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VAWTER MEMORIAL, FRANKLIN
History of Johnson County, Indiana
Elba L. Branigin
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HISTORY
OF
JOHNSON COUNTY INDIANA
BY ELBA L. BRANIGIN, A. M. T
ILLUSTRATED
1913 B. F. BOWEN & CO., INC. INDIANAPOLIS
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THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY 376328A ASTOR, LENOX ANB TILDEN FOUNDATIONS A 1988 L
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DEDICATION. This work is respectfully dedicated to THE PIONEERS, long since departed. May the memory of those who laid down their burdens by the wayside ever be fragrant as the breath of summer flowers, for their toils and sacrifices have made Johnson County a garden of sun- shine and delights.
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PREFACE
All life and achievement is evolution; present wisdom comes from past experience, and present commercial prosperity has come only from past exer- tion and suffering. The deeds and motives of the men that have gone before have been instrumental in shaping the destinies of later communities and states. The development of a new country was at once a task and a privi- lege. It required great courage, sacrifice and privation. Compare the pres- ent conditions of the people of Johnson county, Indiana, with what they were one hundred years ago. From a trackless wilderness and virgin land, it has come to be a center of prosperity and civilization, with millions of wealth, systems of railways, grand educational institutions, splendid indus- tries and immense agricultural productions. Can any thinking person be insensible to the fascination of the study which discloses the aspirations and efforts of the early pioneers who so strongly laid the foundation upon which has been reared the magnificent prosperity of later days? To perpetuate the story of these people and to trace and record the social, political and industrial progress of the community from its first inception is the function of the local historian. A sincere purpose to preserve facts and personal memoirs that are deserving of perpetuation, and which unite the present to the past, is the motive for the present publication. A specially valuable and interesting de- partment is that one devoted to the sketches of representative citizens of this county whose records deserve preservation because of their worth, effort and accomplishment. The publishers desire to extend their thanks to the gentle- men who have so faithfully labored to this end. Thanks are also due to the citizens of Johnson county for the uniform kindness with which they have regarded this undertaking and for their many services rendered in the gain- ing of necessary information.
In placing the "History of Johnson County, Indiana,"' before the citizens, the publishers can conscientiously claim that they have carried out the plan as outlined in the prospectus. Every biographical sketch in the work has been submitted to the party interested, for correction, and therefore any error of fact, if there be any, is solely due to the person for whom the sketch was prepared. Confident that our effort to please will fully meet the approbation of the public, we are,
Respectfully,
THE PUBLISHERS.
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER I-INDIANA HISTORY-A FOREWORD. 25 The Mound Builders-Isolation of Johnson County Territory in Early Days- Indian Occupation-Original Ownership and Cession of Territory-First Gov- ernment-First Constitution-Early Elections-Later Ones-Changes in the Statute Law-Political and Moral Reforms-Indiana's Rank Among Her Sister States.
CHAPTER II-ORGANIZATION OF COUNTY-GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY 34 Early Boundary Lines-Early Trails-"Whetzel's Trace"-The Great Gulf- The Indian Trail-County Organization-The Tide of Immigration-George King-Bill Creating Johnson County-Drainage-Geology-Climate-Agricul- ture.
CHAPTER III-TOWNSHIPS AND THEIR OFFICERS. 55 Civil and School Townships-Township Trustee-Poor Relief-Advisory Boards-Township Assessors-Road Supervisors-Justices of the Peace-Con- stables-Township Boundaries-Township Officers.
CHAPTER IV-COUNTY BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS 65
First Court House-First Term of Court-The Second Court House-Third Court House -- Destruction by Fire-Present Building-County Jail-Poor Asylum-Orphan Asylum-Fair Grounds-County Fairs-County Seminary- Soldiers' Home Cottage.
CHAPTER V-COUNTY OFFICERS. 85 Constitutional Provisions-Public Accounting Law-County Commissioners- County Council-Auditor-Treasurer-Clerk of Court-Sheriff-Recorder- Coroner-Surveyor-Assessor-Superintendent of Schools-Other Officers.
CHAPTER VI-BENCH AND BAR. 125 Judges of Circuit Court-Early Criminal Cases-Judge William W. Wick- Personal Mention of Later Judges-Associate Justices-Probate Judges-Com- mon Pleas Court-Johnson County Lawyers-Present Roster of the Bar- Prosecuting Attorneys.
CHAPTER VII-EARLY SETTLERS AND INCIDENTS. 162 An Early Description of Franklin-Condition of the Roads-Blue River Town- ship-Nineveh Township-Franklin Township-White River Township-Pleas- ant Township-Hensley Township-Union Township-Clark Township. CHAPTER VIII-EARLY LIFE AND CUSTOMS. 199 First Log Cabins-Neighborly Spirit Among the Pioneers-Difficulties and Hardships-Wild Animals-Hunting-First Orchards-Labor in the Home- Early Farming Implements-Pioneer Diversions.
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CHAPTER IX-EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. 215 Provisions of Ordinance of 1787-Local Provisions-School Law of 1831- Public Sentiment in Relation to Free Schools-Sketches of Early Schools- First Schools in Indiana and in Johnson County-Early Customs-Qualifica- tions of Pioneer Teachers-Early Text Books-"Barring Out" the Teacher- Libraries-Franklin Public Library-Academies and Seminaries- Hopewell Academy-Township High Schools-Franklin Township High School-Teach- ers and Graduates-Hensley Township Graded School-Union Township High School-Clark Township Graded High School-White River Township Graded School-Franklin Schools-Colored School-School Officers-Franklin Col- lege-A Long and Creditable History-College Organizations-College Officers . and President-Professors-Indiana Baptist Manual Labor Institute.
CHAPTER X-CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS HISTORY. 304 First Religious Services-First Sunday School-Early Planting of Churches- Franklin Presbyterian Church-Greenwood Presbyterian Church-Address of Rev. P. S. Cleland-Hopewell Presbyterian Church-Bethany, Shiloh, Edin- burg and New Pisgah Churches-Shiloh Cumberland Presbyterian Church- First Baptist Church of Franklin-Baptist Churches at Greenwood, Amity, Trafalgar, Franklin Township, Mt. Pleasant, Hurricane, Beech Grove, Lick Springs, Whiteland-Primitive Baptists at Bethel, Bethlehem, Union Town- ship-Christian Churches at Franklin, Edinburg, Williamsburg, Greenwood, Trafalgar, Nineveh Township, Clarksburg, Mt. Carmel, Samaria, Union Village, Bluff Creek, Bargersville, Union Township, White River Township, Mt. Pleasant, Young's Creek-Franklin Methodist Episcopal Church-Edinburg, Williamsburg, Glade, Greenwood, Whiteland, Fairview, Mt. Auburn, Trafalgar, Wesley Chapel, Friendship, Salem, Rock Lane and African Churches-Jollity Methodist Protestant Church, and the Societies at Mt. Zion and Pleasant Hill-United Brethren Churches-The Catholic Church-Christian Scientists.
CHAPTER XI-LODGES AND FRATERNAL ORDERS 381 Free and Accepted Masons-Knights of Pythias-Independent Order of Odd Fellows-Modern Woodmen of America-Improved Order of Red Men.
CHAPTER XII-BANKS AND BANKING. 393 Indiana Farmers Bank, the First in the County-Franklin National Bank- Citizens National Bank-Union Trust Compay-Farmers Trust Company- A. C. Thompson & Co., Edinburg-First National Bank, Greenwood-Citizens National Bank-Whiteland National Bank-Farmers National Bank, Trafal- gar-Farmers State Bank, Bargersville-Mutual Building and Loan Associa- tion-Franklin Building and Loan Association.
CHAPTER XIII-JOURNALISM IN JOHNSON COUNTY. 411 First Attempt-Franklin Examiner, the Pioneer Newspaper -- Patriotic Litera- ture-War-time Incidents-Subsequent Newspapers.
CHAPTER XIV-JOHNSON COUNTY AND THE CIVIL WAR. 420 An Honorable Record-Diaries and Letters of Samuel W. Van Nuys, of Com- pany F, Seventh Indiana Regiment-Account of His Death-A Vivid Recital of Incidents and Events at "the Front."
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CHAPTER XV-PHYSICIANS AND MEDICAL PRACTICE. 486 Origin of First Settlers Here-Health Conditions-Epidemic and Prevalent Diseases-Medical Treatment Among the Pioneers-Superstition-Early Phy- sicians-Their Difficulties, Treatment and Remuneration-Personal Mention.
CHAPTER XVI-HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION. 517 Early Traveling Inconveniences-Tolls-First Bridges-Stage Coach Route- Plank Roads-Gravel Roads-The First Railroad-Later Roads-The Inter- urban Line-Telegraph and Telephone Lines-Assessed Mileage.
CHAPTER XVII-CITIES AND TOWNS. 524 County Seat Location-George King's First Visit to Franklin-First Settlers at Franklin-Enumerations-Incorporation-Public Improvements-Edinburg -Early Merchants-Incorporation-Officers-Schools-Greenwood-Incorpora- tion and Officers-Public Utilities-Schools-Whiteland-Trafalgar-Other Towns.
APPENDIX 534 Officers of City of Franklin-Population Statistics-Johnson County Business Directory-City and Town Plats-Official Vote Democratic Primary Elections, 1900 to 1912.
BIOGRAPHICAL
559
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HISTORICAL INDEX
Academies and Seminaries 249
Accounting Law 86
Christian Science Church 380
Admission as a State 27
Church History 304
Circuit Judges
125
Agriculture
54
Circuit Riding Lawyers
130
Amity Baptist Church 344
Amity Business Directory 544
Amity Plats 549
Appendix 534
Assessed Mileage
523
Assessors
59
Associate Judges
144
Auditor
93
B
Ballot Laws 29
Banks and Banking 393
Banta, Judge David D. 139
Baptist Churches
340
Bargersville Business Directory
543
Bargersville Plats
549
Beech Grove Baptist Church. 347
Beech Grove Christian Church 365
Bench and Bar
125
Counties, Original 28
County Assessor
117
County Attorney 123
County Auditor
93
County Buildings
65
County Commissioners 87
County Council
91
County Officers
85
Boundaries of Townships 60
Bridges, Early
517
Business Directory
538
C
Candle-making 201
Catholic Church 379
Charities, Board of
122
Christian Churches
351
Citizens National Bank, Franklin 396 Citizens National Bank, Greenwood .. 402
City and Town Plats
544
Civil Townships 55
Clark Township
195
Clark Township High School 265
Clarksburg Christian Church. 362
Clarksburg Plat 549
Clerk of Circuit Court
99
Climate
College Organizations
298
Commissioners
87
Common Pleas Court
Condition of Roads
165
Constables
60
Constitutional Convention
27
Coroner
112
Bethany Presbyterian Church 337
Bethel Prim. Baptist Church. 349
Bethel U. B. Church 378
Bethlehem Prim. Baptist Church
350
Blue River Township
168
Bluff Creek Christian Church 364
Board of Charities 122
Boundaries of State 27
County Organization
43
County Physician
122
County Recorder
110
County Seat Location
524
County Seminary
83
County Superintendent 119
County Surveyor 113
County Treasurer
95
Court House Destroyed
69
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Colored Schools
275
145
Advisory Board 58
Cities and Towns
524
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Court Houses
65
Court Reporter 122
Crops
54
D
Democratic Primary Vote
551
Destruction of Court House.
69
Domestic Animals 54
Drainage
49
E
Earliest Baptist Church
307
Early Bridges
517
Early Doctors
507
Early Farm Implements
212
Early Lawyers
135
Early Life and Customs
199
Early Railroads
520
Edinburg Baptist Church, Colored ..
348
Edinburg Business Directory
540
Edinburg Catholic Church 379
Edinburg Christian Church
357
Edinburg, Growth of
529
Edinburg M. E. Church
367
Edinburg, Officers of
530
Edinburg Plats
546
Edinburg Presbyterian Church.
338
Edinburg, Public Utilities 530
Edinburg Schools
531
Educational Interests
215
Edwards Plat
550
Election Laws
29
Elections, Presidential 28
Electric Lines
521
Epidemics, Early
487
F
Fair Grounds
76
Fairs
76
Fairview M. E. Church
371
Far West Plat
550
Farmers National Bank, Trafalgar ..
404
Farmers State Bank, Bargersville ..
406
Farmers Trust Company
398
Finch, Judge Fabius M.
136
First Churches
304
First Court House
65
First National Bank, Greenwood.
..
401
First Newspaper
411
First Schools in Indiana 226
First Sunday School
304
First Territorial Governor 27
Flax
207
Flemingsburg Plats 550
Foreword
25
Franklin A. M. E. Church
375
Franklin Baptist Church
340
Franklin Baptist Church, Colored.
348
Franklin Building & Loan Assn ..
408
Franklin Business Directory
538
Franklin Christian Church
351
Franklin, City Assessor 535
Franklin, City Attorneys
535
Franklin, City Clerks
534
Franklin, City Marshals
534
.Franklin, City Officers
534
Franklin, City Treasurers 534
Franklin College
279
Franklin, Councilmen
535
Franklin, Early Incidents
162
Franklin, Enumeration
526
Franklin, First Lot Sale
525
Franklin, First Settlers
526
Franklin, Incorporation
526
Franklin, Mayors
534
Franklin M. E. Church
366
Franklin National Bank
394
Franklin Plats
544
Franklin Presbyterian Church
308
Franklin, Public Improvement
527
Franklin Public Library
248
Franklin School Officers 275
Franklin Schools
266
Franklin Township
175
Franklin Township High School.
255
Fraternal Orders
381
Free and Accepted Masons
381
Friendship M. E. Church
374
G
Geological Features
52
Glade M. E. Church
369
Gravel Roads
519
Great Gulf
37
Greek-letter Fraternities
300
Greenwood Baptist Church
343
Greenwood Business Directory
541
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HISTORICAL INDEX.
Greenwood Christian Church
359
Greenwood, Incorporation
531
Greenwood M. E. Church
369
Greenwood, Officers
531
Greenwood Plats
547
Greenwood Presbyterian Church
311
Greenwood, Public Improvements.
531
Greenwood Schools
532
H
Hagersville Church
364
Hardin, Franklin
37
Hensley Township
188
Hensley Township Graded School.
261
Hicks, Gilderoy
149
Highways
517
Honey Creek U. B. Church.
378
Hopewell Academy
250
Hopewell High School
256
Hopewell Presbyterian Church.
336
Hunter, Anderson B.
152
Huricane Baptist Churches
346
I
Implements, Early Farm
212
Improved Order of Red Men
392
Independent Order of Odd Fellows ..
388
Indian Occupation
26
Indian Trail
40
Indiana Boundaries
27
Indiana Farmers Bank
393
Indiana's Rank
33
Interurban Lines
521
J
Jail
70
Johnson County and the War
420
Johnson County Fairs
76
Johnson County Seminary
249
Johnson County Statistics
537
Jollity M. E. Church
375
Journalism
411
Judges, Associate
144
Judges of Circuit Court.
125
Judges of Probate Court
145
Jury Commissioners
122
Justice of Peace
59
K
Kentucky Indian Trail
40
King, George
43, 524
Knights of Pythias
386
L
Lancaster Plat
550
Lawyers, Roster of Present
160
Libraries
246
Lick Springs Baptist Church
348
Lodges
381
Log Houses, Building of
199
Log School House
220
Loper's Cabin
38
M
Masonic Order
381
Mauxferry Road
28
Medical History
486
Methodist Episcopal Churches
366
Military Record
420
Modern Woodmen of America
391
Mound Builders
25
Mt. Auburn M. E. Church
371
Mt. Carmel Christian Church.
362
Mt. Pleasant Baptist Churches
345
Mt. Pleasant Christian Church.
365
Mt. Zion Baptist Church
345
Mt. Zion M. E. Church
376
Mutual Building & Loan Assn.
407
N
Natural Features
49
Needham Business Directory
543
Needham Plat
550
New Bargersville Plats
549
Newburg Plats
549
New Hope Christian Church
365
New Pisgah Presbyterian Church
339
Newspapers
411
Nineveh Business Directory.
543
Nineveh Township
172
0
Odd Fellows
388
Officers, County
85
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HISTORICAL INDEX.
Officers of Township
55
Olive Branch U. B. Church
379
Sheriff
106
Ordinance of 1787 26
Organization of County 43
Original Counties
28
Orphan Asylum
75
Overstreet, Gabriel M. 151
Overstreet, Jesse
159
Oyler, Samuel P.
138
P
Physicians
486
Plank Roads
518
Plats, City and Town
544
Plattsburg Plat
550
Pleasant Hill M. E. Church
377
Pleasant Township
185
Poor Asylum
72
Population Statistics
537
Poultry
54
Presbyterian Churches
308
Presidential Elections
28
Press, The
411
Primary Vote, Democratic
551
Probate Judges
145
Prosecuting Attorneys
161
Public Utilities Law
31
R
Railroads
520
Recorder
110
Religious History
304
Road Improvements
519
Road Supervisors
59
Roads, Condition of
165
Rocklane Business Directory
544
Rocklane M. E. Church
374
S
Salem M. E. Church
374
Samaria Christian Church
363
Samaria Plats
549
School Enumeration
272
School History
215
School Law of 1831
217
School Townships
55
Seminary, County 83
Shiloh Cumb. Pres. Church 340
Shiloh Presbyterian Church 337
Slater, John
150
Soldiers' Home Cottage 84
South Stott's Creek Churches. .. 350, 351
Stage Coach Route
517
State Boundaries
27
Statistics
537
Streams
49
Superintendent, County
119
Supervisors
59
T
Teachers, Early
134
Telegraph Lines
522
Temperance Movements
32
Temperature
53
Territorial Government
26
Thompson & Co. Bank
400
Toll Roads
519
Town Plats
544
Township Assessors
59
Township Boundaries
60
Township High Schools
253
Township History
55
Township Organization
55
Trafalgar
532
Trafalgar Business Directory
542
Trafalgar Christian Church
360
Trafalgar M. E. Church
372
Trafalgar Plats
548
Transportation
517
Truant Officer
123
Trustee, Township
56
U
Union Christian Church
361
Union Township
191
Union Township High School
263
Union Trust Company
397
Union Village Church
363
Union Village Plats
549
United Brethren Churches
378
Unusual Laws
30
Urmeyville Plat
550
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HISTORICAL INDEX.
V
Van Nuys, Samuel W.
420
Virginia's Claim 26
Vote, Democratic Primaries
551
W
Wesley Chapel M. E. Church ...
373
West Whiteland Business Directory. 542
Whetzel, Jacob
34
Whetzel's Trace
34
White River Township
178
White River Township Graded School 265
Whiteland
532
Whiteland Baptist Church
349
Whiteland Business Directory
542
Whiteland M. E. Church
370
Whiteland National Bank
403
Whiteland Plats
548
Wick, Judge W. W.
125
Wild Animals
204
Williamsburg Christian Church
359
Williamsburg M. E. Church
368
Williamsburg Plats
549
Woollen, Judge Thomas W.
147
Y
Young's Creek Christian Church .... 366
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BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX
Adcock, William
615
Aikens, W. W. 700
Alexander, Robert A.
559
B
Barlow, Hernan
776
Beatty, J. J.
735
Bohall, Everett R. 639
Boone, Charles J.
857
Bowden, Isaac W.
772
Branigin, Elba L.
568
Brewer, Daniel A. 703
Brewer, Edgar D.
813
Brewer, Edward G.
724
Brewer, Samuel E.
760
Bridges, Harry
582
Bridges, William A., Sr.
642
Brown, I. Newt
715
Brunnemer, Albert T.
730
Brunnemer, William J. 732
Byers, Arch W.
765
Byers, Henry S., Sr.
767
C
Calvin, John W.
632
Carnes, Mrs. Eliza Polk
670
Carnes, Zachariah
671
Chenoweth, Ephraim B.
740
Clary, J. J.
781
Cobb, Edward E. 640
Cook, Camilus B.
678
Covert, Albert N.
802
Covert, James G.
644
Covert, William D.
664
Craven, Thomas W.
660
Crawford, J. F.
621
Crecraft, Albert N.
612
Curry, Scott
744
Cutsinger, Martin
728
D
Deer, F. L.
861
Deitch, Samuel
686
Deupree, William E.
561
Devore, Chester T.
806
Dickson, John B.
753
Dickson, Mino 753
Ditmars, Cornelius L. 792
Ditmars, Garrett
820
Ditmars, John T.
720
Ditmars, John W.
712
Ditmars, Richard V.
666
Ditmars, William S.
805
Donnell, Rebecca Ditmars. 720
Dorrell, Daniel D.
723
Dorrell, Jacob G.
759
Dorrell, Thomas
742
Drybread, Ivory J.
654
Dunn, Oren C.
647
Durham, C. M.
752
E
Earnest, Elmore T.
770
F
Featherngill, William
608
Fendley, James A.
696
Fisher, William M.
786
Flinn, William
803
Foxworthy, John
726
Fulmer, John
757
G
Gilmore, James T.
682
Graham, John N.
574
Griffith, James L.
764
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1
1
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
H
Hall, Columbus H.
589
Hanley, Elijah A.
600
Harrell, William H. 714
Heck, George W.
762
Held, Christian
783
Henderson, Gilbert
800
Hicks, Alvin G.
808
Hill, Edward
812
Hughes, George
704
J
Jennings, William B.
688
Johnson, Grafton
570
Johnson, J. Albert 602
Johnson, Joseph
685
K
Kelly, J. H.
652
Kerlin, George W.
721
L
LaGrange, Peter D.
815
List, Albert
816
Lochry, Henry E.
850
Mc
McCartney, William D. 668
McCaslin, John A.
780
McCaslin, William E.
775
McClain, John C.
683
McClain, Squire H.
692
McClanahan, William H.
658
Mcclellan, Samuel J.
751
McQuinn, Thomas W.
778
M
Mathes, Miss Ellen S.
618
Mathes, William J.
616
Miller, Fremont
650
Miller, Robert M.
701
Mitchell, Samuel M.
790
Moormann, George A.
610
Mozingo, Milford
680
Mullendore, Frank R.
656
Mullendore, Lewis
634
Mullendore, William
633
N
Neible, W. L.
747
Noble, Thomas B. 859
Norton, T. Edward
706
O
Oliver, John
745
Oliver, William G.
605
Overstreet, John T.
773
Owen, A. W.
645
Owens, Fred R.
638
Owens, George, Sr.
789
Owens, Walter
717
Owens, William
798
P
Payne, Philander W.
580
Polk, James T.
59%
Powell, Chauncey J.
661
Pritchard, Henry R.
648
Province, Clarence
636
Province, Oran A.
626
Province, William M.
795
R
Ransdell, George W.
630
Records, John N.
618
Runkle, J.
738
Russell, William A.
768
8
Service, Robert A.
784
Sharp, O. B.
622
Sheek, D. W.
708
Sheetz, William J.
852
Shephard, Harry B.
818
Short, Luther
564
Short, Milton
565
Sibert, William F.
693
Simon, Ed
853
Simon, George W.
849
Slack, Elisha O.
577
Slack, L. Ert
576
Springer, W. O.
567
Stott, William T.
596
Digitized by
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
T
Tarlton, John H. 674
Terhune, Rufus W. 824
Thompson, A. C. 585
Thompson, J. A. 584
Threlkeld, William P.
718
Tracy, Mathew J.
749
Tucker, Wellbourne S. 635
Tyner, Richard H.
614
V
Vandivier, Elmer 787
Vandivier, Ira E. 809
Vandivier, Otis M. 821
Vandivier, Ozais E.
695
Van Dyke, John H.
595
Van Nuys, Watson M. 796
Vaught, Barney M.
794
Voris, M. J.
733
Voris, W. R.
607
W
Webb, David R. 676
Webb, Jesse C. 586
Weddle, John C. 710
Whitaker, James W. 756
White, George I. 810
White, Henry E. 623
White, W. H. 628
White, William W. 736
Wild, George W. 672
Williams, H. G. 855
Wilson, Daulton 624
Winterberg, Francis 663
Wood, Henry C. 670
Wooley, John H. 698
Wyrick, Ephraim W. 690
Wyrick, George W.
690
Digitized by
1
I
Digitized by Google
HISTORICAL
CHAPTER I.
INDIANA HISTORY-A FOREWORD.
With the history of the Mound Builders in prehistoric times, Johnson county history has little, if any, connection. Judge Banta, the leading au- thority in our annals, suggests that two mounds are to be found on Sugar creek, two miles above its mouth, and two low mounds in White River town- ship may be evidence of their work in this connection. The ones first re- ferred to lie just south of the Runkle graveyard. No excavations have ever been made, and it is only a surmise that they are the handiwork of the Mound Builders.
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