159. (?) Aquila chrysætos, Linn-Golden eagle.
160. Haliætus leucocephalus, Say-White-headed eagle.
161. Pandion haliætus, Aud-Osprey ; fish hawk.
VULTURIDÆ-VULTURES.
162. Cathartes aura, Illiger-Turkey buzzard.
COLUMBIDÆ-PIGEONS.
163. Ectopistes migratoria, Swain-Wild pigeon. 164. Zenædura Carolinensis, Bonap-Carolina dove.
TETRUONIDÆE-GROUSE.
165. Pediocætes phasianellus, Baird-Sharp-tailed grouse.
166. Cupidonia cupido, Baird-Prairie hen.
167. Bonasa umbellus, Steph-Ruffed grouse.
PERDICIDÆ-PARTRIDGES.
168. Ortyx virginianus, Bonap-Quail, bob-white.
MELEAGRIDÆ-TURKEYS.
169. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn-Wild turkey. CHARADRIIDÆE -- PLOVERS.
170. (?) Charadrius virginicus, Borck-Golden plover.
171. Ægialitis vociferus, Cass-Kildee plover.
172. Ægialitis melodus, Cab-Piping plover. 173. Ægialitis semipalmatus, Cab-Ring plover.
174. (?) Squartarola helvetica, Cuv-Black-bellied plover.
SCOLOPACIDÆ-SNIPES AND SANDPIPERS.
175. Philohela minor, Gray-Woodcock.
176. Gallinago Wilsonii, Bonap -- Wilson's snipe. .
177. Macroramphus griseus-Leach-Red-breasted snipe.
178. Tringa canutus, Linn-Gray-backed sandpiper.
179. Pelidna americana, Coues-Red-backed sandpiper.
180. Actodromas maculata, Cass-Jack snipe.
340
HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
181. Actodromas minutilla, Coues-Least sandpiper.
182. Calidris arenaria, Ill-Sanderling.
183. Ereunetes pusillus, Cass-Semipalmated sandpiper.
184 (?) Micropalana himantophus, Baird-Stilt sand-piper.
185 Symphemia semipalmata, Hartl-Willet.
186 Gambetta melanoleuca, Bonap-Greater yellow legs.
187 Gambetta flavipes, Bonap-Lesser yellow legs.
188 Tringoides macularius, Gray-Spotted sand-piper.
189 Limosa fedoa, Ord-Marbled Godwit.
190 Limosa hudsonica, Swain-Hudsonia Godwit.
191 Numenius longirostris, Wilson -- Long-billed curlew.
192 Numenius hudsonica, Lathrop-Hudsonian curlew.
193 Numenius borealis, Lath-Esquimaux curlew.
194 Recurvirostra Americana, Gmelin-Avoset.
195 (?) Himantophus nigricollis, Vieill --- Black.necked stilt.
PHALAROPODID ÆE --- PHALAROPES.
196 Steganopus wilsonii, Coues-Wilson's Phalarope. 197 (?) Lobipes hyperboreus, Cuv-Northern Phalarope. 198 Phalaropus fulicarius, Bonap-Red Phalarope.
GRUIDÆ-CRANES.
199 Grus canadensis, Temm-Sand-hill crane.
200 Grus americana, Ord -- White crane.
TANTALIDÆ --- IBISES.
201 Tantalus loculator, Linn --- Wood ibis.
ARDEIDÆ -- HERONS.
202 Ardea herodias, Linn --- Great blue heron.
203 Herodias egretta, Gray --- Great white heron.
204 Florida carula, Baird --- Blue heron.
505 Botaurus lentiginosus, Steph --- Bittern.
206 Butorides virescens, Bonap-Green Heron.
107 Ardetta exilis, Gray --- Little bittern.
297 Nycteardea gardenii, Baird-Night heron.
RALLIDÆ -- RAILS.
2fi9 Rallus elegans, Aud-Marsh hen. 210 Rallus virginanus, Linn-Virginia rail. 211 Porzana Carolina, Vieill-Carolina rail.
.
341
HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
212 Fulica americana, Gmelin-Coot. 213 Gallinula galeata, Bonap-Florida gallinule. 214 Gallinula martinica, Lath-Purple gallinule.
ANATIDÆ-DUCKS.
215. Cygnus americana, Sharp -- American swan.
216. Cygnus buccinator, Rich -- Trumpeter.
217. Anser hyperboreus, Pallas-Snowy goose.
218. Bernicla canadensis, Boie-Canada goose.
219. Bernicla brenta, Stephens-Brant.
220. Anas boschas, Linn -- Mallard.
221. Anas Obcura, Gmelin-Dusky duck.
222. Nettion carolinensis, Baird-Green-winged teal.
223. Querquedula discors, Stephens-Blue-winged teal.
224. Spatula clypeata, Boie-Shoveler.
225. Chaulelasmus streperus, Gray-Gadwall.
226. Mareca americana, Stephens-Baldpate.
227. Aix sponsa, Boie-Wood duck.
228. Fulix marila, Baird-Black-headed duck.
229. Fulix colaris, Baird-Ring-necked duck.
230. Aythya americana, Bonap-Red-headed duck.
231. Aythya vallisneria, Bonap-Canvass-backed duck.
232. Bucephala americana, Baird-Golden-eyed duck. 233. Bucephala albeola, Baird-Butter ball.
234. Histrionicus torquatus, Bonap-Harlequin duck.
235. Erismatura rubida, Bonap-Ruddy duck.
236. Mergus merganser, Linn-Sheldrake.
237. Mergus serrator, Linn-Red-breasted merganser.
238: Lophodytes cucullatus, Reich-Hooded merganser.
PELECANIDÆ-PELICANS.
239. (?) Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, Gmelin-Brown Pelican. GRACULIDÆ-CORMORANTS.
240. Graculus dilophus, Gray-Double-crested Cormorant. LARIDÆ-GULLS AND TERNS.
241. Larus marinus, Linn-Black-backed Gull.
242. Gelochelidon anglica, Bonap-Marsh Tern.
243. Sterna hirundo, Linn-Wilson's Tern.
244. Sterna antillarum, Coues-Least Tern.
245. Hydrochelidon fissipes, Gray-Short-tailed Tern.
342
HISTORY OF PAGE COUNTY.
COLYMBIDÆ-LOONS AND GREBES.
246. Colymbus torquatus, Brunn-Loon.
247. Colymbus septentrionalis, Linn, Red-throated Loon.
248. Podiceps holbollii, Reich-Red-necked Grebe.
249. Podiceps cornutus, Lath-Horned Grebe.
250. Podiceps cristatus, Lath-Crested Grebe.
251. Podilymbus podiceps, Lawr-Carolina Grebe.
It will be observed from the above list that two hundred and fifty-one different and distinctly defined species of birds occur in this county. They are distributed among forty-four families and eighty-four genera. Did the limits of this work permit, brief notes of the habits of these birds, with notes on those beneficial and injurious, would prove both interesting and valuable. The presence of so large a number is mainly attributable to the extensive wooded sections of the eastern and southeastern portions of the county, and the numerous water-courses that contribute the food of many kinds. To the student of ornithology this county presents peculiar opportunities, and it is to be hoped some one will step in to do a work so pressing.
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