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LABOR DISTURBANCES. - The principal labor disturbances in the State, under Governor Tan- ner's administration, occurred during the coal- miners' strike of 1897, and the lock-out at the Pana and Virden mines in 1898. The attempt to introduce colored laborers from the South to operate these mines led to violence between the adherents of the "Miners' Union" and the mine- owners and operators, and their employés, at these points, during which it was necessary to call out the National Guard, and a number of lives were sacrificed on both sides.
A flood in the Ohio, during the spring of 1898, caused the breaking of the levee at Shawneetown, Ill., on the 3d day of April, in consequence of which a large proportion of the city was flooded, many homes and business houses wrecked or greatly injured, and much other property de- stroyed. The most serious disaster, however, was the loss of some twenty-five lives, for the most part of women and children who, being surprised in their homes, were unable to escape. Aid was promptly furnished by the State Government in the form of tents to shelter the survivors and rations to feed them ; and contributions of money and provisions from the citizens of the State, col- lected by relief organizations during the next two or three months, were needed to moderate the suffering. (See Inundations, Remarkable.)
CAMPAIGN OF 1898 .- The political campaign of 1898 was a quiet one, at least nominally conducted on the same general issues as that of 1896, al- though the gradual return of business prosperity had greatly modified the intensity of interest with which some of the economic questions of the preceding campaign had been regarded. The only State officers to be elected were a State- Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and three State University Trustees-the total vote cast for the former being 878,622 against 1,090,869 for President in 1896. Of the former, Floyd K. Whittemore (Republican candidate for State Treasurer) received 448,940 to 405,490 for
M. F. Dunlap (Democrat), with 24,192 divided between three other candidates; while Alfred Bayliss (Republican) received a plurality of 68,899 over his Democratic competitor, with 23,- 190 votes cast for three others. The Republican candidates for University Trustees were, of course, elected. The Republicans lost heavily in their representation in Congress, though electing thir- teen out of twenty-two members of the Fifty- sixth Congress, leaving nine to their Democratic opponents, who were practically consolidated in this campaign with the Populists.
FORTY-FIRST GENERAL ASSEMBLY .- The Forty- first General Assembly met, Jan. 4, 1899, and adjourned, April 14, after a session of 101 days, with one exception (that of 1875), the shortest regular session in the history of the State Gov- ernment since the adoption of the Constitution of 1870. The House of Representatives consisted of eighty one Republicans to seventy-one Democrats and one Prohibitionist; and the Senate, of thirty- four Republicans to sixteen Democrats and one Populist-giving a Republican majority on joint ballot of twenty-six. Of 176 bills which passed both Houses, received the approval of the Gov- ernor and became laws, some of the more impor- tant were the following: Amending the State Arbitration Law by extending its scope and the general powers of the Board; creating the office of State Architect at a salary of $5,000 per annum, to furnish plans and specifications for public buildings and supervise the construction and care of the same; authorizing the consolidation of the territory of cities under township organi- zation, and consisting of five or more Congres- sional townships, into one township; empowering each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a private secretary at a salary of $2,000 per annum, to be paid by the State; amending the State Revenue Law of 1898; authorizing the establish- ment and maintenance of parental or truant schools; and empowering the State to establish Free Employment Offices, in the proportion of one to each city of 50,000 inhabitants, or three in cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an amendment of the State Constitution is to be voted upon by the electors at any general elec- tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the pro- visions of the same and furnish copies thereof to each County Clerk, whose duty it is to have said copies published and posted at the places of voting for the information of voters. One of the most important acts of this Legislature was the repeal, by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street-
284
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
railway Franchise Law of the previous session, the provisions of which, empowering City Coun- cils to grant street-railway franchises extending over a period of fifty years, had been severely criticised by a portion of the press and excited intense hostility, especially in some of the larger cities of the State. Although in force nearly two years, not a single corporation had succeeded in obtaining a franchise under it.
A RETROSPECT AND A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE .- The history of Illinois has been traced concisely and in outline from the earliest period to the present time. Previous to the visit of Joliet and Marquette, in 1673, as unknown as Central Africa, for a century it continued the hunting ground of savages and the home of wild animals common to the plains and forests of the Mississippi Valley. The region brought under the influence of civili- zation, such as then existed, comprised a small area, scarcely larger than two ordinarily sized counties of the present day. Thirteen years of nominal British control (1765-78) saw little change, except the exodus of a part of the old French population, who preferred Spanish to British rule.
The period of development began with the occupation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That saw the "Illinois County," created for the gov- ernment of the settlements northwest of the Ohio, expanded into five States, with an area of 250,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of 13,500,000. In 1880 the population of the State equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the close of the Revolution. The eleventh State in the Union in this respect in 1850, in 1890 it had advanced to third rank. With its unsurpassed fertility of soil, its inexhaustible supplies of fuel for manufacturing purposes, its system of rail- roads, surpassing in extent that of any other State, there is little risk in predicting that the next forty years will see it advanced to second, if not first rank, in both wealth and population.
But if the development of Illinois on material lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A long list of these might be mentioned, but two names from the ranks of Illinoisans have been, by common consent, assigned a higher place than all others, and have left a deeper impress upon the history of the Nation than any others since the clays of Washington. These are, Ulysses S. Grant, the Organizer of Victory for the Union arms and Conqueror of the Rebellion, and Abraham Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, the Preserver of the Republic, and its Martyred President.
CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD.
Important Events in Illinois History.
1673,-Joliet nnd Marquette reach Illinois from Green Bay by way of the Upper Mississippi and Illinola Rivers.
1674-5 .- Marquette makes a second visit to Illinois and apends the winter ou the present ante of Chicago.
1680. La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois to Peoria Lake. 1681 .- Tonty begins the erection of Fort St. Louis on " Starved Rock " in La Salle County.
1682 .- La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers to the mouth of the latter, aod take possession ( April 9, 1682) in the name of the King of France.
1700 .- First permanent French settlement in Illinois and Mis- sion of St. Sulpice established at Cahokia.
1700 .- Kaskaskia Indiaos remove from the Upper Illinois and locate near the mouth of the Kaskaskia River. French settlement established here the same year becomes the town of Kaskaskia and future capital of Illinois.
1718 .- The first Fort Chartres, erected near Kaskaskia.
1718 .- Fort St. Louis, on the Upper Illinois, burped by Indians.
1754 .- Fort Chartres rebuilt and atrengthened.
1765 .- The Illinois country surrendered by the French to the British under the trenty of 1763.
1778 .- (Jnly 4) Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of an expe- dition organized under authority of Gov. Patrick Henry of Virginia, arrives at Kaskaskia. The occupation of Illinois by the American troops follows.
1778 .- Illinois County created by Act of the Virginia House of Delegates, for the government of the settlements north- west of the Ohio River.
1787 .- Congress adopts the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest Territory. embracing the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.
1788 .- General Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor of North- west Territory.
1790 .- St Clair County organized.
1795 .- Randolph County organized.
1800 .- Northwest Territory divided into Ohio and Indiana Ter- ritories, Illinois being embraced in the latter.
1809 .- Illinois Territory set off from Indiana, and Ninian Edwards appointed Governor.
1818 .- ( Dec. 3) Illinois admitted as a State.
1820 .- State capital removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia.
1822-24 .- Unsuccessful attempt to make Illinois a slave State.
1825 .- ( April 30) General La Fayette visits Kaskaskia. 1832 .- Black Hawk War.
1839 .- (July 4) Springfield becomes the third capital of the State under an Act of the Legislature passed in 1837.
1848 .- The second Constitution adopted.
1860 .- Abraham Lincoln is elected President.
1861 .- War of the Rebellion begios.
1863 .- (Jan. 1) Lincoln issues his final Proclamation of Eman- cipation.
1864 .- Lincoln's second election to the Presidency.
1865,-( April 14) Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Washington.
1865 .- ( May 4) President Lincoln's funeral in Springheld.
1865 .- The War of the Rebellion ends.
1868 .- Gen. U. S. Grant elected to the Presidency.
1870 .- The third State Constitution adopted.
POPULATION OF ILLINOIS
At Each Decennial Census from 1810 to 1900.
1810 (23)
12,282
1860 (4). 1,711,951
1820 (24).
55,162
1870 (4).
2,539,891
1830 (20).
157,445
1880 (4) ..
3.077,871
1840 (14).
476,183
1890 (3) ..
3 826,351
1850 (11).
851,470
1900 (3). 1,821,550
NOTE .- Figures in parenthesis indicate the rank of the State in order of population.
ILLINOIS CITIES
Having a Population of 10,000 and Over (1900).
Name.
Population.
Name.
Population.
Chicago
1,698,755
Galesburg
18,607
Peoria ..
56,100
Belleville.
17,481
Quincy.
36,252
Moline
17,248
Springheld 34,159
Danville ...
16,354
Rockford ..
31,051
Jacksonville
15.078
Joliet ..
29,353
Altou.
14.210
East St Louis,
29.655
Streator
14,079
Aurora
24,147
Kankakee
13,595
Bloomington
23,256
Freeport.
13 258
Elgin .
22,433
Cairo ...
12,566
Decatur
20,754
Ottawa
10,588
Rock Island
19,498
Evauston
19,259
La Salle.
10,446
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
INDEX.
This index relates exclusively to matter embraced In the article under the title "Illinois." Subjects of general State history will be found treated at length, uoder topical heads, in the body of the Encyclopedia.
Admission of Illinois as a State, 258.
Altgeid, John P., administration as Gov- ernor, 279-80; defeated for re-election, 281. Anderson, Stinson H., 264.
Aotl-Nebraska Editorial Convention, 256. Anti-slavery contest of 1822-24; defeat of a conventioo scheme, 260.
Baker, Col. E. D., 263; orator at laying the corner-atone of State capitol, 264.
Bateman, Newton, State Superintendent of Public Instructloo, 270, 274, 275.
Beveridge, John L., Congressman and Lieutenant-Governor; becomes Governor by resignatlou of Governor Oglesby, 276. Birkbeck, Morris, 260.
Bissell, William H., Colonel In Mexican War, 265; Governor, 269; death, 270. Black Hawk War, 262.
Blodgett, Heory W., Free Soil member of the Legislature. 288.
Bloomington Convention (1858), 269. Bolsbriant, first French Commandant, 249. Bond, Shadrach, 255; Delegate in Congress, 257; first Governor, 258.
Breese, Sidney, 259.
Browoe, Thomas C., 260.
Browning, Orville H., in Bloomington Convention, 269; U. S. Senator, 273.
Cahokia, first French settlement at, 252. Camp Douglas conspiracy, 273. Canal Scrip Fraud, 270.
Carlin, Thomas, elected Governor, 263. Casey, Zadoc, elected to Congress; re- signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 262. Charlevoix visits Illinois, 247
Chicago and Calumet Rivers, importance of in estimation of early explorera, 247. Chicago election frauds, 278.
Chicago, fire of 1871, 276.
Chicagou, Indian Chief for whom Chicago was named, 248.
Clark, Col. George Rogers, expedition to Illinois; capture of Kaskaskia, 251.
Coles, Edward, emancipates bis alaves; candidate for Governor, 259; his election, 260; persecuted by his enemies, 261. Constitutional Convention of 1818, 258. Constitutional Convention of 1847, 266. Constitutional Convention of 1862, 272. Constitutional Convention of 1870, 275.
Cook, Daniel P., 255; Attorney-General, 258; elected to Congress, 260-61.
Craig, Capt. Thomas, expedition against Indians at Peoria, 257.
Cullom, Shelby M., Speaker of General As- sembly, 270; elected Governor, 276; fea- tures of hia administration: re-elected, 277; elected to U. S. Senate, 278.
Davis, David, United States Senator, 277. Douglas, Stephen A., 263; Justice Supreme Court, 264, U. S. Senator, 266; debates with Lincoln, 268-70: re-elected U. S. Sen- ator, 270; death, 272.
Duncan, Joseph, Governor; character of his administration, 262-63. Early towns, 258. Earthquake of 1811, 256.
Edwards, Ninlan, Governor Illinois Terrl- tory, 255; elected U. S. Senator, 259; elected Governor; administration and death, 261.
Ewing, William L. D., becomes acting Governor; occupant of many offices, 262. Explorera, early French, 244-5.
Farwell, Charles B., 279.
Field-McClernand contest, 264.
Fifer, Joseph W., elected Governor, 279.
Fisher, Dr. George, Speaker of Territorial House of Representatives, 257.
Ford, Thomas, Governor; embarrassing questions of his administration, 264.
Fort Chartres, surrendered to British, 250. Fort Dearborn massacre, 256-57.
Fort Gage burned, 251.
Fort Massac, starting point on the Ohio of Clark's expedition, 251.
Fort St. Louis, 246; raided and barned by Indians, 247.
Franklin, Benjamin, Indian Commissioner for Illinois in 1775, 251.
French, Augustus C., Governor, 265-7. French and Indian War, 250.
French occupation; settlement about Kas- kaskia and Cahokia, 249. Freoch Villages, population of in 1765, 251. Gibault. Pierre, 252.
Grant, Ulysses S., arrival at Springfield; Colonel of Twenty-first Illinois Volun- teers, 271; elected President, 275.
Gresham, Walter Q., supported by Illinois Republicans for the Presidency, 279.
Hamilton, John M., Lieutenant-Governor, 277; succeeds Gov. Cullom, 278.
Hanseo-Shaw cootest, 260.
Hardlu, John J., 263; elected to Congress, 264; killed at Buena Vista, 265.
Harrison, William Henry, first Governor of Indiaoa Territory, 254.
Henry, Patrick, Indian Commissioner for Illinois Country; assista in planning Clark's expedition, 251; ex-officio Gov- ernor of territory northwest of the Ohio River
Illinois, its raok in order of admission into the Union, area and population, 241; In- dian origin of the name: boundaries and area; geographical location; navigable etreams, 242; topography, fauna and flora, 243; soll and climate, 243-44; con- test for occupation, 244: part of Louis !- ana in 1721, 249; surrendered to the British in 1765, 251; uoder government of Virginia, 252: part of Indiana Territory, 254; Territorial Government organized; Nluian Edwards appointed Governor, 255; admitted as a State, 258
Illinois & Michigan Canal, 261 .
Illinois Central Railroad, 267-68.
"Illinois Country," boundaries defined by Captain Pittman, 241; Patrick Henry, first American Governor, 252.
Illinois County organized by Virginia House of Delegates, 252.
Illinois Territory organized; first Territo- rial officers, 255.
Indiana Territory organized, 254; first Territorial Legislature elected, 255.
Indian tribes; location in Illinois, 247. Internal improvement scheme, 263.
Joliet, Louis, accompanied by Marquette, visits Illinois in 1673, 245.
Kane, Elias Kent, 258.
Kansas-Nebraska contest, 268.
Kaskaskia Indians remove from Upper Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia, 248.
Kenton, Simon, guide for Clark's expedi- tion against Kaskaskia, 251.
Labor disturbances, 270, 280, 283.
La Fayette, visit of, to Kaskaskia, 26I,
La Salle, expedition to Illinois in 1679-80, 245; builds Fort Miami, near mouth of St. Joseph; disaster of Fort Creve-Cœur; erection of Fort St. Louis, 246.
Lincoln, Abraham, Representative in the General Assembly, 263; elected to Con- gress, 266; unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate; member of Bloomington Convention of 1856; " House divided-against-itself" speech, 269; elected President, 270: departure for Washington, 271; elected for a second term, 273; assassination and funeral, 274. Lincoln-Douglas debates, 270.
Lockwood, Samnel D., Attorney-General: Secretary of State; opponent of pro- alavery convention scheme, 260.
Logan, Gen. John A., prominent Union soldier, 272; Congressman-at-large,274-75; elected United States Senator, 276; Re- publican nominee for Vice-President; third election as Senator, 278.
"Long Nine,"1263.
Louisiana united with Illinois, 254.
Lovejoy, Elijah P., murdered at Alton, 263. Macalister and Stebbins bonds, 270.
Marquette, Father Jacques (see Jnliet); his mission among the Kaskaskias, 248. Masoo, William E., U. S. Senator, 282.
McLean, John, Speaker; first Representa- tive in Congress: U.S Senator : death, 265. Menard, Pierre, 255; President of Terri- torial Council, 257; elected Lieutenant- Governor, 258; anecdote of, 259. Mexican War, 265.
Morgan, Col. George, Indian Ageot at Kas- kaskia in 1776, 251. Mormon War, 264-65.
New Design Settlement, 255.
New France, 244, 249.
Nicolet, Jean, French explorer, 244-5.
Northwest Territory organized; Gen. Ar- thur St. Clair appointed Governor, 253; first Territorial Legislature; separated into Territories of Ohio and Indiana, 254. Oglesby, Richard J., goldler io Civil War, 271; elected Governor, 274; second elec- tion; chosen U. S. Senator, 276; third election to goveroorship, 278. Ordinance of 1787, 253.
" Paincourt " (early name for St. Louis) settled hy French from Illinois, 251.
Palmer, John M., member of Peace Con- ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; prominent events of his administration, 275; unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor; elected U. S. Seoator, 279; candidate for President, 282.
Peace Conference of 1861, 271. Peace conventions of 1863, 273.
Perrot, Nicholas, explorer, 245.
Pittman, Capt. Philip, defines the bounda- ries of the "Illinois Country," 241.
Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of Illinois Ter- ritory, 255; Delegate in Congress; aerv- Ice in fixing northero boundary, 258.
Prairies, origin of, 243. Randolph County organized, 254.
Renault, Philip F., first importer of Afrl- can slaves to Illinois, 249.
Republican State Convention of 1856, 269.
Reynolds, John, elected Governor; resigns to take seat in Congress, 262; Speaker of Illinois House of Representatives. 268. Richardson, Willlam A., candidate for Governor, 270; U. S. Senator, 272.
Rocheblave, Chevalier de, last British Commandant in Illinois, 251; sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, 252.
Shawneetown Bank, 257.
Shawneetown flood, 283.
Shields, Gen. Jameg, 263; elected U. S. Sen- ator, 267; defeated for re-election, 269. Southern Hospital for Insane burned, 280. Spanish-American War, 281.
Springfield, third State capital, 263; erec- tion of new State capitol at, authorizeu, 275; State Bank, 259.
St. Clair, Arthur, first Governor of North- west Territory, 253; visits Illinois, 254.
St. Clair County organized, 254.
State debt reaches its maximum, 268. State Fair permanently located, 281. Streams and navigation, 242.
Supreme Court revolutionized, 264.
Tanner, John R., State Treasurer, 278; elected Governor, 281-2.
Thomas, Jesse B., 255; President of Con- stitntional Convention of 1818, 258; elected United States Senator, 259.
Todd, Col. John, County-Lieutenant of Illi- nois County, 252.
Tonty, Henry de ( see La Salle).
Treaty with Indians near Alton, 257.
Trumbull, Lyman, Secretary of State, 264; elected United States Senator, 269-70; Democratic candidate for Governor, 277. Vandalia, the second State capital, 259.
War of 1812, 256; expeditions to Peoria Lake, 257.
War of the Rebellion; some prominent Illinois actors; number of troops fur- niahed by Illinois; important battles par- ticipated in, 271-72; some officers who fell;, Grierson raid, 272.
Warren, Hooper, editor Edwardsville Spectator, 260.
Wayne, Gen. Anthony, 254.
Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, 264.
Wilmot Proviso, action of Illinois Legisla- ture upon, 267.
Wood, John, Lieutenant Governor, fille Bissell's unexpired term, 270.
Yates, Richard, at Bloomington Conven- tion of 1856. 269; Governor, 270; prorogues Legislature of 1863; elected United States Senator, 273.
286
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.
ILES, Elijah, pioneer merchant, was born in Kentucky, March 28, 1796; received the rudiments of an education in two winters' schooling, and began his business career by purchasing 100 head of yearling cattle upon which, after herding them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken- tucky, he realized a profit of nearly $3,000. In 1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village of 2,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank- lin," on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the present town of Boonville, in 1821 made a horse- back tour through Central Illinois, finally locating at Springfield, which had just been selected by a board of Commissioners as the temporary county-seat of Sangamon County. Here he soon brought a stock of goods hy keel-boat from St. Louis and opened the first store in the new town. Two years later (1823), in conjunction with Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox, he entered a section of land comprised within the present area of the city of Springfield, which later became the permanent county-seat and finally the State capital. Mr. Iles became the first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 1826, was elected State Senator, served as Major in the Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), but was soon advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he sold his store to John Williams, who had been his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American House," which afterwards hecame the temporary stopping-place of many of Illinois' most famous statesmen. He invested largely in valuable farming lands, and, at his death, left a large estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883.
ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR INCURABLE IN- SANE, an institution founded under an act of the General Assembly, passed at the session of 1895, making an appropriation of $65,000 for the pur- chase of a site and the erection of buildings with capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients. The institution was located by the Trustees at Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later these were found to be located on ground which had been undermined in excavating for coal, and their removal to a different location was under- taken in 1898. The institution is intended to relieve the other hospitals for the Insane by the reception of patients deemed incurable.
ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, a water- way connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois River, and forming a connecting link in the water-route between the St. Lawrence and the
Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level is about 580 feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about five miles from the lake. Thence it flows some eight miles to the valley of the Des Plaines, fol- lowing the valley to the mouth of the Kankakee (forty-two miles), thence to its southwestern terminus at La Salle, the head of navigation on the Illinois. Between these points the canal has four feeders-the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport, Joliet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions from the waters of the Fox River at the latter point. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it has five feeders whose aggregate length is twenty-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The difference in level between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of vessels, there are seventeen locks, ranging from three and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift, their dimensions heing 110x18 feet, and admitting the passage of boats carrying 150 tons. At Lock- port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are large basins, three of which supply power to fac- tories. To increase the water supply, rendered necessary by the high summit level, pumping works were erected at Bridgeport, having two thirty-eight foot independent wheels, each capa- ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per minute. These pumping works were erected in 1848, at a cost of $15,000, and were in almost con- tinnous use until 1870. It was soon found that these machines might be utilized for the benefit of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago River to the summit level of the canal, and allow- ing its place to be filled by pure water from the lake. This pumping, however, cost a large sum, and to obviate this expense $2,955,340 was ex- pended hy Chicago in deepening the canal be- tween 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the south division of the city might be carried through the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was returned to the City by the State after the great fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carry- ing off Chicago sewage, see Chicago Drainage Canal.)
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