The History of Clinton County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its., Part 62

Author: Western Historical Co , Western Historical Company
Publication date: 1879
Publisher: Chicago : Western Historical Co.
Number of Pages: 807


USA > Iowa > Clinton County > The History of Clinton County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its. > Part 62


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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In the fall of 1868, Rev. J. W. Clinton's pastorate began, during w both congregation and membership so increased that it became necessar enlarge the church building by lengthening the audience-room to 90 feet. order to provide the Sunday school with room sufficient for its rapidly incr ing size, and to have a convenient place for social meetings, a frame struc of two stories was erected north of the church at a cost of $4,000, divided lecture-rooms, classrooms and parlors. Probably the gatherings in this b ing have been almost as important agencies in unifying and vitalizing Church as those in the lofty brick one adjacent. In the fall of 1870, Julius Stevens succeeded to the pastorate, and remained for one year, b followed by Rev. J. H. Rhea, who remained two years. During a fur storm, in the summer of 1871, the lofty south spire was struck by lightn but an efficient rod saved it from serious injury. Rev. R. D. Parsons was appointed to the Clinton charge, but resigned at the end of six months-in spring of 1874. In the following fall, Rev. Emory Miller was appointed Pa and at the end of his first year was appointed Presiding Elder of the C Falls District, and Rev. G. W. Brindell was again assigned to Clinton, remained for the maximum time allowed by the Church rules for a ministe hold one charge, when, in the fall of 1878, the present Pastor, Rev. S. Wa


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Ingham occupied the pulpit. The membership, at present, numbers nearly 400. The organization of "Chautauqua literary circles," by Mr. Ingham, has been of great intellectual benefit. to the younger portion of the congregation. The choir has also been notably strengthened, and the Sabbath school, number- ing 300 pupils, increased in efficiency.


Congregational .- The first preliminary meeting was held at the residence of Royce Jones, May 7, 1866, where it was resolved that it is expedient that a Congregational Church be organized in the city of Clinton, and a committee, composed of Isaac Baldwin, G. W. Hall and S. F. Bouton, was appointed to propose a plan of organization and to call a council as soon as possible, to whom the matter of organization should be referred. The second preliminary meeting was held at the Presbyterian Church May 12, where Articles of Faith and Covenant were presented and adopted, and an ecclesiastical council invited to meet in Clinton, June 5, 1866. The reason which led to the formation of the Congregational Church, as given by the movers, were: "First, the conviction that the growth of the city warrants the establishment of another Church of Christ; and, second, a desire to be united under a church polity which would secure to the majority the right to carry out their own acts of discipline and benevolence." Accordingly, on the ecclesiastical council convening, its meet- ings were held in the Methodist Church. The churches of Lyons, Dubuque; Sabula, De Witt and Grinnell were represented. Among the members of the council were G. F. Magon, D. E. Jones and Jesse Genung. After the facts, concerning which its advice was sought, were laid before the council, it approved of the preliminary steps and advised the speedy organization of the First Congregational Church of Clinton, whereupon the Articles of Faith were assented to by A. P. Hosford, W. H. Browning and wife, Royce Jones and wife, Mrs. Helen M. Hall, J. Matthews and wife, Mrs. Van Kuran, Mrs. E. Steinhouse, Miss C. McGregor and Mrs. O. Smith, to whom, as the new church " Father," O. Emerson, extended the fellowship of the sister churches. Until Septem- ber, 1867, the new Church held its meetings in the High School room on De Witt Park. On that day, the present church edifice was dedicated, the sermon being preached by President G. F. Magoun. The first Pastor was Rev. J. W. White, who served for about four years. In 1871, Rev. J. L. Ewell was installed as Pastor and remained in charge a trifle more than four years. Then A. J. Chittenden supplied the Church for about nine months. In August, 1875, the present Pastor, Rev. William L. Bray, was called to the pulpit and began his pastorate November 1, of the same year. The present value of the church property is about $8,500. The membership is about 190. The Sunday school, now numbering 250, was organized simultaneously with the Church. G. W. Hall was the first and Schiller Hosford the present Superintendent.


The church contains one of the finest pipe organs in the West and has for many years had a remarkably strong and well-trained chorus choir.


Catholic .- St. Mary's Church was an attached mission, supplied princi- pally from Lyons, previous to the assignment to the parish of the ate Rev. P. V. Mclaughlin, in May, 1867. He remained in charge till his death, Janu- ary 16, 1879, and his remains repose under the altar of the church he served so faithfully as to prematurely wear out his life in the discharge of his arduous duties. During his twelve years as officiating priest, he was at various times efficiently assisted by Rev. Fathers Hayes, Spellissey, Swift, Lynch, Flan- nery-who had charge of the parish during Father McLaughlin's three-months' health trip to California in the fall of 1875, and was intimately related, until the spring of 1878, to the interests of the parish-Kelley, McCaffrey, O'Conner,


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Hennessy and O'Reilley, who was officiating at the time of the late tor's death, and assisted the present Father, E. J. Mclaughlin, for a months. The church edifice on the corner of Sixth avenue and Fourth st was first built in 1867, and, in 1872, enlarged to its present seating cap of about one thousand, at a cost of $3,000. Still, it is too small for the gregation, comprising nearly five hundred families, and accordingly a church will probably be built before long. With the usual foresight of Church, valuable property was, at an early day in the history of Cli secured upon the commanding crest of the bluff between Eighth and N avenues and Fifth and Sixth streets, where the priest's residence and paro schools are located. Recently, the spacious house opposite, on the corn Ninth avenue and Fifth street, was purchased and converted into the " Family Academy," conducted by the Sisters of Charity of the B. V. M .; also conduct the parochial schools, containing 600 pupils. Both these sc were founded by the lamented Father Mclaughlin, whose zeal for the dev ment and beautifying of his pastorate ceased not with his health, but only his life. The value of the church property is upward of $20,000.


Previous to the arrival of the Sisters of Charity in 1878, the Su school was conducted by an association, but since then ten Sisters have full charge of the flock of between six and seven hundred pupils.


The German Evangelical Church was organized in 1872, largely b efforts of Revs. J. Heern and P. Berner. For some time, the society wors in the High School building, till in 1873 a large frame church edifice was er on the corner of Third avenue and Fourth street, at a cost of about $5,00 a site donated by the Land Company. The pulpit was filled for the first by Rev. J. Heern, succeeded Rev. M. Gruner, B. Berner, C. Lagashulta an present Pastor, J. Eckhard. The congregation numbers over one hundred has grown rapidly, as has the Sunday school, of which C. Pfeil was the and Fred Frehse is the present Superintendent.


In 1875, so many Danes had settled in Clinton that a Danish Luth Church society was organized, and an edifice suited to the needs built at a of $2,000, at the corner of Elm and Fourth streets. Rev. D. Gielesen been the Pastor from its formation.


Baptist .- The preliminary meeting was held at the instance of Rev. Ad A. Sawin, then of Fulton, acting under the auspices of the Baptist Home sionary Association, on the 31st day of December, 1856. The Church organized May 19, 1857. Among its original members were C. H. Toll, iam and Susan Phillips, O. T. Bowen, Mrs. Charles Dixon, Robert Lesli W. Patterson, John Dyer and wife. The organization was ratified b ecclesiastical council, June 2, 1857 .For some time, the Church was with settled Pastor. The first edifice was a temporary structure, on the present at the corner of Fourth street and Seventh avenue, on De Witt Park. V the present elegant structure was building, the congregation worshipe Crandall Hall. The basement of the new church was dedicated May 13, 1 and the upper auditorium on the 8th of March, 1874, $4,500 being raise the latter occasion, to pay for the structure.


The first regular Pastor was John Scott, who took charge of the i Church from October, 1860, to August, 1861. He was followed by Rev H. Starkweather, September, 1861, to April, 1865; W. G. Moore, 1865, to April, 1866; A. D. Freeman, August, 1866, to March, 1867 ; iam Roney, July, 1867, to November, 1869 ; H. A. Guild, February, 187 May, 1870; C. H. Remington, April, 1870, to February, 1871; M


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Lamb, May, 1872, to May, 1874; J. A. Aitchison, June, 1874, to September, 1876 ; and Rev. C. C. Smith, the present Pastor, whose labors began June, 1877. The membership is about one hundred and forty ; value of church property, $20,000. The Sunday school numbers nearly two hundred; W. W. Leslie, Superintendent. The dedication sermon of the new church was preached by Rev. J. G. Johnson, of St. Louis, who refused to offer the dedicatory prayer until the debt on the building was removed. The prayer was not offered till the evening service, by which time the stumbling-block of incumbrance was removed, so that the Rev. Doctor was able to address the Throne of Grace with even more than his usual unction.


OTHER RELIGIOUS BODIES.


Before 1873, the Scandinavian element had become so strong in Clinton that the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized, and, in that year, a large frame church built upon the beautiful bluff site at the corner of Ninth avenue and Fifth street. The value of the church property is $10,000, and the pulpit is supplied by Rev. G. Nelson. The membership numbers about seventy-five, and is increasing.


In 1871, a Universalist Society was organized, and a frame edifice was built at the corner of Fourth street and Fourth avenue, on Clinton Park, and christened Murray Church. After several years, the society disbanded, and the building has since been leased to other religious bodies, it being occupied at present by the " Apostolic Church of God."


- During the present year, 1879, the " Liberals " have held large Sunday- evening meetings at Music Hall, addressed by Mrs. M. E. Lake.


In 1868, through the instrumentality of Mr. J. H. Young, and other mem- bers of the First Methodist Church, was originated the African M. E. Church. The society occupies a neat frame church, on the east side of Clinton Park on Third street, and is presided over by Rev. E. Freeman.


The Second Adventists also have a church organization, but are at present without an edifice.


MASONIC.


Though among the first residents of Clinton, there were a goodly number of worthy brothers of the craft, no organization was effected till in 1856, when it became evident that the city was a fixed fact. On December 19 of that year, a dispensation was granted by John F. Sanford, Grand Master, for Western Star Lodge, No. 100, E. H. Ring, W. M. On June 4, 1857, the Lodge began working under a charter with officers as follows : W. M., E. H. Ring; S. W., Daniel Smith ; J. W., H. B. Ring; Treasurer, Samuel Crozer; Secretary, R. H. Nolton.


The first hall occupied was in the Bucher Block, on the corner of First street and Fifth avenue, where the Lodge occupied very commodious quarters and flourished apace for seven years, and where many of the most distinguished of the men who have made this section of Iowa what it is, either visited or worked. Thence Western Star removed, in 1868, to the Dunbar Block, where rooms were used, and afterward shared with Emulation Lodge till in 1873, when the present hall, over Stone & Smith's bank, became the home of the Lodge. The present officers are W. M., William Lake; S. W., George Laveder; J. W., George Lea; Treasurer, Francis Lee; Secretary, Alex. Fife. The mem- bership is at present, July, 1879, exactly 100.


The dispensation was granted for Emulation Lodge, No. 255, January 8, 1869, and a charter the 2d of June following. It was recommended by Western Star


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Lodge, and Reuben Nickel was Grand Master at the time. The first elective oficers were W. M., F. P. Blakely ; S. W., W. L. Bates ; J. W., Horace Baker : Secretary, P. J. Farnsworth.


The present officers are W. M., F. S. Roberts ; S. W., F. E. Bachelder ; J. W., C. E. Fisher ; Treasurer, P. S. Towle ; Secretary, A. G. Ewing; S. D., F. H. Oakes ; J. D., George Knapp; S. S., Jesse Cole; J. S., H. Peters ; Tiler, George Cole. The members number ninety-eight. The Lodge organ- ized and met in the Dunbar Block with Western Star Lodge for a short time, till they procured and fitted up their hall over Stone & Smith's bank, on Fifth avenue.


The dispensation for Keystone Chapter, No. 32, Royal Arch Masons, was granted August 3, 1866, by H. H. Hemenway, G. H. P., to J. Van Deventer. H. P .; R. A. Lyons, K .; Thomas Thornburg, S .; T. J. Flournoy, T .; E. S. Bailey, Secretary, and sixteen others. The Chapter was chartered October 17. 1867, and instituted November 2, with the following officers: G. W. Frost, H. P .; Thomas Thornburg, K .; William Campbell, S .; H. B. Van Deventer, Treas- urer ; L. E. Watrous, Secretary ; F. L. Blakely, C. of H .; L. P. Ostrander, P. S .; F. H. Farr, R. A. C .; W. H. Raymond, M. 1st V .; W. A. Scott, M. 2d V .; T. J. Flournoy, M. 3d V .; J. D. Roberts, Sentinel, and sixteen others. The Chapter has occupied the same hall, conjointly with the Commandery, and both grand bodies met at Clinton at the same time. The present membership is seventy. The present officers are: F. L. Blakely, H. P .; F. S. Roberts, K .; C. O. Morton, S .; A. H. Smith, Secretary ; F. Lee, Treasurer ; Charles F. Curtis, C. H .; G. W. Lambert, R. A. C .; G. W. Allen, P. S .; E. A. Wad- leigh, M. 1st V .; P. S. Towle, M. 2d V .; A. J. Santee, M. 3d V .; F. H. Oakes, Sentinel.


The dispensation for Holy Cross Commandery, No. 10, Knights Templar. was granted July 14, 1866, by R. E. G. C., William E. Leffingwell. to N. B. Baker, G. W. Frost, R. A. Lyons, T. W. J. Long, C. G. Trusdell, William Rogers, D. S. Potter, H. B. Van Deventer and P. C. Wright, who were pres- ent at the first meeting. August 28, 1866. The charter was granted October 16, 1867, by J. R. Hartsock, R. E. G. C., who organized the Commandery November 14, 1867, installing the following officers: Sir Knights P. C. Wright, E. C .; W. E. Marquis, G .; E. P. Ten Broeck, C. G .; E. S. Bailey, Prel .; T. J. Flournoy, Sr .. Treasurer : E. A. Wadleigh, Recorder; G. W. Parker. S. W .; F. L. Blakely, J. W .; H. B. Van Deventer, Standard B .; H. W. Somers, Sword B .; L. E. Watrous, W .; Thomas Thornburg, G .; R. A. Lyons, G .: J. D. Roberts, Sentinel.


The present officers are: F. L. Blakely, E. C .; J. Scott Jenkins, Gen .; F. S. Roberts, C. G .; C. F. Curtis, Prel .; E. A. Wadleigh, Treasurer ; F. E. Bachelder, Recorder : J. J. Flournoy, S. W .; C. O. Morton, Sword B .; P. S. Towle, Warder; O. T. Cummings, Standard B .; H. M. Oakes, S. The Com- mandery was organized in the Masonic Hall, in the present Music Hall Block, at the corner of Fifth avenue and First street, where it remained until 1876, when it removed to its present asylum, in the block at the corner of Fifth avenue and Second street, just across the hall from the suite of club-rooms and dancing and concert hall of the Wapsipinicon Boat Club, thus doubling the capacity of the apartments for guests, in case either body gives a reception. The present number of members is eighty. The Grand Commandery held an unusually brilliant annual conclave at Clinton, in October, 1870. Holy Cross Commandery was also escort to the Grand Commander, B. R. Sherman, at the Dubuque conclave, in 1874.


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CLINTON


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Among its honored members, Holy Cross emunerates one P. G. C., and a present V. E. D. G. C .; J. Scott Jenkins, C. E.


ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN.


During the past five years, owing to the failure and grasping policy of many life insurance corporations, there has been a notable increase and growth of fra- ternities having for one of their principal objects mutual insurance to provide aid in case of sickness or death of a member. Oldest and most prominent among these bodies in Clinton is the A. O. of U. W., which provides for $2,000 life insurance.


Clinton Lodge, No. 7, was instituted November 9, 1874, with the fol- lowing officers and charter members : E. A. Wadleigh, P. M. W .; 'A. Lamb, M. W. ; P. S. Towle, G. F. ; H. R. Whitehouse, O. ; A. J. Santee, Receiver; C. B. Rosenow, Recorder ; J. W. Brentlinger, G. ; B. F. Wise. I. W .; H. W. McCormick, B. W. Barnard, A. H. Smith, E. H. King, D. E. Taft, M. Hackett, C. A. Smith. The prosperity of the Lodge has been uninterrupted, and only two deaths, those of Alderman H. Howard (crushed to death by machinery), and of Commissioner Hugh E. Brainard, have hitherto broken its circle. The membership now numbers 129. The present officers are : A. J. Santee, P. M. W. ; Al. McCoy, M. W. ; H. Sabin, F. ; J. S. Blickensderfer, O .; H. R. Whitehouse, Receiver; James Leslie, F .; R. C. Van Kuran, Recorder ; C. H. Powell, I. W .; George Knapp, O. W .; E. S. King, P. S. Towle, E. A. Wadleigh, Trustees. The Lodge first met in the Masonic Hall in the Stratton Block, then in the same hall with Schiller Lodge, in the Hard- ing Block, and, in July, 1879, removed to their joint quarters with the Knights of Pythias in the old hall so long used for entertainments and balls in the north side of the Toll Block. Among the members of the Lodge are P. S. Towle, Grand Master during 1876-77, and E. A. Wadleigh, at present Grand Receiver.


Schiller Lodge, No. 16, A. O. U. W. (German), was organized March 11, 1875, with officers and charter members as follows : F. Witzigmann, M. W. ; William Saltz, G. V. ; O. Emil Diebner, R. ; John Breitling, Recorder; Fried Struve, F. Henry Bock, John Wessels, I. W .; S. Jensen, G. ; A. Phil- lips, F. Richardson and S. Jensen, Trustees. The present officers are A. Jen- sen, P. M. W. ; J. Adler, M. W. ; August Wallison, J. Petersen, O .; J. Haldorf, G .; E. Diebner, Recorder; Thomas Richardson, Receiver ; J. D. Young, Treasurer ; J. Andresen, I. W. ; Paul Albrecht, O. W .; John Breit- ling, J. Petersen and Ch. Pipping, Trustees. The number of members is 75, and Schiller and Clinton Lodges harmoniously occupied the same hall until the removal of the latter as above.


ODD-FELLOWSHIP.


Though it was some years before there were enough Odd-Fellows resident in Clinton to render it advisable to establish a Lodge, since its institution here the Order has made rapid and solid progress.


Lincoln Lodge, No. 139, I. O. O. F., was instituted May 12, 1865, by Dis- trict Deputy Grand Master H. S. Butler, assisted by brethren from Eagle Lodge, No. 86 and Lyon Lodge, No. 61. The charter members and first officers were: John B. Crosby, N. G .; Samuel Jaffa, V. G .; L. B. Wadleigh, Secretary ; John Breitling, Treasurer ; James Tuke, Warden; George O'Boyle, Conductor ; Henry Gerhard, Guardian. James P. Crosby was the first member initiated, since which 213 members have been admitted by initiation or card, among them


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many of the leading citizens of the town. The membership at present bers 89. L. B. Wadleigh was the first member on whom degrees were ferred. The Lodge met in the Bucher Block on First street. On Ma 1869, the Lodge moved into the Cubbage Block on Fifth avenue, whe remained till January 1, 1874, when it occupied its present location ir Harding Block. The present officers are: William E. Smith, N. G .; ] Evans, V. G .; E. M. Garlock, Recording Secretary ; Judson Hyde, Treas J. S. Blick, Permanent Secretary ; J. Hogendobler, K. S .; R. E. Mayne, ) J. H. Vail, W .; George P. Ellinwood, C .; J. H. Benjamin, O. G .; Ch Clinker, I. G .; J. H. Davidson, R. S. S .; William Snoxwell, L. S. S. T ees-E. H. King, William Strutt, J. H. Benjamin.


With a view to acquainting the wives of brethren with the social and b olent principles of the Order, Star of Hope Lodge, No. 13, of the Reb Degree was instituted, March 29, 1869, with George and Emma Boyle, and Emily J. Harvey, George C. and Sarah Smith, Judson and Mary Hyde, J. P. and Clara Crosby, H. and May McGlenn, J. B. Chandler Addie F. Lee as charter members. The present officers are : Mrs. J. W. B N. G .; Mrs. G. W. Collins, V. G .; Mrs. S. W. Taylor, Secretary ; Mrs. J. F. Treasurer ; Mrs. R. Price, C .; Mrs. E. Conant, Chaplain ; Edna Sering, ductor ; Mrs. A. N. Enderby, O. G .; J. H. Davidson, I.G. The present mer ship numbers forty-eight.


Clinton Encampment, No. 96, I. O. O. F., was instituted April 26, 1 with officers and charter members as follows : C. C. Van Kuran, C. P .; uel Taylor, H. P .; Samuel Abernathy, S. W .; George McBride, J. W .; I O. Coad, Scribe; H. H. Hatton, Treasurer, and John Hogendobler. present officers are : J. H. Benjamin, C. P .; J. F. Blick, H. P .; Judson H S. W .; John Vail, J. W .; John Bulen, Scribe; E. H. King, Treasurer. membership is fifty-four, and the place of meeting is Odd Fellows' Hall.


KNIGHTS OF MACCABEES.


Washington Tent, No. 47, Knights of the Maccabees of the World organized February 3, 1879, with the following officers and charter mem Larkin Upton, Ex-Sir Kt. G. C .; Joseph Agin, Sir Kt. Commander ; Ch Freeman, Sir Kt. Lieut. Com .; Jacob Haas, Prelate ; C. W. Meyers, R. K. Gode, F. K .; J. Leaden, Sergeant ; E. P. Badger, Master-at-Arms ; Johnson, 1st M. G .; W. H. Wright, 2d M. G .; B. McCarty, Sentinel ; Gilkeson, Picket.


The charter members included the above officers and J. H. Schmitz, Jo Piper, William Nickel, Robert Monroe, H. Gerhard, George Pillsbury, Foster, H. Trankle, A. S. Cannon, E. Kenneke, L. Moshier, E. S. Scho The Lodge is in a healthy, growing condition, and furnishes an endowme $1,000 to the widow of a member upon his death, at a minimum cost. place of meeting is at the hall of Schiller Lodge, A. O. U. W., in the I ing Block.


IOWA LEGION OF HONOR.


Lumber City Lodge, No. 6, I. L. of H., was organized May 23, 1879, with charter members, by Grand President D. H. Twomey. The first and pr officers are: A. R. McCoy, President ; C. C. Van Kuran, Vice President; Blick, Recording Secretary ; Thomas G. Haller, Treasurer ; W. Thom Financial Secretary ; H. R. Jones, U .; E. H. King, Chaplain ; T. B. Rod D. K. Trustees-A. H. Paddock, E. C. Foster and James Leslie. The pr


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membership is numbers seventy-seven. The Order is limited to the State, and provides for a life insurance of from $2,000 to $4,000. Lumber City Lodge assembles in the Toll Block Hall used by the K. of P. and A. O. U. W. bodies.


THE GERMAN SOCIETY.


The Germans of Clinton, from an early day, have been a numerous, substan- tial and influential body of citizens, and soon organized two societies, the Turner and the Workingmen, who consolidated, September 3, 1877, into the present German Society, numbering eighty-five members, and owning valuable property, worth over $5,000, at the corner of Third avenue and Fourth street. It com- prises a gymnasium, theater, schoolroom, etc. A German school has been instituted, and the Turnhalle enlarged and improved during the winter of 1878-79. The officers are: Emil Diebner, President; A. Gideonsen, Vice President ; A. F. Frudden, P. Lorenzen, Secretaries; Fr. Voss, Treasurer. The annual Turner exhibitions and the frequent balls at the hall, have, for years, been a source of enjoyment not limited to the German-speaking popula- tion of the city, who have materially influenced the ideas of the community in regard to amusements.


R. C. T. A. & B. S.


The Roman Catholic Total Abstinence and Benevolent Society was organ- ized with fifty charter members, December 20, 1869, largely through the exer- tions of Rev. P. V. Mclaughlin. The first President was John Coleman; Vice President, William Kerrivan. Several years ago, the benevolent feature was dropped in order to construct the Society's building, but will doubtless be again renewed. The Society's first meetings were held in the church and afterward successively in the old Union, now Music Hall, in the Toll Block, in the Pier- son Block, on Fourth street, and in the Ketterer Block on Fifth avenue, until, in 1877, they moved into their present fine hall on Third street, west of the railroad shops. The total value of the building, property and grounds belonging to the Society is fully $5,000. The membership numbers 130, comprising about an equal proportion of heads of families and young men, to whom the organization has been of incalculable value. The officers are : John Coleman, President ; Dennis Magden, Vice President ; John Furlong, Patrick Ryan and J. M. O'Neill, Secretaries; Peter Scannon, Treasurer; John Sheppard, Mar- shal ; Samuel Grace, Sergeant-at-Arms. The personnel and emblems of the Order always attract equal attention and admiration in civic parades.




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