USA > Illinois > Iroquois County > History of Iroquois County, together with Historic notes on the Northwest, gleaned from early authors, old maps and manuscripts, private and official correspondence, and other authentic, though, for the most part, out-of-the-way sources > Part 28
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
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' Men and Warriors, -Pay attention to my words: You informed me yesterday that the Great Spirit had brought us together, and that you hoped, as he was good, that it would be for good. I have also the same hope, and expect that each party will strictly adhere to whatever may be agreed upon, whether it be peace or war, and hence- forward prove ourselves worthy of the attention of the Great Spirit. I am a man and a warrior, - not a counsellor. I carry war in my
* The early border men of Virginia and her county of Kentucky usually carried very large knives. From this circumstance the Virginians were called, in the Illinois (Miami) dialect, She-mol-sea, meaning the "Big Knife." At a later day the same appellation, under the Chippewayan word Che-mo-ko-man, was extended, by the Indians, to the white people generally,-always excepting the Englishman proper, whom they called the Sag-e-nash, and the Yankees to whom they gave the epithet of Bos-to-ne-ly, i.e., the Bostonians. The term is derived from the Miami word mal-she, or mol-sea, a knife, or the Ojibbeway mo-ko-man, which means the same thing. The prefix che or she emphasizes the kind or size of the instrument, as a huge, long or big knife. Such is the origin of the expression "long knives," frequently found in books where Indian characters occur.
255
CLARK'S SPEECH TO THE INDIANS.
right hand, and in my left, peace. I amn sent by the great council of the Big Knife, and their friends, to take possession of all the towns possessed by the English in this country, and to watch the motions of the red people ; to bloody the paths of those who attempt to stop the course of the river, but to clear the roads from us to those who desire to be in peace, that the women and children inay walk in them without meeting anything to strike their feet against. I am ordered to call upon the Great Fire for warriors enough to darken the land, and that the red people may hear no sound but of birds who live on blood. I know there is a mist before your eyes. I will dispel the clouds, that you may clearly see the cause of the war between the Big Knife and the English, then you may judge for yourselves which party is in the right, and if you are warriors, as you profess to be, prove it by adhering faithfully to the party which you shall believe to be entitled to your friendship, and do not show yourselves to be squaws.
' The Big Knives are very much like the red people. They don't know how to make blankets and powder and cloth. They buy these things from the English, from whom they are sprung. They live by making corn, hunting and trade, as you and your neighbors, the French, do. But the Big Knives, daily getting more numerous, like the trees in the woods, the land became poor and hunting scarce, and having but little to trade with, the women began to cry at seeing their children naked, and tried to learn how to make clothes for themselves. They soon made blankets for their husbands and chil- dren, and the men learned to make guns and powder. In this way we did not want to buy so much from the English. They then got mad with us, and sent strong garrisons through our country, as you see they have done among you on the lakes, and among the French. They would not let our women spin, nor our men make powder, nor let us trade with anybody else. The English said we should buy everything of them, and since we had got saucy we should give two bucks for a blanket, which we used to get for one ; we should do as they pleased ; and they killed some of our people, to make the rest fear thiem. This is the truth, and the real cause of the war between the English and us, which did not take place until some time after this treatment.
' But our women became cold and hungry and continued to cry. Our young men got lost for want of counsel to put them in the right path. The whole land was dark. The old men held down their heads for shame, because they could not see the sun ; and thus there was mourning for many years over the land. At last the Great
256
HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST.
Spirit took pity on us, and kindled a great council fire, that never goes out, at a place called Philadelphia. He then stuck down a post, and put a war tomahawk by it, and went away. The sun immediately broke out, the sky was blue again, and the old men held up their heads and assembled at the fire. They took up the hatchet, sharpened it, and put it into the hands of our young men, ordering them to strike the English as long as they could find one on this side of the great waters. The young men immediately struck the war post and blood was shed. In this way the war began, and the Englishi were driven from one place to another until they got weak, and then they hired you red people to fight for them. The Great Spirit got angry at this, and caused your old father, the French king, and other great nations, to join the Big Knives, and fight with them against all their enemies. So the English liave be- come like deer in the woods, and you may see that it is the Great Spirit that has caused your waters to be troubled, because you have fought for the people he was mad with. If your women and chil- dren should now cry, you must blame yourselves for it, and not the Big Knives.
'You can now judge who is in the right. I have already told you who I am. Here is a bloody belt and a white one, take which you please. Behave like men, and don't let your being surrounded by the Big Knives cause you to take up the one belt with your hands while your hearts take up the other. If you take the bloody path, you shall leave the town in safety, and may go and join your friends, the English. We will then try, like warriors, who can put the most stumbling-blocks in each other's way, and keep our clothes longest stained with blood. If, on the other hand, you should take the path of peace, and be received as brothers to the Big Knives, with their friends, the French; should you then listen to bad birds that may be flying through the land, you will no longer deserve to be counted as men, but as creatures with two tongues, that ought to be destroyed without listening to anything you might say. As I am convinced you never heard the truth before, I do not wish you to answer be- fore you have taken time to counsel. We will, therefore, part this evening, and when the Great Spirit shall bring us together again, let us speak and think like men, with but one heart and one tongue.'
"The next day after this speech a new fire was kindled with more than usual ceremony ; an Indian speaker came forward and said : They ought to be thankful that the Great Spirit had taken pity on them, and opened their ears and their hearts to receive thie truth. He had paid great attention to what the Great Spirit had
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CLARK TREATS WITH THE INDIANS.
put into my heart to say to them. They believed the whole to be the truth, as the Big Knives did not speak like any other people they had ever heard. They now saw they had been deceived, and that the English had told them lies, and that I had told them the truth, just as some of their old men had always told them. They now believed that we were in the right; and as the English had forts in their country, they might, if they got strong enough, want to serve the red people as they had treated the Big Knives. The red people ought, therefore, to help us, and they had, with a cheer- ful heart, taken up the belt of peace, and spurned that of war. They were determined to hold the former fast, and would have no doubt of our friendship, from the manner of our speaking, so different from that of the English. They would now call in their warriors, and throw the tomahawk into the river, where it could never be found. They would suffer no more bad birds to fly through the land, disquieting the women and children. They would be careful to smooth the roads for their brothers, the Big Knives, whenever they might wish to come and see them. Their friends should hear of the good talk I had given them ; and they hoped I would send chiefs among them, with my eyes, to see myself that they were men, and strictly adhered to all they had said at this great fire, which the Great Spirit had kindled at Cahokia for the good of all people who would attend it."
The sacred pipe was again kindled, and presented, figuratively, to the heavens and the earth, and to all the good spirits, as witness of what had been done. The Indians and the white men then closed the council by smoking the pipe and shaking hands. With no ma- terial variation, either of the forms that were observed, or with the speeches that were made at this council, Col. Clark and his officers concluded treaties of peace with the Piankeshaws, Ouiatenons, Kick- apoos, Illinois, Kaskaskias, Peorias, and branches of some other tribes that inhabited the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi.
Gov. Henry soon received intelligence of the successful progress of the expedition under the command of Clark. The French inhab- itants of the villages of Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Post Vincennes took the oath of allegiance to the State of Virginia.
In October, 1778, the General Assembly of the State of Virginia passed an act which contained the following provisions, viz : All the citizens of the Commonwealth of Virginia " who are already settled or shall hereafter settle on the western side of the Ohio, shall be in- cluded in a distinct county, which shall be called Illinois county ; 17
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HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST.
and the governor of this commonwealth, with the advice of the council, may appoint a county lieutenant, or commandant-in-chief, in that county, during pleasure, who shall appoint and commission so many deputy commandants, militia officers and commissaries as he shall think proper in the different districts, during pleasure ; all of whom, before they enter into office, shall take the oath of fidelity to this commonwealth and the oath of office, according to the form of their own religion. And all civil officers to which the inhabit- ants have been accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the peace and the administration of justice, shall be chosen by a major- ity of the citizens in their respective districts, to be convened for that purpose by the county lieutenant, or commandant, or his deputy, and shall be commissioned by the said county lieutenant or com- mandant-in-chief."
Before the provisions of the law were carried into effect, Henry Hamilton, the British lieutenant-governor of Detroit, collected an army, consisting of about thirty regulars, fifty French volunteers, and four hundred Indians. With this force he passed down the River Wabash, and took possession of Post Vincennes on the 15th of December, 1778. No attempt was made by the population to defend the town. Capt. Helm was taken and detained as a prisoner, and a number of the French inhabitants disarmed.
Clark was aware that Gov. Hamilton, now that he had regained possession of Vincennes, would undertake the capture of his forces, and realizing his danger, he determined to forestall Hamilton and capture the latter. His plans were at once formed. He sent 'a por- tion of his available force by boat, called The Willing, with instruc- tions to Capt. Rogers, the commander, to proceed down the Missis- sippi and up the Ohio and Wabash, and secrete himself a few miles below Vincennes, and prohibit any persons from passing either up or down. With another part of his force he marched across the country, through prairies, swamps and marshes, crossing swollen streams - for it was in the month of February, and the whole country was flooded from continuous rains -- and arriving at the banks of the Wabash near St. Francisville, he pushed across the river and brought his forces in the rear of Vincennes before daybreak. So secret and rapid were his movements that Gov. Hamilton had no notice that Clark had left Kaskaskia. Clark issued a notice requiring the people of the town to keep within their houses, and declaring that all persons found elsewhere would be treated as enemies. Tobacco's Son tendered one hundred of his Piankashaw braves, himself at their head. Clark declined their services with thanks, saying his
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SURRENDER OF HAMILTON.
own force was sufficient. Gov. Hamilton had just completed the fort, consisting of strong block-houses at each angle, with the cannon placed on the upper floors, at an elevation of eleven feet from the surface. The works were at once closely invested. The ports were so badly cut, the men on the inside could not stand to their cannon for the bullets that would whiz from the rifles of Clark's sharp- shooters through the embrasures whenever they were suffered for an instant to remain open.
The town immediately surrendered with joy, and assisted at the siege. After the first offer to surrender upon terms was declined, Hamilton and Clark, with attendants, met in a conference at tlie Catholic church, situated some eighty rods from the fort, and in the afternoon of the same day, the 24th of February, 1779, the fort and garrison, consisting of seventy-five men, surrendered at discretion .* The result was that Hamilton and his whole force were made prison- ers of war.+ Clark held military possession of the northwest until the close of the war, and in that way it was secured to our country. At the treaty of peace, held at Paris at the close of the revolutionary war, the British insisted that the Ohio River should be the northern boundary of the United States. The correspondence relative to that treaty shows that the only ground on which " the American cominis- sioners relied to sustain their claim that the lakes should be the boundary was the fact that Gen. Clark had conquered the country, and was in the undisputed military possession of it at the time of the negotiation. This fact was affirmed and admitted, and was the chief ground on which British commissioners reluctantly abandoned their clain."+
*Two days after the Willing arrived, its crew much mortified because they did not share in the victory, although Clark commended them for their diligence. Two days before Capt. Rogers' arrival with the Willing, Clark had dispatched three armed boats, under charge of Capt. Helm and Majors Bosseron and Le Grass, up the Wabash, to intercept a fleet which Clark was advised was on its way from Detroit, laden with supplies for Gov. Hamilton at Vincennes. About one hundred and twenty miles up the river the British boats, seven in number, having aboard military supplies of the value of ten thousand pounds sterling money and forty men, among whom was Philip De Jean, a magistrate of Detroit, were captured by Capt. Helm. The writer has before him the statement of John McFall, born near Vincennes in 1798. He lived near and in Vincennes until 1817. His grandfather, Ralph Mattison, was one of Clark's soldiers who accompanied Helm's expedition up the Wabash, and he often told McFall, his grandson, that the British were lying by in the Vermilion River, near its mouth, where they were surprised in the night-time and captured by Helm without firing a shot.
+ This march, from its daring conception, and the obstacles encountered and over- come, is one of the most thrilling events in our history, and it is to be regretted that the limited space assigned to other topics precludes its insertion.
# Burnett's Notes on the Northwest Territory, p. 77.
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LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
HISTORY OF IROQUOIS COUNTY.
IROQUOIS COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE GREAT REBELLION ;
EMBRACING AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF EACH REGIMENT IN WHICH THERE WERE IROQUOIS COUNTY SOLDIERS; ALSO A ROLL OF HONOR, GIVING NAMES OF ALL DECEASED SOLDIERS TIIAT DIED IN LINE OF DUTY, AND A BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF COL. WILLIAMS AND A NUMBER OF GALLANT OFFICERS AND SOL- DIERS WHO WERE KILLED OR DIED IN THE SERVICE.
COMPILED AND WRITTEN BY ALEX. L. WHITEHALL, LL.B., Captain and Adjutant 9th Reg. I.N.G., and late private of Co. F, 9th Reg. Ind. Vet. Vol. Inf.
PREFACE.
The writer of the following regimental sketches, and compiler of the "Roll of Honor of Iroquois County Soldiers in the War of the Rebellion," is frank to admit that his work is not satisfactory to him- self, but is merely presented in the hope that it may become a founda- tion upon which a more perfect and satisfactory work may be reared in the future.
Unfortunately, reliable regimental histories, or even faithful records of the movements and doings of individual regiments are not generally accessible, and such as are obtainable are apt to be brief and unsatisfac- tory because of their brevity,-being for the most part merely a rehash of some officer's diary. 'No attempt is made, or very rarely made, at describing the behavior of a regiment in battle, and the chronicler must depend largely upon the published histories of the war, and let- ters of war correspondents of newspapers published during the late war, and also upon reports of commanding officers, for such details and descriptions of battles and marches as he may wish to employ in writing a tolerably correct and readable regimental history. And as the written statements upon which historians are often forced to rely are not always written by a man who was on the field of battle, or who, if there, was perhaps not in the best position for acquiring an accurate
.
262
HISTORY OF IROQUOIS COUNTY.
knowledge, or of witnessing the movements and behavior of the troops of whom he is writing ; hence he does not always give a correct account, nor always a just one. But like others who have found themselves similarly circumstanced, we have, in the subsequent pages, sought to make the best use possible of the materials at liand that our ability would admit of; in the hope, as before stated, that our efforts and venture may lead to something better; and if, until then, our work shall be useful in perpetuating the record of Iroquois county's patriot- ismn in the war for the Union, we shall feel our labor has not been in vain.
In the preparation of the subsequent pages we have had to rely very largely upon the reports of the adjutant-general of Illinois, and for necessary data and material have also consulted "Eddy's Patriotism of Illinois," "Van Horne's History of the Army of the Cumberland," and " Gen. Andrew's History of the Mobile Campaign."
We were a soldier from a sister state, and had a personal acquaint- ance with only four of the regiments whose history we have been requested to write, and do not feel that we could do as full justice to our subject as if we had been an Illinois soldier, and familiar with the history of Illinois regiments.
It is but just to ourself to say that the work has been done during suchı time as we could snatch from our professional duties, and done only because we felt that the gallant dead and the patriotic surviving soldiers who enlisted from this county during the late war, deserved to have some chronicler present for the perusal of their neighbors and friends a tolerable fair record and recital of their trials and triumphs while marching and fighting under the dear old flag of our Union. We have written, and present to the public the following pages, believ- ing that even our poor recital of the suffering and heroism of the sol- diers of Iroquois county, will arouse in the hearts of our people a kindlier feeling and respect for their neighbors who did manful duty · as defenders of our imperiled Union when assailed by treason ; and also to arouse a deeper reverence for the noble dead that gave up their lives that the nation might live.
REGIMENTAL HISTORY.
When the terrible storm-cloud of secession burst upon our union of states, in the spring of 1861, the county of Iroquois contained a popu- lation of a little over 16,000, and from that time to the close of tlie war increased in population but slightly. As a proof of the devotion of her people to the Union, it is only necessary to state that this grand
263
IROQUOIS COUNTY IN THE WAR.
county sent into the field nearly enough men to make two full regi- ments. The muster-in rolls of the various organizations in which the county was represented show that over 1,500 men enlisted from and are credited to this county. And of this brave band of men, loyal and true to their country and their country's flag, over 300, or one-fifth, laid down their lives on their country's altar. Such a record is cer- tainly a proud one, and reflects credit upon the bravery and patriotism of the county that so nobly sprang to the defense of our imperiled gov- ernment. We present, in the succeeding pages, brief historical sketches of the several regiments and batteries in which there were Iroquois county soldiers. The different arms of the service are presented to the reader in the following order: First, Infantry ; second, Cavalry ; and lastly the Artillery. Beginning with
THE TENTH REGIMENT ILLINOIS INFANTRY.
This grand old regiment was organized among the very first, and during the " three-months service " under command of its colonel, after- ward general, B. M. Prentiss, was engaged in guarding Cairo. Three of its companies during the three-monthis term served as artillerymen. The regiment reorganized for the three-years service, with James D. Morgan as its colonel, who, together with Col. Tillson, his successor, was afterward promoted to a generalcy. The regiment took a part in the capture of New Madrid, Missouri; Island No. 10, Fort Pillow, Corinthi, and passed through the first siege of Nashville; participated in the battle of Mission Ridge. In the winter of 1864, 394 old soldiers reënlisted. During the Atlanta campaign the Tenth was in the First Brigade, Gen. J. D. Morgan commanding, of the Second Division, Gen. Jeff. C. Davis commanding, of the Fourteenth Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland, and behaved gallantly in that historic cam- paign, which culminated in the downfall of Atlanta. The regiment marched through to the sea with Sherman, and took in the " grand rounds " through the Carolinas, witnessing the surrender of Gen. Joe Johnson's army, and participated in the grand review at Washington city. The regiment was mustered out July 4, 1865. Ex-county sur- veyor E. W. Dodson was a sergeant in the Tenth, and there were three other Iroquois connty boys in this regiment.
THE TWELFTH REGIMENT ILLINOIS INFANTRY.
The Twelfth regiment entered the three-years service August 1, 1861, under the command of Col. John McArthur, and upon his pro- motion Gen. A. L. Chetlain succeeded him as colonel, and was after-
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HISTORY OF IROQUOIS COUNTY.
ward promoted. At the battle of Fort Donelson the loss of the regiment was nineteen killed and fifty-eight wounded. The Twelfth participated in the siege of Corinthi, and behaved mnost gallantly in the battle, capturing a rebel battery and a stand of colors, losing Capt. Ward, acting major, and upward of 100 men, killed, wounded and missing. Gen. R. J. Oglesby, the brigade commander, was severely wounded in this action. In 1863 the regiment took an active part in the north Mississippi campaigns, under Gen. Sherman. Twenty-four officers and 311 men reënlisted in January, 1864, and returned home soon after on a veteran furlough. On the return of the regiment to the front it became a part of the "Army of the Tennessee," under the lamented hero Gen. J. B. McPherson, and was actively engaged in the battles and movements in Georgia preceding the fall of Atlanta; loss of the regiment in the campaign up to the fall of Atlanta, 106 killed and wounded. At Allatoona the regiment was hotly engaged, and suffered a loss of fifty-seven out of 161 men engaged.
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