USA > Iowa > Linn County > The history of Linn county, Iowa, containing a history of the county, its cities, towns, &t., a biographical directory of its citizens, war record of its volunteers in the late rebellion, general and local statistics history of the Northwest etc > Part 29
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ARTICLE VI.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a. speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
ARTICLE VII.
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact
260
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law.
ARTICLE VIII.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
ARTICLE IX.
The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
ARTICLE X.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
ARTICLE XI.
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or sub- jects of any foreign state.
ARTICLE XII.
The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person to be voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major-
Exmandi un. turno BUFFALO TOWNSHIP
263
AND ITS AMENDMENTS.
ity, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
ARTICLE XIII.
SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as, a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- diction.
SEC. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- priate legislation.
ARTICLE XIV.
SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
SEC. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- sons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed; but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu- tive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the num- ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.
SEC. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- ously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an execu- tive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability.
SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author- ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and boun- ties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques- tioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.
264
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
ARTICLE XV.
SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1877, AND PRESIDENT, 1876.
1877. Governor.
1876. President.
1877. Governor.
1876. President.
COUNTIES.
COUNTIES.
Rep.
Dem.
Gr.
Pro.
Rep.
Dem.
Rep.
Dem.
Gr.
Pro.
Rep.
Dem.
Adair
982
161
581
15
1334
593
Johnson.
1884
2345
18
273
2345
3563
Adams
876
397
485
38
1376
626
Jones
1868
1218
14
68
2591
1763
Allamakee
1547
1540
69
36
1709
1646
Keokuk
1772
1526
322
105
2364
1862
Appanoose
1165
1049
729
32
1711
1419
Kossuth
463
236
13
89
638
227
Audubon
410
352
26
427
352
Lee.
2157
2863
350
299
3160
3682
Benton.
1432
712
567
449
2901
1355
Linn
224
2316
75
585
4331
2917
Black Hawk
1780
1111
95
244
2979
1592
Louisa
1:28
817
89
108
1920
1008
Boone.
1612
981
466
10
2018
1305
Lucas
1203
804
103
12
1478
1044
Bremer
1180
582
196
1
1737
757
Lyon
261
17
9
14
262
46
Buchanan
1290
769
725
223
2227
1416
Madison
1792
1077
616
56
2246
1538
Buena Vista.
747
192
161
20
770
200
Mahaska
1823
1086
1011
596
3221
1701
Butler
1453
758
19
95
1828
780 Marion ..
1976
1866
760
95
2736
2304
Calhoun
418
75
171
74
622
196
Marshall
1448
837
389
504
3056
1189
Carroll.
633
744
141
11
799
771
Mills
1435
1102
98
28
1452
1165
Cass
1592
839
116
30
1876
979
Mitchell
1396
459
35
36
1663
671
Cedar ..
1315
1093
206
416
2328
1445 Monona
580
119
432
9
713
304
Cerro Gordo
903
048
72
40
1274
448 Monroe
1034
928
247
26
1418
1246
Cherokee
562
74
383
86
864
175 Montgomery
1122
441
532
47
1749
759
Chickasaw
1279
1107
37
94
1574
1090
Muscatine
1753
1775
171
387
2523
2075
Clark
1054
267
813
19
1405
306
21
201
14
463
116
Clay
517
16
20
67
567
295
40
13
33
329
59
Clayton
1873
1770
66
167
2662
2621 Page
1166
508
34%
293
2243
861
Clinton
2144
2327
286
66
3654
1043
638
Plymouth
779
487
77
39
835
502
Dallas
1541
215
1241
80
2136
752
Pocahontas
370
93
44
36
374
141
Davis
893
1231
803
1586
Polk.
3171
1885
1353
94
4321
2382
Decatur
1269
961
310
19
1647
2223
2059
218
121
2565
2414
Delaware.
1226
1143
32
525
2233
1466
.Pow eshiek
1496
882
420
346
2509
1083
Des Moines
2315
1384
767
6
3325
48 Sac
656
128
177
13
661
166
Dubuque
1587
3415
406
53
2798
Scott
3031
1963
309
37
3819
2853
Emmett
213
28
889
27
3029
1709 Sioux
436
132
49
439
220
Floyd.
1233
208
162
30
2032
751 Story
1260
344
644
187
1843
579
Franklin
1311
336
16
10
1178
379 Tama
1426
833
196
133
2337
1317
Fremont
1250
1331
334
1658
1682
Taylor
1325
293
868
1727
676
Greene
1031
215
551
27
1310
510 Union
899
516
830
63
1238
795
Grundy
909
504
8
1099
417 Van Buren
1490
1305
301
130
2113
1661
Guthrie
1160
496
364
21
1434
17:0
1029
1265
296
2582
2412
Hamilton
842
265
422
57
1187
425
Warren
1726
944
742
101
2439
1315
Hancock
340
95
29
2
99
Washington
1687
1221
303
112
2467
1508
Hardin
1492
661
238
154
2152
980
Wayne
1316
832
404
3
1692
1341
Harrison
1348
86:
523
19
1557
1386 Webster
850
127
1421
47
1299
987
Henry
1770
424
1041
140
2809
600
Winneshiek
2074
1009
279
238
2759
1617
Ida
321
54
104
212
57 Worth
628
132
8
14
70.
149
Jackson
1619
1966
224
15
2126
2485
Jasper
1977
1154
1018
262
3375
1804
Totals.
121546
79353
3422
10639
17133:
112121
Jefferson
1396
753
576
109
2166
1449
Majorities.
42193
Total vote, 1877, 245,766, 1876 (including_949 Greenback), 292,943.
VOTE FOR CONGRESSMEN, 1876.
District.
Rep.
Dem.
R. Maj.
Total.
Maj. '74.
District.
Rep.
Dem.
R. Maj.
Total.
Maj. '74.
I
17188 14814
2374
32002
D. 1863
VII
19496 11688
7808
31184
R. 2300
IT
16439
14683
1756
31122
R. 657
VIII
19358
15236
4122
34594
R. 2127
III
17:23
16100
1323
33523
D. 63 IX
19563
10583
8980
301461
R. 5849
IV
20770
9379
11391
30149
R. 3824
V
19274
11154
8120
30428
R. 5243
168289 118356
49933
*292111
VI
18778 14719
4059
33497 R. 2724!
1109
867
226
9
1034
997
Iowa
1132
1120
642
228
1870
1348 Wright
391
166
117
98
57-
184
Humboldt
382
149
115
64
523
183
Woodbury.
71
671
47
1246
422
Dickinson
197
8
12
259
4977
246
36 Sh lby
888
639
3
16
897
631
Fayette
3398 Palo Alto
311
357
3
343
333
Crawford
898
651
19
111
12
1631
1282 Potta wattamie ...
2917 Ringgold ..
964
1485 Winnebago.
544
40
498
39
Howard
551
647
201
519
1194
59211
1933
1067
...
629 Wapello.
281
816 O'Brien 94 Osceola
Total vote, 1874, 184,640 ; aggregate Republican majority, 24,524. * Including 5,466 Greenback votes.
PRACTICAL RULES FOR EVERY DAY USE.
How to find the gain or loss per cent. when the cost and selling price are given.
RULE .- Find the difference between the cost and selling price, which will be the gain or loss.
Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price ; the result will be the gain or loss per cent.
How to change gold into currency.
RULE .- Multiply the given sum of gold by the price of gold.
How to change currency into gold.
Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold.
How to find each partner's share of the gain or loss in a copartnership business.
RULE .- Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quo- tient will be the gain or loss per cent.
Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent., the result will be each one's share of the gain or loss.
How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs.
A short and simple method for finding the net weight, or price of hogs, when the gross weight or price is given, and vice versa.
NOTE .- It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diminished by 1-5 or 20 per cent. of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by 14 or 25 per cent. of itself equals the gross weight.
To find the net weight or gross price.
Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.)
To find the gross weight or net price.
Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.)
How to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or wagon-bed.
RULE .- Multiply (by short method) the number of cubic feet by 6308, and point off ONE decimal place-the result will be the correct nswer in bushels and tenths of a bushel.
For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and point off one decimal place.
How to find the contents of a corn-crib.
RULE .- Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or
(265)
266
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
by 42 ordinary method, and point off ONE decimal place-the result will be the answer in bushels.
NOTE .- In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time it has been cribbed must be taken into consideration, since corn will shrink considerably during the Winter and Spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided it is sound and clean.
How to find the contents of a cistern or tank.
RULE .- Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off ONE decimal place-the result will be the contents in barrels of 31} gallons.
How to find the contents of a barrel or cask.
RULE .- Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in REVERSED order, so that its UNITS will fall under the TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons.
How to measure boards.
RULE .- Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12-the result will be the contents in square feet.
How to measure scantlings, joists, planks, sills, etc.
RULE .- Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the product by 12-the result will be square feet.
How to find the number of acres in a body of land.
RULE .- Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths.
When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add them together and take one-half for the mnean length or width.
How to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall.
RULE .- Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards.
How to find the number of bricks required in a building.
RULE .- Multiply the number of cubic feet by 222.
The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height nd thickness (in feet) together.
Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches thick ; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space.
How to find the number of shingles required in a roof.
RULE .- Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the shingles are exposed 42 inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches.
To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by twice the length of the rafters.
267
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
To find the length of the rafters, at ONE-FOURTH pitch, multiply the width of the building by .56 (hundredths) ; at ONE-THIRD pitch, by .6 (tenths) ; at TWO-FIFTHS pitch, by .64 (hundredths); at ONE-HALF pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into consideration.
NOTE .- By 14 or }{ pitch is meant that the apex or comb of the roof is to be 14 or yg the width of the building higher than the walls or base of the rafters.
How to reckon the cost of hay.
RULE .- Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left.
How to measure grain.
RULE .- Level the grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet ; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left.
NOTE .- Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra bushel.
The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by multiplying the number of bushels by 8.
If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of ear corn to make 1 of shelled corn.
Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments.
In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any given plot in square yards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres.
The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes.
To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote; and, in walk- ing, keep these objects constantly in line.
Farmers and others by adopting the following simple and ingenious con- trivance, may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard measure.
Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger of the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink.
To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the width being given.
RULE .- Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer.
268
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods being given.
RULE .- Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left.
The diameter being given, to find the circumference.
RULE .- Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7.
How to find the diameter, when the circumference is given.
RULE .- Divide the circumference by 3 1-7.
To find how many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- ness throughout will contain when squared.
RULE .- Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144.
General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet.
RULE .- Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144.
To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on.
RULE .- Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark.
Howard's new rule for computing interest.
RULE .- The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left.
Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given.
NOTE .- The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting the rate ; thus 3 per cent. per month, in- verted, becomes }% of a month, or 10 days.
When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus : 3-1, three ones.
Rule for converting English into American currency.
Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90.
U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE.
A township-36 sections each a mile square.
A section-640 acres.
A quarter section, half a mile square-160 acres.
An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide-80 acres.
A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square-40 acres.
269
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at the north-east corner.
The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The de- scription of a forty acre lot would read: The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain.
The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile.
SURVEYORS' MEASURE.
7 92-100 inches make 1 link. 25 links יי 1 rod.
4 rods
66 1 chain.
80 chains.
1 mile.
NOTE .- A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or 66 feet.
Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a barley- corn ; three of which made an inch.
Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the standard of measure is four inches-called a hand.
In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is sometimes used, which is a length of nine inches.
The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in length.
The common cubit of the Jews was 21.704 inches in length.
A pace is equal to a yard or 36 inches.
A fathom is equal to 6 feet.
A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said to be a league.
In cloth measure an aune is equal to 14 yards, or 45 inches.
An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.796 inches.
A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches.
A Brabant ell is equal to 27.116 inches.
HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS.
Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little business, should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic man- ner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportunity of ac- quiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, and well adapted to record the business transactions of farmers, mechanics and laborers.
270
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
1875.
A. H. JACKSON.
Dr.
Cr.
Jan. 10 To 7 bushels Wheat
at $1.25
$8 75
66
17 By shoeing span of Horses
$2 50
Feb. 4 To 14 bushels Oats.
at $ .45
6 30
66 : 4 To 5 lbs. Butter
at
.25
1 25
March 8 By new Harrow.
18 00
8 By sharpening 2 Plows
40
13 By new Double-Tree
25
66 27 To Cow and Calf
48 00 6|25
April 66
9 By Cash
25|00
May
6 By repairing Corn-Planter
4 75
24 To one Sow with Pigs
17 50
July
4 By Cash, to balance account
35 15
$88 05
$88 05
1875.
CASSA MASON.
Dr.
Cr.
March 21 By 3 days' labor
at $1.25
$3 75
21 To 2 Shoats
at
3.00
$6 00
23 To 18 bushels Corn
at
.45
8 10
May 1 By 1 month's Labor
25 00
66 1 To Cash
1000
June 19 By 8 days' Mowing
at $1.50
12 00
26 To 50 lbs. Flour
2 75
July 10 To 27 lbs. Meat
at $ .10
2 70
66
29 By 9 days' Harvesting
at 2.00
18 00
Aug. 12 By 6 days' Labor
at
1.50
9 00
12 To Cash.
20 00
Sept.
1 To Cash to balance account
18|20
$67 75
$67.75
INTEREST TABLE.
A SIMPLE RULE FOR ACCURATELY COMPUTING INTEREST AT ANY GIVEN PER CENT. FOR ANY LENGTH OF TIME.
Multiply the principal (amount of money at interest) by the time reduced to days; then divide this product by the quotient obtained by dividing 360 (the number of days in the interest year) by the per cent. of interest, and the quotient thus obtained will be the required interest.
ILLUSTRATION. Solution.
Require the interest of $462.50 for one month and eighteen days at 6 per cent. All interest month is 30 days; one monthi and eighteen days equal 48 days. $462.50 multi- plied by .48 gives $222.0000; 360 divided by 6 (the per cent. of interest) gives 60, and $222.0000 divided by 60 will give you the exact interest, which is $3.70. If the rate of interest in the above example were 12 per cent., we would divide the $222.0000 by 30 6)360 (because 360 divided by 12 gives 30); if 4 per cent., we would divide by 90; if 8 per - cent., by 45: and in like manner for any other per cent.
$462.50
.48
370000
185000
60 / $222.0000($3.70 180
420 420
00
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/
9 To half ton of Hay
1
I
MISCELLANEOUS TABLE.
12 units, or things, 1 Dozen. | 196 pounds, 1 Barrel of Flour. | 24 sheets of paper, 1 Quire. 12 dozen, 1 Gross. 200 pounds, 1 Barrel of Pork. 20 quires paper 1 Ream. 20 things, 1 Score. 56 pounds, 1 Firkin of Butter. | 4 ft. wide, 4 f -. high, and 8 ft. long, 1 Cord Wood.
1
271
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, AND THEIR SIGNIFICATIONS,
Virginia .- The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region.
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