USA > Illinois > Adams County > Quincy > History of the city of Quincy, Illinois > Part 1
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HISTORY
OF THE
City of Quincy, Illinois
BY
GEN. JOHN TILLSON
Revised and Corrected by
HON. WILLIAM H. COLLINS
By direction of the Quincy Historical Society
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY THE S. J. CLARKE PUBLISHING CO. CHICAGO
LIBRARY OF CON 478729 DEC 8 1906 SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT
HISTORY OF QUINCY
By GEN. JOHN TILLSON
CHAPTER I.
"ILLINOIS COUNTRY." CONTESTS FOR ITS POS- SESSION. EARLY POLITICAL IIISTORY. AN OUTLINE SKETCH OF ITS HISTORICAL SET- TING, MAY PROPERLY INTRODUCE A HISTORY OF THE "GEM CITY."
What was known as the "Illinois Country" for the ninety years which intervened between the early French discoveries and the surrender of the region to the English, in 1763, was bounded by the Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on the north. by the Onabache (Wabash) and Miamis on the east, and the Ohio on the south. The Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the State. ineluded all the terri- tory west of the Illinois to the Mississippi, and north to what is now the Wisconsin line. Thus the site of the present city of Quincy was in- eluded in the State of Illinois.
The French explorers were the first to visit the "Illinois Country" and for nearly a een- tury. they held undisputed possession. Spain held a claim to the whole region, but it was feeble, and she was kept too busy elsewhere, to make it good, and in 1763. she relinquished it. The country at this time, passed under the au- thority of the British crown. England held it for fifteen years. In 1778. General George Rogers Clark. in command of a small, but gal- lant army, took possession of it for the colony of Virginia. At the close of the war of the Rev- olution, England, by treaty, surrendered for- ever her claims to supremacy.
Virginia had already in 1780, ceded to the Confederate colonies all her aequired rights as conquerer ; and made the deed of cession, and relinquishment by the celebrated ordinance of 1787. During the preceding nine years, a sort of quasi sovereignty, partially recognized and less enforced, had been asserted by Virginia. The entire country north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi had been. in October 1778,
formed into the "County of Illinois," and Col. John Todd was appointed "Lieutenant Com- mandant." He was invested with a blended military and civil authority, which he exer- cised, nominally, until his death at the noted Blue Liek battle in 1782. After him a French- man. Timothy Montlrun by name, appears to have been vested with whatever of authority was exercised in Virginia.
In 1787, Congress assuming control of the country, embracing what is now the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin, entitled it the "North-west Territory" and elected General Arthur St. Clair its Governor. In 1790, Governor St. Clair declared all that country lying between the Wabash, Ohio and Mississippi rivers and an east and west line about on the parallel of the present site of Bloomington, Illinois, the County of St. Clair, Cahokia being the county seat. Five years later, in 1795. all south of the present county of St. Clair was set off and called Randolph county. These two counties constituted all of Illinois as organized, until 1812.
In 1800 (May 9th) Congress divided the North-west Territory. All west of what is now the State of Ohio, was declared the territory of Indiana. The population at the beginning of this century, of what now constitutes four great states, was estimated at 4875 whites; 135 negro slaves, and about 100,000 Indians. William II. Harrison (afterwards President of the United States) was appointed Governor, and Vincennes was selected as the territorial capital. Gov- ernor Harrison's administration was vigorous and successful. During his first five years. he coneluded ten treaties with the various Indian tribes, extinguishing their title and securing the cession of their lands to the United States. By the treaty of November 3rd, 1804, made with the Sauks and Foxes he received from them the surrender of all the land between the
6
PAST AND PRESENT OF ADAMS COUNTY.
Illinois and Mississippi rivers (embracing the "Military Tract") to which this tribe laid claim and the greater portion of which they held in possession. On the 3rd of February, 1809, Congress formed the territory of Illinois in- eluding what is now the states of Illinois and Wisconsin. This was the first Federal recog- nition of the name Illinois, although following the action of the Virginia colony in 1778, the term "Illinois" had been in popular use, gen- erally applied to all the northwestern country. The word "Illinois" is a French perversion of the name claimed by the Indian tribe, which at the time of the French advent, controlled the principal portion of what now forms the state. Afterward, overborne and crowded southward by superior numbers, it passed out of existence. The varions remnants to the last retained their original name. "Leni," or "Illini," as the French pronounced it. It is the general Algon- quin term for "superior men."
The population of the new territory in 1809, was estimated to be about 9,000 whites and somewhat less than 50,000 Indians.
An imperfect census taken in 1810, returned 11,501 whites, 168 slaves, and 613 "mixed " ex- clusive of Indians.
Kaskaskia became the capital of the infant territory. Settlements were sparse. They lay along the Mississippi from abont Kaskaskia to near the month of the Missouri; up the Kas- kaskia or Okaw river for a short distance; skirting the Ohio river and running up the Wabash beyond Vincennes, by far the larger portion of the inhabitants, being of French birth or extraction.
Beyond the lines above named, the Indians held almost undisputed control. Ninian Ed- wards was appointed territorial Governor, an office which he retained, by successive re-ap- pointments, until the territory became a state. Ile was a gifted, brilliant. imposing man, far superior to most of his publie associates, and while his positive nature created for him al- most constant political conflicts, his position, high character, and admitted ability, kept him until the day of his death. more than any other, the representative man of Illinois.
The first delegate to Congress was Shadrach Bond. a popular man of fair native ability. He, in 1814. was succeeded by Benjamin Stephen- son. Nathaniel Pope (Territorial Secretary) succeeded Stephenson in 1816.
Pope was afterwards made United States District Judge. Ile held the office until his death, in 1850.
Randolph and St. Clair were the two original counties, but in 1812 Johnson. Gallatin and Madison were formed. The latter comprehend-
ing all the northern portion of the State. Sub- sequently other counties were formed in the southern part of the territory until 1818, the number amounted to fifteen. Congress on the 18th of April. 1818. acceding to the applica- tion made by the territorial legislature in the preceding winter, passed a bill admitting Illi- nois into the Union as a State. The constitu- tional convention representing the fifteen coun- ties, met at Kaskaskia in July of the same year and completed the constitution on the 26th of August, 1818. It was not submitted to the peo- ple but went into effect immediately.
At the first State election September, 1818, Shadrach Bond was chosen Governor and Pierre Menard, Lientenant Governor, without opposition.
CHAPTER II.
FIRST WHITE MEN TO SEE THE SITE OF THE FU- TURE CITY. EXPLORATION OF JOLIET AND MARQUETTE. FIRST INHABITANTS. ITS EAR- LIEST COMMERCE. TOPOGRAPHICAL.
In the month of May, 1673, Louis Joliet and Jaques Marquette, with five voyageurs in two ranoes, started from St. Ignace in Lake Miehi- gan on a tour of exploration. They passed through Green Bay and up the Fox Rivers; then through Winnebago Lake, thence west- ward, crossing a portage into the Wisconsin river. They journeyed down the Wisconsin, and on the 17th day of lune found themselves upon the waters of a great river. To this, they gave the name Rio de la Conception. The Indian name was, according to some etymologists. "Meach Chasseepe." Its signification was "gatherer of all waters" or "great river." Some of the early French explorers gave it the name of "Colbert" in honor of their prime min- ister. The Indian name of Mississippi has hap- pily survived.
Spanish explorers had seen the river in its lower waters, and De Soto had been buried in its bosom, but those Frenchmen were the first to see it in the higher latitudes.
It was a thrilling moment to these bold ad- venturers, when, emerging from the mouth of the Wisconsin, their canoes floated upon the broad bosom of the swift flowing river. It then flowed clear and pure. The plow and spade of civilization had not broken up the sloping sur- face of its vast water-sheds to pulverize the soil and transform it into a minddy torrent with every serions rain-fall. Rootlets and leaves of the forest and the grasses of plain and
1
7
PAST AND PRESENT OF ADAMS COUNTY.
prairie, caught, filtered and tempered the flow of its contributing streams. No city polluted it with sewage. Innumerable schools of fish swam in its waters and bred. by countless mil- lions, in its quiet sloughs and bays. Its banks were lined with virgin forests of chi, sycamore, walnut, cottonwood, oak and pecan. They had never echoed to the stroke of the pioneer axe or the crack of his rifle. Prairie bottom-lands alternated with woodland and stretched away on either side to the distant bluff's. Islands abounded, as now, roofed with a tangle of vines and fringed with drooping willows. Sharply defined against a stretch of forest green or- casionally was seen some tall, dead tree. bleached by the storms of many years, lifting up its leafless branches, gracefully festooned with the green and scarlet of the trumpet-vine. The white and blue heron waded the swamps. The eagle and the haleyon darting from the high over-hanging boughs with a splash, broke the mirrored surface of the river. Flocks of pelicans covered the low-lying sandbars, look- ing at a distance like banks of snow left by the retreating winter. Herds of buffalo sought the river to slake their thirst and grazed upon the grasses of the adjacent bottoms. Deer with lifted heads and wild eyes gazed for a moment upon the voyageurs and vanished into the thickets. Flocks of geese, swan and ducks were without number. and upon alarm rose into the air with a beating of wings, which sounded like the roll of thunder.
Those explorers traded with the Indians for supplies of maize and venison. while they often used the dry breast of the wild turkey, broiled upon coals, as a substitute for bread.
Following the How of the great river. they sought that which was the prime incentive for all the daring and enterprise of the age, viz: a western water route to the East Indies. Mar- quette's journal tells us that in thirty days, (July 17th). he reached the month of the Arkansas, about fourteen hundred miles below where he entered the Mississippi; that during this time he made a halt of six days, in the earlier part of his voyage: that during the first four days he jurneyed 180 miles. This shows his average daily travel to have been. not far from fifty miles per day.
While no special mention or description is made in his journal that would apply to this locality as it does to Alton, Rock Island and other points, yet on the rough chart which he has left. there is drawn high land at just the place on the river where our bluff's appear. 'Taking all these facts together, his total aver- age distance travelled per day, time consumed
and halts made, he probably reached the site of the present city about the 1st of July, 1673.
We can imagine these explorers landing upon the bank of the river, which now is the wharf of Quincy. As their two canoes neared the shore, the Indian dogs greeted them with their noisy and wolfish yelps, while the brown men, women and children rushed forward to see for the first time in their lives, the "pale face." Undoubtedly, Marquette asked them about the bay. It would have appeared to him as a tributary river. Some Indian making a rude drawing in the sand with a stick. would answer his inquiries about the geographical features of the country, its forests, lakes, sloughs and tributary streams.
At this time they all abounded in fur-bearing animals. Mink. musk-rat, otter, raccoon, wolf, fox and beaver were numerous. The Indians began to learn that they could exchange the products of the trap and the chase. for the calicoes, hatchets and trinkets which men from the North offered them in trade. This was the first rude beginning of commercial transactions associated with the site of the future city.
These early inhabitants of the locality dis- appeared, and left as memorials of their ex- istence, the mounds upon the bluff's and a few stone hatchets and flint arrow-heads.
In 1805, Gen. Zebulon Pike was sent by the War Department to explore the Mississippi from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony. Ilo started from St. Louis on Friday, August 9th, 1805. with a Sergeant, three corporals and seventeen privates in a keel boat seventy-five feet long. He was provisioned for four months. As he passed up the river, he considered the ad- vantages of various points for the location of Forts. The blutf. on which the city of Warsaw was afterwards built, being near the mouth of the Des Moines river, and nearer to the Indian country, was selected as being a better strategic point for military purposes than the site of the future city of Quiney. There Fort Edwards was built.
In 1813. a military expedition consisting of two battalions of mounted rangers, started from old Fort Edwards. lying east of the present eity of Alton. and passing through what is now Cal- houn County, came northward along the river to the site of Quiney. Here they struck the Indian village and destroyed it. The small trading with the French was broken up.
This ernel attack was, in part. in retaliation for some injuries some of the frontier pioneers had suffered. The Indians were driven north- ward, some of them escaping into lowa to seek revenge afterward. under the leadership of the chieftain Black-hawk. The site of the future
8
PAST AND PRESENT OF ADAMS COUNTY.
city again became a wilderness. The only human being to break upon its solitude was an occasional trapper or hunter, landing from his canoe and camping for a night.
Little can one who today looks upon the broad and beautiful area on which our bustling city stands, realize the contrast of the present seene, with the wild solitude that revives in the retrospeetion of nearly a century. One may indeed imagine the aspect of the locality, were the buildings all removed, the streets aban- doned and all tokens of life taken away. But permanent changes have been effected; land- seape lines are now gone ; physical features for- ever effaced, which, only a few survivors ever saw.
Years ago, as the first white settler saw it, before axe or plough had desecrated nature's sanctity, the city was marked by alternations of timber and prairie : timber in the ravines, along the streams, covering also the erest and river face of the bluffs; and prairie generally on the level land and the ridges which separated the ravines. The timber was usually heavy except near the heads of the "draws," where it became gradually lighter or altogether disappeared. The prairie was luxuriant, not with the long swamp grass of the bottom lands. nor of the prairies in southern Illinois, but with a grass about breast high and very thick. It did not, as many imagine reach to the river, or even to the verge of the bluffs. Along the river bank from what is now known as Broadway to Dela- ware, there stood a scattering growth of trees. while south of the latter point, the rank. luxuriant, alnost impenetrable vegetation, com- mon to our bottom lands, prevailed. The strip of land below the bluffs, and along the river was then much narrower than at present; the hills having been ent and blasted away. From Broadway sonth to Delaware the rock cropped ont continuously and was always visible at an average stage of water. For keel and steam- boats, the usual landing place was then and long after between Vermont and Broadway : probably selected, because the trees here were convenient to tie to, and the river plateau was broader : also because they were more sheltered from the wind. It was easy to get into the river again from there, as at that time, the point of the "island" lay much higher up than at present : in fact the main river channel ran directly over, where, is now the highest growth of willows on the "Tow Head."
The present area of the city, was about equally divided between timber and prairie, the latter slightly predominating. The prairie from the east threw out four long arms, or feelers. as if striving to reach the river; one of these,
extended as far as Eighth street in what is now known as Berrian's Addition; a second about the same distance on State Street: a third creeping into the heart of the city and narrow- ing down, pushed diagonally aeross the public square. nearly to Third Street, and the fourth, broke in about Chestnut and Twelfth, thence "'with many a winding bont," almost lost at times. reached nearly to Sunset Hill. East of Eighteenth Street all was prairie save a short thicket spur which ran eastward a few blocks from the Alstyne quarter near Chestnut, and a small grove of young trees at what is now High- land Park, which has greatly increased in size.
Between Twelfth and Eighteenth. in John Moore's Addition, all excepting a small slice off the northwest corner. was prairie. On the south side of Gov. Wood's large field about 18th and Jefferson there stood about twenty acres of heavy timber, part of which yet may be seen. Along the rear of the present residences of Messrs. L. Bull, MeFadon and Pinkham, lay a small thicket, and a similar shaped strip of larger growth, stretched across the Alstyne quarter, from near Broadway and Eighteenth, to the corner of the Berrian quarter, uniting west of Twelfth with the heavy forest in Cox's addition.
To follow the division line between the prairie and timber, let one commenee in Eigh- teenth street on the sonth line of the city facing north. On his right all was prairie, on the left timber. The line ran nearly due north ahnost to Jefferson street, erossing the latter a little west of Eighteenth, pushed three or four hun- dred feet into Gov. Wood's large field, then turned sharply around in a southwesterly diree- tion, recrossed Jefferson about Fourteenth, crossed Twelfth near Monroe, thenee ran through Berrian's Addition in a direetion some- what south of west to near Eighth. where enrving back almost on itself, it enclosed a pretty little prairie islet of about ten aeres. Thence it hore northeasterly. crossing Jefferson about Ninth, touching Twelfth (but not cross- ing) at Payson Avenne, there swinging around toward the west, it followed nearly the line of Ohio to Eighth, then north along Eighth to near where Dick's Brewery now stands, thence east ; irregularly parallel with Kentucky, just toneh- ing the northeast corner of Gov. Wood's gar- den : here, veering sharply northwest, it crossed Twelfth, just north of York. then ran eastward nearly to Eighteenth.
From this point. (Jersey and Sixteenth), it turned west again and passing through the back part of L. Bull's grounds gradually neared Maine Street so as to take in the Web- ster School House. a few of the trees standing
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PAST AND PRESENT OF ADAMS COUNTY.
there vet. From the corner of Maine and Twelfth. it ran by a wavering line to the corner of Hampshire and Eighth. This part of the city (Droulard's quarter between Eighth and Twelfth) was eut up by ravines running from north to south. all of them sustaining thickets of various length, according to the size of the ravine and all pointing northward. The Post Office building stands on what was prairie, but just on the southern edge. The line from there ran west, slightly inelining to the south, so as to eross the corner of Sixth and Maine street diagonally. It passed southwest, touched Fifth Street, followed it down on the east side as far as the Engine House, crossed the street. there, leaving Robert Tillson's lot. corner of Fifth and Jersey, part in the prairie and part in the brush ; thence it went southwest to near the corner of York and Fourth, erossing Fourth at the alley between York and Kentucky. Bend- ing then somewhat south, then west, then north all in this same block, it recrossed York near Third. This was the most westerly limit, the nearest approach that the prairie made to the river. Immediately west, aeross Third Street, there lay. embosomed in the thick timber. a pretty little pond, a noted resort for wild dueks, covering about three acres, its western limit reaching nearly to the crest of the bluff. Vestiges of this little lake existed as late as 1840 and later. Long before this the timber had disappeared, and the pond was finally drained in entting York Street through to the bluff.
From here the prairie line went back. passing north, up Third to Jersey, thence diagonally across block 18, to the corner of Maine and Fourth, thence north along the west side of Fourth, with the square (all prairie) on the right, it turned across Fourth just north of Hampshire. struck Vermont at Fifth. passed along the southern edge of Jefferson Square. about one-third of the square being prairie. That portion which was afterward a burying ground crossed Broadway near Seventh, still running northeast, crossed Eighth, then took a nearly direct course to Twelfth. Not cross- ing Twelfth, it bore off in an irregular line to- wards the northwest, and running almost to Sunset Hill, before reaching which. it swept around to the right and north, and again east and southeast, joining itself to the heavy tim- ber in Cox's addition, making in this part of the city just such a prairie island as we have mentioned in Berrian's addition, only a greatly larger one.
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