USA > Iowa > Fayette County > Past and present of Fayette County, Iowa, Volume I > Part 2
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89
Pioneer Amusements
112
Pioneer Church Going
550
Pioneer Homes 109
Pioneer Life, Story of. 525
Pioneer Marriages
550
Pioneer Physicians
164
I7
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Pioneer Preachers
545
Pioneer Reminiscences 93
Pioneers, Character of 53
Pioneer's Sketch of Fayette County .. 515
Pleasant Valley Township.
431
Poor Farm
123
Population 62, 557
Postoffices. in Fayette County . 537
Prairies and Groves
543
Preachers, Pioneer
545
Presbyterian Church
305
Presbyterian Church, Clermont. 311
Presbyterian Church, Maynard
311
Presbyterian Church, Oelwein.
310
Presbyterian Church, West Union
308
Present Lawyers
150
Present Physicians
170
Press of Fayette County 152
Price, Eliphalet
78
Prosecuting Attorneys 177
Protestant Episcopal Church, Fayette 293
Public Utilities
133
Purchase of Second Poor Farm. 124
Putnam Township
441
Q
Quigley, C. H.
148
R
Railroad Land Grants 58
Railroad Meetings 135
Railroad Mileage 542
Railroad Question 57
Railroad Surveys 58
Railroad Tax
135
Railroad Valuation 542
Railways, Electric 138
Rain Storms
557
Randalia
354
Recorders 179
Reform Schools 56
Relief Commission 126
Reminiscences, Pioneer 92
Removal of Indians
44
Residuary Battery, Fourteenth Regi-
ment 248
Reunions 481
Rickel, Henry 146
Road Districts Formed. 80
Roads Established
79
(2)
Rogers, Jacob W.
144
Rogers, O. W.
147
S
St. Lucas German Catholic Church .. 290
St. Lucas, Town of.
337
Sanitary Commission
64
School Fund Commissioners. 174
School Funds 54
School Lands 54
Scott Township
444
Second Court House 120
Second Battery
260
Second Consolidated Veteran Infan-
try
196
Second Regiment Cavalry 258
Section Thirty-seven. 73
Settlement of Fayette County 71
Settlers, First
75
Seventeenth Regiment Infantry 248
Seventh Regiment Cavalry. 255
Seventh Regiment Infantry. 247
Shawanees as Mound Builders 27
Sheriffs
179
"Shin Bone Valley" 432
Singing Schools 113
Sixteenth Regiment Infantry . 248
Sixteenth Wisconsin Infantry 249
Sixth Regiment Cavalry 251
Sixth Regiment Infantry 247
Smithfield Township 448
Soil, Character of. 73
Soldiers' Bounties 186
Soldiers' Orphans' Homes. 55
Soldiers' Relief Commission 126
Spanish-American War. 66
Spelling Schools 112
State Agricultural Society 61
State Executive Department. 67
State Normal School .. 54
State Senators 173
Statistical Information 539
Statistics, Educational 262
Story of Pioneer Life. 525
Superintendent of School. 179
Supervisors
175
Surveyors
180
T
Taylorsville
386, 394
"Tax Ferret" Collections.
541
18
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Teagarden Massacre 384
W
Teachers' Association, Fayette Coun-
Wadena, Town of .. 407
ty 553
Wadena Catholic Church. 292
Tecumseh 39
War Meetings 184
Telegraph Companies 139, 542
War of the Rebellion. 181
Telephone Companies. 139, 542
Waucoma 374
Territorial Changes
49
Waucoma Catholic Church. 289
Thames, Battle of.
41
Waucoma "Sentinel 158
The Lenape Tribes
32
Westfield, Town of. 493
The Mengwe Tribes 33
Westfield Township 488
The Prophet 39
Westgate Catholic Church. 293
Westgate "Herald" 161
Westgate, Town of. 398
453
Thirty-eighth Regiment Infantry 219
West Union "Argo"
155
Thirty-fourth Regiment Infantry . 239
West Union Banks and Bankers 482
West Union Baptist Church. 282
West Union Catholic Church. 291
Tippecanoe, Battle of. 39
41
West Union Churches
471
Township Elections
79
West Union, Early Growth of. 461
Treasurers 179
West Union "Gazette" 155
West Union Industries 470
Twelfth Illinois Cavalry 260
West Union, Municipal Government. 469
Twelfth Regiment Infantry 205
West Union Presbyterian Church. . 308
Twenty-eighth Regiment Infantry 248
West Union Public Library 476
Twenty-first Regiment Infantry. 216
West Union Schools 477
Whitney, L. M. 148
Wilcox, Franklin. 75
Wild Game 113
Williams, E. H.
149
United States Christian Commission 64
University Recruits 272
University, Upper Iowa 267
Z
Upper Iowa University 267
U
Unassigned Recruits 251
Union Township 453
Windsor Township 501
Wittenmeyer, Mrs. Annie 55
Zeigler, S. B.
145
Third Regiment Infantry 189
Third Veteran Infantry. 195
Thirteenth Regiment Infantry. 247
West Union
Thirty-seventh Regiment Infantry .. 218
Timber 71
Treaties with Indians 45
Twenty-seventh Regiment Infantry. . 248
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX
A
Benson, John 668
Abbott, Peter G .. 1000
Ackermann, Philip 1139
Berkey, Jameson J 912
Adams, George R 1370
Bevins, Sidney 1096
Adams, Henry L.
642
Biddinger, Ernest E 820
Adams John Q.
1348
Biddinger, John F S20
Adams, Leander L.
1057
Billmeyer, William 1050
Addie, Andrew 1317
Bisbing, Joseph S. 1158
Blessin, Gustav E 582
Blong, Joseph 1071
Blunt, Albert B 1143
Allen, D. B.
917
Boeding, Frank 1059
Ames, Almon H.
825
Boess, Fred 1064
Anderson, Charles 677
Boess, Herman 866
Boie Fred 1390
Boleyn, James H. 854
Bopp, Charles W. 648
Bopp, Jacob W. 584
592
Bopp, Margaretha (Schmidt) 592
Bouska, Martin 1122
Boyce, Wilbur F 1264
Brace, Willie 1126
Brackin, John 992
846
Baldwin, C. A. 611
Bank of Waucoma 616
Barnes, Hiram 1374
Barnes, Oren
770
Barnes, Will H. 1373
Barnhart, J. A. 943
Baumann, John 1372
Baumgartner, Benedict 1303
Beall, Walter H.
1222
Becker, C. F. 888
Becker, Fredrick 904
1170
Belknap, R. H.
Bell, Adna G. 766
Belt E. C. 1176
Bemis, Benjamin S. 1018
Capper, T. J. 837
Carnall, T. N. 1075
Carpenter, Charles R. 659
Chamberlin, George W
1344
B
Babcock, Quintus C. 1084
Badger, Henry 1116
Baechler, Ernst 1400
Baldwin, A. D. 611
Brewer, John S.
Briggs, Chauncey J.
1388
Brockway, George F
1160
Brorby, Joseph 1283
Brown, Charles R.
1092
Bruehler Carl H. 1184
Burkhart, Frederick G. 1054
Burget, George 1312
Burnside, J. M. 1226
Butler, Joseph L 1421
C
Anderson, Vincent 1234
Anderson, William A 902
Appelman, Elias H. 1197
Appelman, Erastus W 1315
Auer, Charles F. 1078
Bopp, John M.
Ainsworth, Lucian L. 1272
Ainsworth, Willard J.
1480
Alcorn, William 979
Bentz, Cyrus L 850
20
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Chambers, Charles F. 1214
Chittenden, Frank R. 927
Chrysler, Walter P. 1477
Clark, Andrew M. 1444
Clark, Edward R. 1164
Clark, Seth L. 1117
Clark, William 1299
Clark, William O 1150
Claxton, James A. 571
Clements, David W 1304
Clements, Henderson 1305
Colby, William 1008
Cole, Ira 619
Cole, James F.
618
Cole, Jesse B. 1270
Cole, O. 996
Conklin, William W 1082
Conner, Isaac N 669
Cook, Henry
1208
Cook, Jay
1208
Cook, John R.
1286
Cooney, C. J.
1300
Cooney. James 1266
Coventry, Henry S. 779
Crawford, Arthur, Sr 792
Crawford, James R. 989
Crawford, Ronold S. F 591
Cross, William 1048
Crowe, John
804
Crowe, William 804
Curtis, Calvin L.
1168
D
Darnall, George D. 603
Darnell, G. B 1079
Davis, Almon 1147
Davis, Mrs. Annis 1462
Davis, Daniel
1392
Davis, William E
702
Day, Edward E. 1129
Deming, Chauncey
764
Deming, Clarence M. 955
Dewey, Franklin 1446
Dewey, Richard F
1277
Dibble, Martin V.
824
Dickens, Charlie B. 1297
Dickman, John W. 1314
Doane, Miss Carrie J. 986
Doane, George L. 986
Dodd, Frank B .. 706
Dodd, Oliver B. 704
Donat, William E 1340
Dooley, John D. 1402
Dorland, David L. 1221
Dorland, Edward C .. 896
Dorland, William A. 1213
Doughty, Arthur M. 778
Doughty, George E. 922
Dutton, Lorenzo 662
Dwyer, J. W. 880
Dwyer, Michael 881
Dykins, Charles W. 1482
E
Earnshaw, James 1422
Eckheart, D. George 956
Eitel, Edward 644
Ernst, Frederick L. 963
Ernst, John H. 1112
Estey, Charles P. 905
Estey, Elbert H. 1194
Evans Abraham
1016
Evans, Carl
F
Fels, Martin G. 1140
Fennell, Edward C. 600
Fennell, John J. 1428
Fennell, Thomas 600
Finch, Amos A. 759
Finch, Benoni W
1245
Fisher, Lewis A 1230
Fisk, Karl D.
1432
Fitch, Denzil A 972
Fitch, Elmer E. 1330
Fitch, George 1334
Fitch, George W
784
Fitch, Martin B 869
Fitch, William E 1368
Flanagan, Homer WI. 747
Folensbee, Dexter 893
Folensbee, George 892
Follensbee, J. Frank. 855
Foot, Henry H. 1133
Fordyce, Thomas L. 867
Fortney, Franklin S. 962
Fossaan, Ole O.
641
Foster, H. E. 1430
Fothergill, Charles O. 666
Fox, Charles 1285
Foxwell, Thomas H. 925
Freiburghaus, Christian L. 1251
Frey, John M.
1004
1152
21
BIOGRAPHICAL, INDEX.
Frisbee, B. R. 1459
Frost, Emery 1472
Frost, John W. 1291
Hitch, William B. 1423
Hoagland, Hiram 580
Hobson, Alfred N. 1124
Hobson, Joseph 1216
G
Gager, John T 1086
Garnier, Adolph 1258
Gehring, Albert J.
1242
Gehring, Edward E.
966
Gehring, Frank G.
1411
George, Henry 1321
Gerken, Henry 841
Gerken, Nelson A 841
1355
Gilbert, George W 1439
Gilbertson, Andrew 1460
Gilmer, Frank 875
Hoyt, William A.
563
Gladwin, John 1070
Goodrich, Alexander N. 848
833
Gosse, Charles W 1060
Graves, Lodell T. 909
Greathead, Thomas 1011
Green, Thomas L. 1065
Gremmels, William 864
Grimes, Milton W.
1136
Gross, Henry W.
815
Gross, John H.
922
Gunderson, Gus 1052
Gurney, Adrian
J
1231
H
Hadsell, H. S. 1416
Hall, Charles M. 828
Hall, David H.
1310
Hall, John H. 1342
Halverson, Knud 682
Hancock, Harry P 1089
Hanson, Alfred 1098
Hanson, Thomas L. 1128
Harkin, James 1069
Harrington, John F 692
Harrison, George W. 1400
Hauge, Jens 1279
Heiserman, Oscar W. .1229
Helms, Robert W .. 1195
Hendershott, Fred C. .1284
Henderson, Ernest M. 1072
J
Jacobsen, Hans 1255
James, Phineas C. 1448
Jamison, John 1288
Jennings, James
1044
Jennings, Zachariah 1045
Jipson, Luther 805
Johnson, Albert P. 894
Johnson, James W. 1468
Jones, Albert E. 835
Jones, James
607
Jones, William 607
K
Kalb, Peter J 1243
Keiser, Hans 1290
Kerr, Thomas 1002
Kettleson, Knudt 1427
Kiel, Furnet
1114
678
Horan, John W.
1323
Horn, William M., Sr. 1186
Hosford, John 1407
Hotchkiss, Charles 1382
House, A. J .. 677
House, Hannibal H.
676
Howard, Thomas
675
Howard, William E
1437
Hoyt, Fred E 1149
Hoyt, Hiram B 752
Hughes, Clinton B.
768
Hunsberger, Andrew 1378
Hurd, Arnold E. 853
Husband, Charles A 976
Hyman, Albert W 1396
I
Iliff, James Alexander 1227
Ingersoll, John H.
1241
Ingersoll, Walter B. 1240
Irvine, John
1191
Henderson, Martin V., Jr. 1100
Hetherton, Thomas 757
Frost, William 1292
Fuller, Levi 568
Fuller, William E 944
Hoepfner, Peter 699
Holmes, D. A.
616
Holton, Miles
Gilbert, George W.
Goodrich, G. W.
22
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Kieron, James J. 1260
Kleppe, K. K., Jr. 1131
Malven, William V 781
Martin, Henry R .. 827
Mattocks, Daniel G. 1010
Kraft, Peter 1030
Krug, Herman J.
935
Kuhen, John 776
Kunz, Jacob
970
L
Lacy, Milo 1232
Lakin, James H.
1365
Lakin, William B
1349
Larrabee, Adam
566
Larrabee, William 566
Larrabee, William, Jr. 1384
Lauer, Carl 1397
Lauer, Henry 632
Lauer, Philip 1442
Learn, Jonas H. 624
1192
Lehman, Louis
1327
Lehman, Tofield
1262
Lehmann, John
671
Lenhart, Philip
953
Lenz, Ernest F. D.
1398
Lindsay, John B.
654
Lindsay, William
673
Lisher, James M.
1361
Lockwood Edward H.
858
Loftus, William 1201
Loomis, Antone B.
716
Neff, John D. 645
Neff, Joseph H.
834
Neumann, Henry W 915
Neumann, Herman. 1465
Nicklaus, Charles W. 672
Niles, Ranson S. 1104
Nordhus, Andrew A. 1203
Nus, Ernest L
957
Nus, Louis C. 952
0
O'Connor, Patrick S. 1204
Odekirk, Burton E. 608
Odekirk, E. V 997
Odekirk, Herbert E 610
Oelwein, Frederick 1296
Oelwein, Gustav A. 1320
Ogle, Fremont.
982
Magner, William A. 1211
Mahoney, William J. 1469
Maloney, Martin 874
708
May, Robert H. 1006
Medberry, Frank L 1119
Meisgeier, Carl 107G
Meisgeier, Louis F 1032
Messerli, Fred 1311
Miehe, Frederick 1166
Miehe, Theodore 1028
Miller, Andrew J. 763
Miller, Christia 576
Miller, John F., Jr. 1183
Miller, John F 1458
Miller, J. W .. 1452
Miller, William 1134
Mitchell, Lyman E.
1188
Moore, Jasper
928
Moore, Edwin O. 622
Moser, Rudolph W 1237
Mumby, Edward H.
1110
Mumby, John W 1111
Musser, Milton O 1224
N
Neff, Abner G. M .. 627
Neff. Charles G. 645
Neff, Homer M. 646
Luce, Fayette I. 754
Luce, Julius C.
755
Luchsinger, Melchior 1146
Luthmer, Henry J. 808
Mc
McAlavey, Charles E. 1210
McFarlan, Daniel 1324
McGee, William 899
McGlathery, Milo 1433
McIlree, Elmer A. 1379
Mclaughlin, Clell J. 1326
McLean, James W. 573
McNaul, James J. 877
M
Mabon, E. A. 657
Klingman, Martin 981
Koehler, George J. 1015
Mattocks, John H. 885
Mattoon, Leslie
Ogle, Joseph.
982
O'Harran, Patrick
1443
Lehman, Christ
23
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Oleson, O. E. 1043
O'Neill, Simon B 1451
Orr, James W S79
Ostrander, Edgar F 1425
Owens, John. 800
P
Paine, Jason L. 1336
Palmer, Hiram 1352
Palmer, Jacob Ellsworth 1474
Pape, Carsten H. S45
Pape. Peter. 908
Patterson, Joseph. 1120
Pattison, Dilly N 751
Pattison, Israel
773
Pattison, John F
749
Paul, Edward M ..
1100
Paulson, Holver H
664
Payne, Stephen T.
929
Payne, Will H. S43
Peek, William M. S02
Perkins, Jerry D. 1376
Phillips, Everett 1175
Phillips, George H. G33
Pieper, Hermann H. 700
Pitts, Alvin D. 1074
Porter, Marcellus D 791
Potter, Daniel W.
1091
Potts, John E. 761
Powers, Thomas
1414
Pratt, Henry H. 1343
Pringle, Frank. 1283
Pritchard, Walter
891
Proctor. Daniel. S90
Putnam, Elliott. 947
R
Rafferty, John. S40
Randall, Andrew F. 597
Rathbun, Robert H. P
821
Rawson, Guy L 1360
Reed, John W. 130S
Reeder, Thomas
1103
Regan, Cornelius 124S
Rembold. John G. 685
973
Richmond, George A. 1417
Ridler, William W. 718
Riley, Michael. 104G
Robbins, John C. 950
Roberts, Charles H. 797
Roberts, Charles H. 1080
Roberts, Lucius C .. 79€
Robertson, James E 1280
Robinson, Frank A S1S
Robinson, Fred
1294
Rogers, Reuben F. 1405
Rolfs, Hans 1200
Rolfs. Theodore. 1200
Rothlisberger, John 1036
Rowland, Ezra ! 691
Rowland. John A 639
Rowland, Malcolm L. 1419
Rowland, Peter.
640
S
Saboe, Amon C. 640
Saboe, Colben I. 640
Sackville, Ray S. S38
Salisbury, Henry
900
Saltsgiver, David.
1339
Sargent, William 125G
Scallan, Joseph 1020
Scallan, Joseph L. 1165
Schatz, George P. 1027
Schatz, Lawrence. S88
Schlatter, George J 1319
Schneider Frederick W 1012
Schneider, William A 1253
Schori, Albert. 599
Schori, Ben 1068
Schori Brothers.
599
Schori, George E.
600
Schori, Ernest.
Schori, Nicklaus .. 978
Schrader, August. 91G
Schug, Jacob. 1385
Scott, George G. 1436
Shaffer, C. L .. 1454
Shaffer, David S17
Shaffer, John D. 696
Shaffer, William P. 810
Shaw. Ephraim B. 1055
Sheehy, John H 1270
Sherman. James S. 1466
Shippy, Benjamin.
S30
Shipton, Hance F.
1410
Sidler, Henry. 1381
Smith, A. E. 1203
Smith, Clement 1179
Smith, Guernsey 1038
Richards, James E
24
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Smith, Henry 975
V
Smith, James. 1033
Vagts, Friederich.
887
Von Rolf, Thankmar 810
Smith, Lafayette. 1394
W
Wagner, C. E. 911
Walsh, Thomas N. 625
Walters, George W 856
Walters, John H. C .. 628
Waucoma, Bank of. 616
Wazlawski, Joseph. 949
Weber, Peter B. 988
Webster, Charles 710
Webster, Joseph P. 1328
Steffens, Henry A 919
Stewart, W. C. 1450
Stewart, William H.
1478
Stiggall, Samuel R. 1463
White, Thomas M.
851
Whiteford, Walter W.
614
Stone, Walter B. 832
Stone, William H .. 614
Stranahan, Lorin M. 688
Stuart, Albert B. 1358
Sullivan, Patrick. 683
Sumner, William O. 1455
Sweet, Hiram 745
T
Talcott, Charles A 994
Talcott, Frank. 1156
Talcott, Lemuel D. 1025
Talmadge, Charles H. 940
Talmadge, David H. 939
Tamblyn, Frank J. 1235
Taylor, William. 910
Thomas, Alfred E. 1475
Thompson, Benjamin F. 923
Thompson, Thomas 998
Thorson, Andrew 1198
Toenges, William .1383
Toomey. Dennis, 882
Toutsch, Andrew N.
933
U
Ungerer, John F
1024
Upton, Egbert L.
931
Yarous, J. S ..
1364
Young, Robert J.
936
Z
Zeigler, Samuel B.
924a
1367
Wilken, John C.
958
Wilkinson, John F. 1470
Wilson, Robert. 984
Wing, Maraton 1269
Wolf, Leonard. 1238
Wolfs, Peter 660
Wood, George. 637
Wood, Hiram D
968
Woodard, Charles.
920
Woodard, Ritchie 0. 1094
Woodring, Peter 960
Wright, Charles H. 811
Wright, James S 707
Wright, Will W. 706
Y
1014
Stolle, J. H .. 1412
Whiteford, William W 612
Whiteley, Frederick M. 861
Whitmore, Frank Y. 629
Whitney, Alfred E. 823
Whorley, Fred J. 1409
Whorley, Jacob, Sr. 1408
Wilbur, D. W. 1144
Wilbur, Lewis.
Wenger, Chris.
965
Wetherbee, James M. 1108
Spence, James.
1062
Spencer, Nelson C 1206
Sprague, Lewis I.
680
Stam, Tyson R. 859
Stangeland, Joseph A 656
Stansbary, John 694
White, Frank K.
Smith, Richard H.
872
Smith, Thomas 872
Spears, Niles H. 712
Smith, James F., Jr. 1101
HISTORICAL.
CHAPTER I.
IOWA ANTIQUITIES.
At the beginning of the great colonial systems of North America, while the English occupied a strip of the North Atlantic coast, their rivals, the French, advanced along an interior and parallel line, by the St. Lawrence and the lakes. The French had the advantage, flanking the English advance toward the interior. But beyond Lake Erie the St. Lawrence water-way makes a sudden retreat. in the far northwest, and the French parallel line would fail if it were not extended to the Ohio river. The key to the situation was the land of portages, from the Allegheny river on the east to the Miamis on the west. It followed naturally that this land, now mainly included in the state of Ohio, became a battle-ground and the cause of war in other regions, from the beginning of European rivalry in North America. It was the most important region of the continent; the key to all the country west of the Alleghanies ; commanding the commercial outlet toward Europe of a vast and fertile country, destined to be the richest in the world. The Ohio country began to be of surpassing importance in the sixteenth century, in the eyes of Europe, and there are evidences that in more remote ages the region was the seat of the greatest towns and the theatre of the most stub- born wars known to the ancient Americans. It is natural, therefore, that the early history of this region should be rich with interest; that it should involve the rise and fall of political power in both the Old World and the New, and not at all strange that the state of Ohio, from its foundation, should show a rapid progress toward a position of dominance in America.
Of the origin of this fair land, geologists are able to give us an account from the evidences found in the rocks. Once, we are told, a shallow sea of warm salt water, an extension of the gulf of Mexico, overspread the country between the Alleghanies and the Rocky mountains. In Ohio the first land to emerge was at the present site of Cincinnati, an island of which the rocks had been deposited for many centuries in the sea bottom, forming
26
FAYETTE COUNTY, IOWA.
a peculiar dark limestone called the Trenton, famous in our time as the im- pervious roof of the underground collections of natural gas. In succession, northward and eastward, layers were built up under water, raised above, submerged and lifted again, the most recent of all being the Carboniferous or coal-bearing rocks. These successive pushings-up of land from the waters would have formed a vast level plain, if the face of the country had not been worn by the rivers and, ages after solid land was established, by the icy tor- rents of melting glaciers. By such erosions the hills were formed and the beautiful valley vistas and romantic gorges.
For the accumulation and growth of this great series of deposits, all of which were in salt water except the coal-bearing strata, which imply fresh water marshes, vast periods of time were required. Many millions of years must be used in any rational explanation of their origin and history. All the stages of this history have gone forward on so large a scale, so far as time is concerned, that the few thousand years of human history would not make an appreciable factor in any of them.
THE MOUND BUILDERS.
It was long after the upper coal strata had been covered by other car- boniferous deposits, barren of coal in profitable quantity, that some great change in world conditions brought down vast fields of ice and snow from the north. Hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of years after the ice had receded or melted, and the contour of the land was established as it is today. that race of human beings known to us as Mound-Builders occupied the land. They are known through the remains of great earthworks which archaeologists have studied and investigated in every section of the country where their works appear.
But, perhaps, the most thorough investigators along these lines were Messrs. Squier and Davis, who published an exhaustive work entitled "The Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley." and which has been recog- nized as an authority among archaeologists since 1848. In that year the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, D. C., assumed a protectorate over the work and republished it, together with some plans and notes furnished by others. This publication constituted the first systematic work with de- scriptions and figures of the numerous remains of the Mound-Builders. From 1848 until the present, the Smithsonian Institution has continued to publish books and original papers relating to this subject. Stimulated by this na- tional recognition, and in view of the absorbing interest in the subject, many original investigators have published mantiscripts and books at private ex-
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FAYETTE COUNTY, IOWA.
pense, some of which are very elaborate and complete. Doctor Davis, above mentioned as one of the publishers of "Ancient Monuments of the Missis- sippi Valley," opened two hundred mounds at his own expense, and gath- ered the largest collection of mound-relics that has been made in America. These now form part of the collection of Blackmore's Museum, at Salisbury, England. A second collection of duplicates from results of subse- quent investigations is now in possession of the American Museum of Nat- ural History, in New York. The work of Squier and Davis was character- ized by the eminent Swiss archaeologist. A. Morlot, in a paper before the American Philosophical Society, in 1862, as being "as glorious a monument of American science, as Bunker Hill is of American bravery."
It is a noticeable feature of all the early publications in this department of archaeology, that they attach great antiquity to the Mound-Builders. The variations in this regard are also very great. Some assume that thousands of years have elapsed since the building of these ancient relics, and all agree that they are very old. Eminent authorities are as widely at variance re- garding their antiquity as they are concerning their origin and purpose. But the tendency of students at the present time is to deny the great age assigned by early explorers to these earthworks. The evidence of the trunks of trees rooted upon the mounds is not to be accepted without qualification. It is known, also, that the homes of the Indian tribes changed so rapidly, ac- cording to their own accounts, before they were crowded by the white men, that some of the red men found in Ohio after 1750 could give no account of the origin of these mounds ; this is very weak proof of a great antiquity. Of some of the works, the Indians did have traditions. Wider knowledge of the early Americans, furthermore, reveals to us that in the gulf region they were yet making use of mounds when the first Spanish conquerors journeyed through that country. An artificial mound, surmounted by the tem- ple and the houses of the chief and great men, sometimes with a spacious stairway of hewn timber on one side, and surrounded by dwellings of the people, was the striking feature of the main Muskogee towns found by De Soto. Mounds were also built by both Southern and Northern people, within the historic period, in honor of the dead buried beneath them.
Interesting papers have been published to sustain the theory that such well-known tribes as the Cherokees and Shawanees were mound-builders. Structures in the middle West and North are remarkably suggestive of the great town houses of the Apalachee Indians of Florida, being built in the form of a hollow square, with the main entrances at each angle. It is well known that the state of Ohio has taken precedence in the matter of investi- gating the mysteries surrounding the history of the Mound-Builders, prob-
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FAYETTE COUNTY, IOWA.
ably because the evidences of their existence are more numerous in that state than in any other. Well defined mounds, easily traceable to the mysterious race now under discussion, appear in nearly every township in that state, if we except the Black Swamp and the rugged southeastern part of the state. Careful investigators are all agreed that ten thousand mounds in Ohio is a moderate estimate of the number found there. It is also believed that the population was more dense there than in other regions, that more permanent settlements were made, and that a more tenacious effort was put forth to hold the country against prehistoric invasion. These people left no written history, and all that is known concerning them is gathered from the mounds, enclosures and implements which they left behind. They have been called "Mound-Builders" simply because of the innumerable mounds which they have erected, and which remained until the coming of the white man. These earthworks were very generally distributed from western New York, along the southern shore of Lake Erie, through Michigan to Nebraska, thence north from this line to the southern shore of Lake Superior. From this line they extend south to the gulf of Mexico. Mounds occur in great numbers in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia and Florida. They are found in less num- bers in western New York, the Carolinas, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Michigan. Iowa and portions of Mexico. In choosing this vast region, extending from the Alleghanies to the Rocky mountains, and from the great lakes to the gulf of Mexico, the Mound-Builders took possession of the great system of plains, controlling the long inland water courses of the continent. Along the broad levels drained by this vast river system, the remains of prehistoric man are found. Archaeologists have no difficulty in locating the places which were most densely populated, by reason of the irregular distribution of the works.
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