Biographical and historical record of Vermillion County, Indiana : containing portraits of all the presidents of the United States from Washington to Cleveland, with accompanying biographies of each; a condensed history of the state of Indiana; portraits and biographies of some of the prominent men of the state; engravings of prominent citizens in Vermillion county, with personal histories of many of the leading families, and a concise history of the county and its villages, Part 1

Author:
Publication date: 1888
Publisher: Chicago : Lewis Pub. Co.
Number of Pages: 544


USA > Indiana > Vermillion County > Biographical and historical record of Vermillion County, Indiana : containing portraits of all the presidents of the United States from Washington to Cleveland, with accompanying biographies of each; a condensed history of the state of Indiana; portraits and biographies of some of the prominent men of the state; engravings of prominent citizens in Vermillion county, with personal histories of many of the leading families, and a concise history of the county and its villages > Part 1


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org.


Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56



GEN


3 ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY


3 1833 00097 5984


Gc 977.201 V59B


BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL RECORD OF VERMILLION Co. , INC.


Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center


http://www.archive.org/details/biographicalhist00inchic


BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL


G


RECORD


OF


VERMILLION COUNTY, INDIANA.


CONTAINING PORTRAITS OF ALL THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES FROM WASHIINGTON TO CLEVELAND, WITH ACCOMPANYING BIOGRAPHIES OF EACH; A CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE STATE OF INDIANA; PORTRAITS AND BIOGRAPHIES OF SOME OF THE PROMINENT MEN OF THE STATE; ENGRAVINGS OF PROMINENT CITIZENS IN VERMILLION COUNTY, WITH PERSONAL HISTORIES OF MANY OF THE LEADING FAMILIES, AND A CONCISE HIS- TORY OF THE COUNTY AND ITS CITIES AND VILLAGES.


THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, 113 ADAMS STREET, CHICAGO. 1888.


CONTENTS.


1248182


ENTS


PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.


George Washington 9


John Adams .. 14


Thomas Jefferson 20


James Madison. 26


James Monroe ..


23


Jolin Quincy Adams.


38


Andrew Jackson.


47


Martin Van Buren 52


William Henry Harrison. 56


Jolın Tyler.


60


James K. Polk. 61


Zachary Taylor. 68


Franklin Pierce


72


James Buchanan 80


Abraham Lincoln


84


Andrew Johnson


93


Ulysses S. Grant


96


Rutherford B. Hayes. .102


James A. Garfield. 109


Chester A. Arthur. 113


Grover Cleveland.


117


HISTORY OF INDIANA.


Former Occupants. 123


Expeditions of St. Clair and


Millard Fillmore


73


Wayne.


.132


Organization of Indiana Terri-


tory . . 133


Governor Harrison and the In-


dians.


134


Civil Matters


136


General Review .136


Organization of the State ... . .. 137 Indiana in the Mexican War .. 138 Indiana in the War for the Union. 198


Financial


148


Internal Improvements


149


Geology


150


Exploration by the Whites


125


Educational


151


Benevolent and Penal Institu-


tions


154


PROMINENT MEX OF INDIANA.


Oliver P. Morton .161


Thomas A. Hendricks


165


Schuyler Colfax.


169


James D. Williams .


173


Robert Dale Owen


177


HISTORY OF VERMILLION COUNTY, BEER-


BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.


A.


Anderson, N. C. 337


Anderson, P. Z 473


Andrews, John. .435


Asbury, James .482


Aye, H. H .. . 410


Aye, Henry 415


B.


Bales, Caleb .500


Bales, Caleb .502


Bales, Robert .429


Bales, W. F 508


Bales, William. 427


Beauchamp, J. W. .436


Beck, A. J. 435


Beckman, L. H 355


Bell, D. W


.318


Bell, T. W 326


Bell, W. M. 500


Benefiel, W. H. 465


Bertolet, J. R .. 516


Betson, A. J .. 361


Betson, Ilamilton 467


Bilsland, J. E 347


Bilsland, John 416


Bishop, F. M 324


Bishop, L. O 238


Blair, James .512


Bogart, J. H. 326


Bogart, W. C. .518


Bowman, Moses 460


Bremer, W. P. 416


Brindley, Eli. 518


Brindley, John 323


Burns, Joseplı. 397


Burnside, J. II. 516


Cade, IIenry 498


C'ady, Il. S. 409


Campbell, J. G. 346


Carmack, J. F. 374


Carmack, W. P. 410


Carter, M. B. . 323


Carithers, Jonathan 482


Casebeer, Hezekiah .314


Casebeer, J. W. .371


Cates, W. H. 461


Clark, John. 390


Clover, J. A 375


Coffin, S. W 888


Coil, Lewis. 453


Collett, Jolm .311


Collett, John.


441


Collett, Josephus 447


Pre-Historic Races.


123


Agricultural


151


National Policies .. 126 Expeditions of Colonel George R. Clark. .137


Government of the Northwest .. 139


CONTENTS.


Collett, Josephus. .450


Collett, S. S 369


Collett, S. S .377


Conley, II. H. 347


Conley, Jeremiah 488


Combes, F. C. 429


Cook, W. C. 459


Crabb, G. A. .362


Craig, R. A. 406


Curtis, Philo.


.513


Cusliman, Thomas


.321


D.


Dallas, Hugh .354


Davis, C. S. .459


Davis, F. M. 332


Davis, Robert. .501


Davis, S. B .. .267


Downing, Decatur. 319


Dungan, B. F. 277


Dunlap, J. R 495


Duzan, James


452


E.


Eaton, II. C .. .515


Edwards, G. W .398


Eggleston, J. L. .462


Elder, J. A. .322


Ellis, J. E. .413


F.


Finney, D. W. 340


Flaugher, E. . A .363


Fleshman, Amos .895


Foland, J. A.


.516


Foncanon, Tilghman


473


Ford, John .


402


Forman, Amos


465


Fortner, W. P 498


Fox, J. L. .491


G.


Gessie, R. J .336


Gibson, O. B. 452


Goff, Philander 388


Goodwin, L. L.


402


Goodwin, W. A.


407


Gouty, David


.438


Grimes, H. L. 417


Grimes, John. 485


Groves, W. C.


455


11.


Hall, S. J. 475


Hall, W. I .. .493


Hamilton, W. MI 449


Harkness, Philo. 412


Harlan, Eldridge


322


HIarlin, Jolin. .406


Harrison, Benjamin .318


Harrison,( J. B. .389


Harris n, Robert .477


Harrison, T. II


363


Haworth, G. F 499


Haworth, J. P. 423


Hedges, C. C .511


Hedges, Noah 385


Helt, Daniel. 14


Ilelt, Hiram. 510


Helt, Michael 390


Henderson, John .340


HIenderson, Josiah. 493


Hendricks, W. J .505


Ilerbert, W. J. 397


Ilighfill, John. 399


Ilill, Judge A. 315


Hollingsworth, Simeon. 486


HIoobler, John. 515


Hood, T. S. 496


Ilood, W. B. 508


Hood, W. H 451


Ilopkins, A. R.


Hopkins, G. R. 426


IIosford, M. G. 346


Hosford, Philo 353


Hosford, W. N 440


Hlouchin, Jesse 373


Houchin, J. S . 517


Hughes, Ehud. 492


Hughes, William 432


Hunt, Harvey 478


I.


Iles, Jacob.


.333


lles, J. B.


.339


J.


Jackson, G. W 451


Jackson, J. C .. . 351


Jacobs, Nathan. 487


James, Edmund 507


James, II. B.


407


James, II. 1I.


466


James, S. R 411


James, W. A. 372


James, Z. D 361


Jarvis, J. W. 497


Jenkins, J. M.


494


Jones, Wiley.


.455


Jones, William


519


K.


Kearns, J. S. 413


Kerns, A. H .. 519


Kerns, W. F 404


Keyes, C. F. 430


Keyes, O. M 480


Kibby, Thomas .. .358


Kinderman, Alexander .332


Knowles, C. B .. 343


Knowles, J. E 348


L.


Lacey, E. A .. .344


Lamb, Elias .. 386


Lamb, I. R. 403


Langston, J. F .380


Leiton, N. T.


383


Lewis, Joshua


.351


Lewis, J. C.


.396


Lewis, J. J. 377


Lindsey, John 379


Linn, J. H. 325


Little, R. P. 378


Lusadder, Homer


353


Lynn, J. C. 428


M.


Mack, A. L 409


Mack, Erastus .. .503


Malone, Mrs. Sarah .383


Malone, S. W. .499


Martin, Aaron. 417


Matthews, Claude 489


McBeth, David 870


McFall, W. D. 466


Mcknight, L. A 437


McNeill, G. H .317


Mc Neill, John .316


McNeill, J. R. 314


Merriman, P. M. 412


Metzger, Rezin. 329


Miller, Jacob 425


Mitchell, T. J 462


Mitchell, T. J 477


Mock, G. L .. .463


Moffatt, R. D. .518


Moore, Joseph. 481


Morehead, J. A. 428


Morey, W. L. . 351


Morgan, B. Il


444


Myers, T. B .514


N.


Nebeker, Henry 474


Nebeker, Seymour 483


Newlin, A. R .345


Nichols, J. M 457


Nichols, T. J.


401


Nichols, William 350


Nixon, R. H. 381


Nolan, Madison


421


Norris, John


385


0.


Osborn, James


.498


Osmon, J. B


.479


P.


Parrett, J. W .356


Pearman, Adam .510


Peer, John .382


Peer, J. L.


.486


Peer, Robert.


502


Peters, J. C.


470


Peters, J. L. . 475


Pinson, A. J 507


Pinson, T. P. 504


Ponton, J. T. 359


Ponton, O. P. M .355


Porter, W. L. .342


Porter, W. W


380


Potts, C. P. .


.314


Pritchard, Elias


.313


SAMMAN


CONTENTS.


R.


Ranger, D. A 469


Redman, J. W 489


Reed, D. A. 373


Reed, L. JI 520


Reeder, J. W . .405


Reynolds, G. II.


.360


Rheuby, William. .415


Rhoads, M. G .327


Rice, Isaac. 474


Rice, W. Y. .460


Richardson, John .. 438


Richardson, J. B 381


Riley, F. M. 364


Roberts, James.


359


Rodgers, Elisha


.497


Rogers, J. O. .327


Rogers, J. S.


.333


Rucker, R. M. 487


Rudy, M. J ... 325


Runyan, Daniel .350


Rush, Fred. 338


Rush, James


.314


Russell, William


501


S.


Samuels, S. II. 391


Sanders, H. E. 456


Sanders, J. A. 492


Sawyer, J. C .335


Saxton, G. W.


.517


Scott, L. S. 418


Scott, M. W. 333


Sears, Daniel 456


Sears, R. B. .352


Sexton, Abel.


.433


Shelato, W. A.


483


Shepard, Lewis.


389


Shew, Eli


431


Shew, Henry. 491


Shew, Leonard. 430


Shute, Daniel.


339


Shute, Ephraim


440


Skidmore, G. F


423


Skidmore, John 509


Skidmore, Josiah .378


Skidmore, T. J .. 387


Skidmore, William .376


Skidmore, W. HI 399


Sla er, William 374


Smith, David .461


Smith, James .437


Smith, J. M. 427


Smith, J. L. 254


Sparks, E. G. 439


Sparks, G. B. . . 454


Spotswood, E. T. .467


Sprouls, Andrew 479


Stahl, J. R. 481


Stokes, R. B. 328


Strain, D. E .422


Stultz, G. W.


.424


Sturn, Henry


.349


Stutler, J. C .. .401


Swinehart, R. H.


372


Switzer, Wesley 434


T.


Thomas, J. L.


480


Thompson, Thomas


375


Tillotson, D. G.


476


Tillotson, G. B.


478


Tipton, Captain.


511


Todd, S. N. 464 |


U.


Underwood, Jacob.


. . 411


V.


Vansickle, Edgar


. . .


.50G


W.


Eugene Township. .278


Highland Township 288


Perrysville.


992


Pioneers


.302


PORTRAITS.


Adams, Jolın. 15


Adams, John Quincy 39


Arthur, Chester A. 112 Buchanan, James 81


Cleveland, Grover. .- 116


Colfax, Schuyler


168


Collett, John 310


Madison, James .. 27 Davis, S. B .. .266


Fillmore, Millard 73


Garfield, James A. 108


Grant, Ulysses S ...


97


Harrison, William Henry.


57


Hayes, Rutherford B. 103


Hendricks, Thomas A 164


Jackson, Andrew. 46


Jefferson, Thomas. 21


Johnson, Andrew.


92


Kinderman, Alexander


332


Lincoln, Abraham.


S5


Monroe, James 33


Morgan, B. H . . 445


Morton, Oliver P.


160


Owen, Robert Dale .:


176


Pierce, Franklin 77


Polk, James K. 65


Riley, F. M .. .366


Riley, Mrs. M. M 367


Taylor, Zachary 69


Tyler, John. 61


Van Buren, Martin. 53


Washington, George 8


Walker, Charles P. 419


Whitcomb, A. L .. 471


Williams, James D


172


Wright, William


393


Ward, C. W ... : .338


Washburn, J. Q. 341


Watkins, H. T. 424


Watson, G. L.


454


Watson, G. W.


407


Weatherwax, Solomon 503


Wells, George. 488


Wells, Horace. 485


Whipple, L. R. .342


Whitcomb, A. L 470


Whitcomb, John 457


Staats, J. II . 512 White, J. A. 509


White, R. M. 387


Whited, J. W 494


Whitted, Enoch 400


Wilson, J. H.


463


Wood, William 408


Wright, F. M ... 403


Wright, L. H. 506


Wright, John. 315


Wright, Milton.


484


Wright, William


392


Z.


Zerner, Adam


....... 476


GENERAL HISTORY.


Introductory


183


Aboriginal ..


188


Governmental 200


The Civil War 214


Miscellaneous. .


221


Clinton Township. 230


Helt Township. 242


Vermillion Township. 257


Wade, A. H ..


.337


Walker, C. P.


.418


Walter, Frederick .334


Walthall, T. E .. 505


Walthall, W. B 443


PRESIDENTS


OF THE


IDIVED STATES.


- -


-


АЛАЛЛАЛААЛАЛ


9


GEORGE WASHINGTON.


GEORGE WASHINGTON.


YO


EORGE WASHING- TON, the " Father of his Country" and its first President, 1789- '97, was born Febru- ary 22, 1732, in Wash- ington Parish, West- moreland County, Virginia. His father, Augustine Wash- ington, first married Jane But- ler, who bore him four chil- dren, and March 6, 1730, he married Mary Ball. Of six children by his second mar- riage, George was the eldest, the others being Betty, Samuel, John, Au- gustine, Charles and Mildred, of whom the youngest died in infancy. Little is known of the early years of Washington, beyond the fact that the house in which he was born was burned during his early child- hood, and that his father thereupon moved to another farm, inherited from his paternal ancestors, situated in Stafford County, on the north bank of the Rappahannock, where he acted as agent of the Principio Iron Works in the immediate vicinity, and died there in 1743.


From earliest childhood George devel- oped a noble character. He had a vigorous constitution, a fine form, and great bodily strength. His education was somewhat de-


fective, being confined to the elementary branches taught him by his mother and at a neighboring school. He developed, how- ever, a fondness for mathematics, and en- joyed in that branch the instructions of a private teacher. On leaving school he re- sided for some time at Mount Vernon with his half brother, Lawrence, who acted as his guardian, and who had married a daugh- ter of his neighbor at Belvoir on the Poto- mac, the wealthy William Fairfax, for some time president of the executive council of the colony. Both Fairfax and his son-in-law, Lawrence Washington, had served with dis- tinction in 1740 as officers of an American battalion at the siege of Carthagena, and were friends and correspondents of Admiral Vernon, for whom the latter's residence on the Potomac has been named. George's inclinations were for a similar career, and a midshipman's warrant was procured for him, probably through the influence of the Admiral; but through the opposition of his mother the project was abandoned. The family connection with the Fairfaxes, how- ever, opened another career for the young man, who, at the age of sixteen, was ap- pointed surveyor to the immense estates of the eccentric Lord Fairfax, who was then on a visit at Belvoir, and who shortly after- ward established his baronial residence at Greenway Court, in the Shenandoah Valley.


10


PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.


Three years were passed by young Wash- ington in a rough frontier life, gaining ex- perience which afterward proved very es- sential to him.


In 1751, when the Virginia militia were put under training with a view to active service against France, Washington, though only nineteen years of age, was appointed Adjutant with the rank of Major. In Sep- tember of that year the failing health of Lawrence Washington rendered it neces- sary for him to seek a warmer climate, and George accompanied him in a voyage to Barbadoes. They returned early in 1752, and Lawrence shortly afterward died, leav- ing his large property to an infant daughter. In his will George was named one of the executors and as eventual heir to Mount Vernon, and by the death of the infant niece soon succeeded to that estate.


On the arrival of Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia in 1752 the militia was reorganized, and the prov- ince divided into four districts. Washing- ton was commissioned by Dinwiddie Adju- tant-General of the Northern District in 1753, and in November of that year a most important as well as hazardous mission was assigned him. This was to proceed to the Canadian posts recently established on French Creek, near Lake Erie, to demand in the name of the King of England the withdrawal of the French from a territory claimed by Virginia. This enterprise had been declined by more than one officer, since it involved a journey through an ex- tensive and almost unexplored wilderness in the occupancy of savage Indian tribes, either hostile to the English, or of doubtful attachment. Major Washington, however, accepted the commission with alacrity ; and, accompanied by Captain Gist, he reached Fort Le Bœuf on French Creek, delivered his dispatches and received reply, which, of course, was a polite refusal to surrender the posts. This reply was of such a character


as to induce the Assembly of Virginia to authorize the executive to raise a regiment of 300 men for the purpose of maintaining the asserted rights of the British crown over the territory claimed. As Washing- ton declined to be a candidate for that post, the command of this regiment was given to Colonel Joshua Fry, and Major Washing- ton, at his own request, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel. On the march to Ohio, news was received that a party previously sent to build a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela with the Ohio had been driven back by a considerable French force, which had completed the work there be- gun, and named it Fort Duquesne, in honor of the Marquis Duquesne, then Governor of Canada. This was the beginning of the great "French and Indian war," which con- tinued seven years. On the death of Colonel Fry, Washington succeeded to the com- mand of the regiment, and so well did he fulfill his trust that the Virginia Assembly commissioned him as Commander-in-Chief of all the forces raised in the colony.


A cessation of all Indian hostility on the frontier having followed the expulsion of the French from the Ohio, the object of Washington was accomplished and he re- signed his commission as Commander-in- Chief of the Virginia forces. He then pro- ceeded to Williamsburg to take his seat in the General Assembly, of which he had been elected a member.


January 17, 1759, Washington married Mrs. Martha (Dandridge) Custis, a young and beautiful widow of great wealth, and de- voted himself for the ensuing fifteen years to the quiet pursuits of agriculture, inter- rupted only by his annual attendance in winter upon the Colonial Legislature at Williamsburg, until summoned by his country to enter upon that other arena in which his fame was to become world wide.


It is unnecessary here to trace the details of the struggle upon the question of local


-


İİ


GEORGE WASHINGTON.


self-government, which, after ten years, cul- minated by act of Parliament of the port of Boston. It was at the instance of Virginia that a congress of all the colonies was called to meet at Philadelphia September 5, 1774, to secure their common liberties-if possible by peaceful means. To this Congress Colonel Washington was sent as a dele- gate. On dissolving in October, it recom- mended the colonies to send deputies to another Congress the following spring. In the meantime several of the colonies felt impelled to raise local forces to repel in- sults and aggressions on the part of British troops, so that on the assembling of the next Congress, May 10, 1775, the war prepara- tions of the mother country were unmis- takable. The battles of Concord and Lex- ington had been fought. Among the earliest acts, therefore, of the Congress was the selection of a commander-in-chief of the colonial forces. This office was unani- mously conferred upon Washington, still a member of the Congress. He accepted it on June 19, but on the express condition he should receive no salary.


He immediately repaired to the vicinity of Boston, against which point the British ministry had concentrated their forces. As early as April General Gage had 3,000 troops in and around this proscribed city. During the fall and winter the British policy clearly indicated a purpose to divide pub- lic sentiment and to build up a British party in the colonies. Those who sided with the ministry were stigmatized by the patriots as " Tories," while the patriots took to them- selves the name of " Whigs."


As early as 1776 the leading men had come to the conclusion that there was no hope except in separation and indepen- dence. In May of that year Washington wrote from the head of the army in New York: " A reconciliation with Great Brit- ain is impossible. .


. When I took command of the army, I abhorred the idea


of independence ; but I am now fully satis- fied that nothing else will save us."


It is not the object of this sketch to trace the military acts of the patriot hero, to whose hands the fortunes and liberties of the United States were confided during the seven years' bloody struggle that ensued until the treaty of 1783, in which England acknowledged the independence of each of the thirteen States, and negotiated with them, jointly, as separate sovereignties. The merits of Washington as a military chief- tain have been considerably discussed, espe- cially by writers in his own country .. Dur- ing the war he was most bitterly assailed for incompetency, and great efforts were made to displace him; but he never for a moment lost the confidence of either the Congress or the people. December 4, 1783, the great commander took leave of his offi- cers in most affectionate and patriotic terms, and went to Annapolis, Maryland, where the Congress of the States was in session, and to that body, when peace and order prevailed everywhere, resigned his com- mission and retired to Mount Vernon.


It was in 1788 that Washington was called to the chief magistracy of the nation. He received every electoral vote cast in all the colleges of the States voting for the office of President. The 4th of March, 1789, was the time appointed for the Government of the United States to begin its operations, but several weeks elapsed before quorums of both the newly constituted houses of the Congress were assembled. The city of New York was the place where the Congress then met. April 16 Washington left his home to enter upon the discharge of his new duties. He set out with a purpose of traveling privately, and without attracting any public attention ; but this was impossi- ble. Everywhere on his way he was met with thronging crowds, eager to see the man whom they regarded as the chief de- fender of their liberties, and everywhere


12


PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.


he was hailed with those public manifesta- tions of joy, regard and love which spring spontaneously from the hearts of an affec- tionate and grateful people. His reception in New York was marked by a grandeur and an enthusiasm never before witnessed in that metropolis. The inauguration took place April 30, in the presence of an immense multitude which had assembled to witness the new and imposing ceremony. The oath of office was administered by Robert R. Livingston, Chancellor of the State. When this sacred pledge was given, he retired with the other officials into the Senate chamber, where he delivered his inaugural address to both houses of the newly con- stituted Congress in joint assembly.


In the manifold details of his civil ad- ministration, Washington proved himself equal to the requirements of his position. The greater portion of the first session of the first Congress was occupied in passing the necessary statutes for putting the new organization into complete operation. In the discussions brought up in the course of this legislation the nature and character of the new system came under general review. On no one of them did any decided antago- nism of opinion arise. All held it to be a limited government, clothed only with spe- cific powers conferred by delegation from the States. There was no change in the name of the legislative department ; it still remained "the Congress of the United States of America." There was no change in the original flag of the country, and none in the seal, which still remains with the Grecian escutcheon borne by the eagle, with other emblems, under the great and expressive motto, " E Pluribus Unum."


The first division of parties arose upon the manner of construing the powers dele- gated, and they were first styled "strict constructionists" and " latitudinarian con- structionists." The former were for con- fining the action of the Government strictly


within its specific and limited sphere, while the others were for enlarging its powers by inference and implication. Hamilton and Jefferson, both members of the first cabinet. were regarded as the chief leaders, respect ively, of these rising antagonistic parties which have existed, under different names, from that day to this. Washington was re- garded as holding a neutral position between them, though, by mature deliberation, he vetoed the first apportionment bill, in 1790, passed by the party headed by Hamilton, which was based upon a principle construct- ively leading to centralization or consoli- dation. This was the first exercise of the veto power under the present Constitution. It created considerable excitement at the time. Another bill was soon passed in pur- suance of Mr. Jefferson's views, which has been adhered to in principle in every ap- portionment act passed since.


At the second session of the new Con- gress, Washington announced the gratify- ing fact of "the accession of North Caro- lina" to the Constitution of 1787, and June I of the same year he announced by special message the like " accession of the State of Rhode Island," with his congratulations on the happy event which " united under the general Government" all the States which were originally confederated.


In 1792, at the second Presidential elec- tion, Washington was desirous to retire ; but he yielded to the general wish of the country, and was again chosen President by the unanimous vote of every electoral college. At the third election, 1796, he was again most urgently entreated to consent to remain in the executive chair. This he positively refused. In September, before the election, he gave to his countrymen bis memorable Farewell Address, which in lan- guage, sentiment and patriotism was a fit and crowning glory of his illustrious life. After March 4, 1797, he again retired to Mount Vernon for peace, quiet and repose.


13


GEORGE WASHINGTON.


His administration for the two terms had been successful beyond the expectation and hopes of even the most sanguine of his friends. The finances of the country were no longer in an embarrassed condition, the public credit was fully restored, life was given to every department of industry, the workings of the new system in allowing Congress to raise revenue from duties on imports proved to be not only harmonious in its federal action, but astonishing in its results upon the commerce and trade of all the States. The exports from the Union increased from $19,000,000 to over $56,000,- 000 per annum, while the imports increased in about the same proportion. Three new members had been added to the Union. The progress of the States in their new career under their new organization thus far was exceedingly encouraging, not only to the friends of liberty within their own limits, but to their sympathizing allies in all climes and countries.


Of the call again made on this illustrious


chief to quit his repose at Mount Vernon and take command of all the United States forces, with the rank of Lieutenant-General, when war was threatened with France in 1798, nothing need here be stated, except to note the fact as an unmistakable testimo- nial of the high regard in which he was still held by his countrymen, of all shades of po- litical opinion. He patriotically accepted this trust, but a treaty of peace put a stop to all action under it. He again retired to Mount Vernon, where, after a short and severe illness, he died December 14, 1799, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. The whole country was filled with gloom by this sad intelligence. Men of all parties in poli- tics and creeds in religion, in every State in the Union, united with Congress in " pay- ing honor to the man, first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country- men."




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