USA > Indiana > Pike County > History of Pike and Dubois counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, with biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc. : together with an extended history of the Northwest, the Indiana Territory, and the state of Indiana > Part 1
USA > Indiana > Dubois County > History of Pike and Dubois counties, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, with biographical sketches, reminiscences, notes, etc. : together with an extended history of the Northwest, the Indiana Territory, and the state of Indiana > Part 1
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M. L
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
Please check Index in back pocket of book after each use ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 00827 6773
HISTORY
OF
PIKE AND DUBOIS COUNTIES
INDIANA.
FROM THE EARLIEST TIME TO THE PRESENT ; WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, REMINISCENCES, NOTES,. ETC .; TOGETHER WITH AN EXTENDED HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST, THE INDIANA TERRITORY AND THE STATE OF INDIANA.
ILLUSTRATED.
A Reproduction by Unigraphic, Inc. 4400 Jackson Ave. Evansville, Indiana
CHICAGO: GOODSPEED BROS. & CO, PUBLISHERS, 1885.
1320222 PREFACE.
O UR history of Pike and Dubois Counties, after months of per- sistent, conscientious labor, is now completed. Every impor- tant field of research has been minutely scanned by those engaged in its preparation, and no subject of universal public value has been 4 omitted save where protracted effort failed to secure trustworthy re- Q sults. The impossibility of ingrafting upon the pages of this volume ! the vast fund of the counties' historic information, and the proper omission of many valueless details, have compelled the publishers to select such matters as are deemed of the greatest importance. Fully aware of our inability to furnish a perfect history from meager public documents, inaccurate private correspondence, and numberless con- flicting traditions. we make no pretension of having prepared a work devoid of blemish. Through the courtesy and the generous assist- ance met with everywhere, we have been enabled to rescue from oblivion the greater portion of important events that have transpired in past years. We feel assured that all thoughtful people in the counties, at present and in future, will recognize and appreciate the importance of the undertaking and the great public benefit that has - been accomplished.
It will be observed that a dry statement of fact has been avoided, and that the rich romance of border incident has been woven with statistical details, thus forming an attractive and graphic narrative, and lending beauty to the mechanical execution of the volume and ad- ditional value to it as a work for perusal. We claim superior excel- lence in our systematic manner of collecting material by workers in specialties; in the division of the subject matter into distinct and ap- propriate chapters; in the subdivision of the individual chapters into topics, and in the ample and comprehensive index. We also, with pride, call the attention of the public to the superb mechanical execu- tion of the volume. While we acknowledge the existence of unavoid- able errors, we have prepared a work fully up to the standard of our promises, and as accurate and comprehensive as could be expected under the circumstances.
December, 1885.
THE PUBLISHERS.
CONTENTS.
PART I .- HISTORY OF INDIANA.
CHAPTER I. PAGE.
PREHISTORIC RACES.
17
Antiquities.
19
Chinese, The ...
18
Discovery by Columbus.
33
Territorial Legislature, The First ..
84
Western Sun, The.
84
CHAPTER V.
ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE, ETC. 121
Amendment, The Fifteenth
Black Hawk War. ... 1.90
Constitution, Formation of the. 121
Campaigns Against the Indians. 128
Defeat of Black Hawk 130
Exodus of the Indians ..
General Assembly, The First .. 122
Guadalupe-llidalgo, Treaty of. 142
Harmony Community 134
Indian Titles 132
Immigration. 1.25
Lafayette, Action at 127
Land Sales
133
Mexican War, The. 136
Slavery
144
CHAPTER VI.
INDIANA IN THE REBELLION. 148
Batteries of Light Infantry 182
Battle Record of States. 188
Call to Arms, The ... 149
Colored Troops of Indiana ..
182
Calls of 1864. 177
Field, In the .
15º
Independent ('avalry Regiment
181
Morgan's Raid 170
Minute-Men .. 170
One Hundred Days' Men. 176
Regiments, Formation uf. 151
Regiments, Sketch of ... 153
Six Months' Regiments. 172
CHAPTER VII.
STATE AFFAIRS AFTER THE REBELLION .. 189
Agriculture 20
Coal 2
Divorce Laws 193
Finances 194
Geology 205
Internal Improvements. 199
Indiana Horticultural Society. 212
Indiana Pomological Society 213
Special Laws. 190
State Bank .... 196
State Board f Agriculture. 209
State Expositions 210
Wealth and Progress 197
CIIAPTER VIII.
EDUCATION AND BENEVOLENCE 215
Blind Institute, The 232
City School System. 218
Compensation of Teachers. 220
Denominational and Private Institu-
tions.
230
Deaf and Dumb Institute ..
Courts, Formation of .....
County Officers, Appointment of .. I19 Corydon, the Capitol. 117
Governor Posey. 117
Indiana in 1810. 84
Population in 1815. 118
Explorations hy the Whites. 37
Indians, The ... 31
Immigration, The First. 18
Immigration, The Second.
20
Pyramids, etc, The .. 21
Relics of the Mound-Builders. 93
Savage Customs
34
Tartars, The. 23
Vincennes
39
Wabash River, The 39
White Men, The First. 37
CHAPTER II.
NATIONAL POLICIES, ETC. 41
American Policy, The .. 46
Atrocity of the Savages 47
Burning of Hinton. 48
British Policy, The 46
Clark's Expedition.
52
French Scheme, The
41
Gilbault, Father.
G5
Government of the Northwest
67
Hamilton's C'areer 64
Liquor and Gaming Laws. 74
Missionaries, The atholic. 42
Ordinauce of 1787. 70
Pontiac's War.
46
Ruse Against the Indians.
Vigo, Francis 06
CHAPTER III.
OPERATIONS AGAINST THE INDIANS. 75
Battle at Peoria Lake. 104
Campaign of llarrisoo. 92
Cession Treaties. 93
Defeat of ~+. Clair 79
Defensive Operations
76
Expedition of Harmer 75
Expedition of Wayne .. 79
Expedition of St. Clair. 78
Expedition of Willianison 78
Fort Miami, Battle of. 80
Harrison and the lodians 87
Hopkins' Campaign 105
Kickapoo Town, Burning of .. 78
Maumee, Battle of. 75
Massacre at Pigeon Roost. 103
Mississinewa Town, Battle at. 106
Oratory, Tecumseh's .. 114
Prophet Town, Destruction of.
Peace with the Indians
106
Siege of Fort Wayne ... 10]
Siege of Fort Harrisou. 103
Tecumseh 111
Tippecanoe, Battle of. 98
War of 1812. 101
War of 1812, Close of the. 108
CHAPTER IV.
ORGANIZATION OF INDIANA TERRITORY.
Bank, Establishment of ..
Eoumeration of Scholars
Free School System, The ..
Funds, Management of the
PAGE.
vi
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Female Prison and Reformatory 241
House of Refuge, The 243
Insane Hospital, The .. 238
Northern Indiana Normal School. 229
Origin of School Funds.
221
. Purdue University.
224
School Statistics. 218
State University, The. 999
State Normal School 228
State Prison, South. 239
State Prison, North .. 240
Total School Funds 220
PART II .- HISTORY OF PIKE COUNTY.
CHAPTER I.
GEOLOOY
245
Economic Geology 249
Fossils 246
Local Details 247
Precious Minerala.
Paleozoic Geology. 250
246
Surface Features.
245
Streams .. 245
Section of the County 246
Section at Peteraburg.
247
Stone and Water. 250
Section at Pikesville.
248
·Section at Martin's Bank
249
CHAPTER II.
SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY 251
Arrest of Harrison 256
Adams Towoship. 260
Counterfeiting. 267
Clay Township. 257
Early Elections 253
Early Marriages. 268
Hunters and Trappers 252
Internal Improvements
266
Indian Stories.
268
Jefferson Township
253
Land Entries ..
257
Logan Township.
257
Mound-Builders' Works 270
Mills and Postoffices. 251
Militia Musters ..
25-4
Madison Township 255
Mineral Springs, Mines, etc.
258
Monroe Township.
259
Officers, The First
255
Settlers, The First. 251
" Snake Knob" 262
Underground Railroad 264
Voters, List of. 264
Wild Hogs 263
Wolf Hunting
262
Washington Grange. 260
CHAPTER III.
ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTY 273
Associate Judges. 687
Act of Creation .. 273
Agricultural Society
283
Auditors 287
Acts of the County Board
274
Boundary 274
Collectors and Commissioners
276
Court Houses and .Jails.
277
County and other Libraries. 285
Corouers 286
Clerks 287
Circuit Judges. 289
County Agents
289
County Commissioners
288
Defalcations. 279
Elections. 291
Finances 280
Falr Receipts and Expenses. 285
Justices of the Peace.
289
Later Acts of the Board
278
Later Finances 281
New Townships. 276
Probate Judges. 289
Population. 282
Paupers, The 282
Representatives 290
Recorders
287
Sheriffs 280
Surveyors 287
Senators
290
Treasurers.
287
Taxes
275
CHAPTER IV.
THE BENCH AND BAR 298
Ad Quod Damnum. 307
Admitted to Practice. 308
Change of Venue
301
Crime at Camp Meeting
300
Contested Election, Case of. 313
Compensation of Judges 304
Divorce Suit 307 Early Attorneys 305
First Grand Jurors. 299
First True Bill 299
Fornication. 309
Forgery, Cases of. 311
" Judge Lynch " 315
Judges, First .. 304
Kidnapping, Case of. 309
Official Negligence 310
Probate Court, First Session 315
Slander Suits. 302 Record of First Court 298
Various Cases enumerated 312
CHAPTER V.
MILITARY HISTORY 317
Aid to Soldiers and their Families 334
Eightieth Regiment 330
Fatalities of Regiment. 323
Fifty-eighth Regiment. 327
Forty-second Regiment 325
Incidents 330
331
Mexican War
319
Mustered Out
323
"Not worth a duro " 328
On "The March to the Sea "
326
One Hundred and Forty-third Regiment 333 One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Regi- ment 331
Officers of Regiment . 3.
Pike County in the War 320
Quota For Last Call. 334
Revolutionary Soldiers. 317
Rebellion, The Great 319
Sixty-fifth Regiment .. 329
Soldiers Furnished 333
Twenty-fourth Regiment 321
Twenty-seventh Band 324
CHAPTER VI.
TOWNS AND VILLAGES 335
Alexandria, I. irst Town. 335
Alfords 355
Algiers City
Arcadia 358
355
Augusta. 356
Arthur 356
Bauk .. 348
Business Men. 339
Commissioners, Report of .. 335
Cholera .. 340
First Sale of Lots. 336
Fires 346
Indiana Legion
PAGE.
vii
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
First Flat-boat
354
Hosmer.
354
Highbanka.
355
Incidents
353
Liquor, Rate of Prices
338
Lodge, I. O. O. F. 353
Manufacturing Enterprises 338
Merchants, First ..
338
CHAPTER VIII.
RELIGIOUS HISTORY 369
Baptists, General. 375
Bethlehem Congregation .. 371
Pikeville, Location
353
Cumberland Presbyterian Church. 370
Camp Meetings 369
First Ministers. 369
Flat Creek Church 376
379
Missionary Baptists.
379
Mount Pleasant Class
374
Methodist Church 372
Patoka Association 378
Pleasant Ridge Church 377
Presbyterian Church 380
Regular Baptists. 376
South Fork Church 377
Sabbath Schools 373
United Brethren 374
White River Church 378
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Clay. 464
Jefferson
Lockhart 431
Logan 461
Lockhart Schoola
358
Madison 439
Marion 449
Monroe 468
Patoka
413
384
PART III .- HISTORY OF DUBOIS COUNTY.
CHAPTER I.
GEOLOGY. 469
Coal Mines 474
Drainage 469
Fossila 471
Glass Sand 473
Act of Formation 483
Associate Judges 496
Auditora 496
Agricultural Society 498
County before Creation, The. 483
Commissioners' Districts. 487
County Buildings. 490
Clerks .. 495
Coronera 496
Division into Townships.
487
Donationa of Land, etc.
489
Election Returns. 499
Governors of Indiana Territory 50L
Governors of the State .. 501
Judges of the Supreme Court. 505
Location of the County Seat. 488
Later Public Buildings. 491
Lieutenant-Governors 502
New Townahlps 491
Origin of the Name Dubois. 484
Portersville 488
Proceedings of the Board 489
Poor Farm, The 490
Probate Judges 496
495
Representatives
496
Purchasers of Land
480
Slavery In Indiana ..
481
Squatters. 475
Settlers, The First 475
Tousaint Dubois 478
CHAPTER III.
ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTY 483
Auditors of State, 502
Attorney-Generals 505
Alterationa in Boundary
484
Local Details .. 472
470
Rock Houses. 471
Sandstone and Limestone. 474
Section of Paint Mine. 473
Section of the County 470
CHAPTER II.
SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. 475
Boone Townahip. 476
Block-houses. 477
Coon Skina. 482
Entries of Land. 481
Government Survey. 476
Harbison Township 481
Intoxicated Indiana .. 482
Incident of Gen. Harrison 478
Jall at Portersville, The. 479
Killing of an Indian, The 482
Land Entries.
476
"Mud-hole Trace"
475
Madison Township.
479
Recordera
Railroads 497
Representatives in Congress. .506
Surveyors 495
Sheriffa
495
Senators 499
367
Schoola in Clay 362
Schools, The First. 357
Shooting Deer.
360
Teachers and Their Peculiarities 364
Washington, School of.
365
Otwell. 356
Officers Chosen
345
Press, The .. 349
351
Pleasantville.
355
Petersburg, History of ..
335
Surveyed, When. 336
Secret Societies 346
Stendal 352
Town Council Proceedings ..
343
Union .. 353
Winslow, Location of.
354
CHAPTER VII.
EDUCATIONAL HISTORY 357
Alumni, High School 365
Blythe-Wood Academy. 367
Early Schools, Primitive Character 359
First Schoolhouses. 358
Free Schoola Provided For 361
First Teachers. 363
Hogs, Going to School 860
Incidents aod Anecdotes 357
Jefferson, Schools of 362
Logan, Number Pupila 362
List of School Booka 361
Madison Schools 362
Monroe Schools 364
Washington
PAGE.
Petersburg Schools ..
Pugilistic Propensitles,
481
Paleozoic Geology Recent Geology 469
Lutheran Church ...
Present Industry.
viii
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Secretaries of State .. 502
Treasurers. 495
Territorial Delegates ... 506
Treasurers of State. 505
United States Senators 506
CHAPTER IV.
HISTORY OF THE BENCH AND BAR ... 509
Attorneys, The Early 510
Ad Quod Damnum 511
Court, The First. 509
516
Innovations on Old Forms. 513
Judges, The First 510
Later Attorneys 519
Murder Trial, the First. 517
517
New Constitution, The ... 513
Officers, The First Court 509
Prominent Practitioners. 511
Professional Character of Attorneys 514
Probate Court 515
Records, Perpetuation of. 512
Sundry Crimes 518
CHAPTER V.
MILITARY HISTORY 520
Additional Volunteers
535
Bounty
537
Civil War, Beginning of ..
523
Conscripts of 1864
536
Departure of Companies
528
Doctrine of Secession
524
Draft of 1862, The.
533
Mexican Campaign, The
523
Number of Men Furnished
532
Other War Meetings
527
Public Sentiment
525
Roster of Mexican Soldiers
523
Relief for Soldiers' Families.
530
Recruiting.
531
Rejoicing over Victories
534
Rebel Raids.
534
Surrender of Fort Sumter.
525
Training Days. 520
Twenty-Seventh Regiment 529
Volunteers, The First
526
Veterans, The. 536
Volunteers for the War 528
War Meetings
526
CHAPTER VI.
TOWNS AND VILLAGES.
Bank, Dubois County 546
Buard, Members of.
550
Rode the Circuit 574
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Bainbridge.
585
Harbison 655
Jackson. 771
Cass
687
Jefferson 716
Columbia
765
Madison 735
Ferdinand
670
Marion 749
Ilall
757
Patoka
618
PORTRAITS.
Brittain, W. C.
593-594
Ilaskins, N. 665-666
Beckmann, J 11
683-684
McMahan, W. R.
611-612
Bretz, W. H.
557-558
Rothert, Herman
539-540
Catholic Church
575-576
Schuhmacher, Isidor.
503-504
Court House.
485-486
Williams, G. P. 629-630
Fisher, Morman
521-522
Wilson, N II
647-648
Fleming, A T
701-702
Birdseye 561
Bretzville.
563
Donated, By Whom. 538
Early Settlers Disappointed 554
Families, The Earliest 541
Ferdinand. 553
Hook and Ladder Co. First ..
544
Huntinghurgh
546
Holland .. 556
Hillham ..
564
Haysville
564
Ireland
559
Industries.
552
Incorporated, When.
549
Jasper, The Town of ...
538
Merchants. 541
Newspapers
545
Portersville.
565
Postoffice Established
555
Physicians, Early
548
Schnellville 563
Shively Post No. 68 550
Settlers, First. 556
Various Industries
555
CHAPTER VII.
EDUCATION 566
Bonds, Sale of 571
Catholic Schools 571
Conflict of Method. 573
First Teachers 570
New Schoolhouse in Jasper
572
Public Schools 567
Pioneer Schools. 569
Revenue, Other Sources of 568
Schools, Early
566
Section 16 set Apart
567
Surplus Revenue.
568
Table Showing Number of Houses,
Teachers, etc 571
CHAPTER VIII.
CHURCHES 574
Benedictine Sisters, The. 582
Catholic Churches. 579
Catholic Congregation at St. Anthony. 584
Convent 582
Congregation at Ferdinand 581
Congregation at Henryville 584
583
Cumberland Presbyterians.
Denominations, First 574
Early Fathers Enumerated. 580
Early Preachers 578
Methodist Church. 577
Presbytery for Indiana 577
Boone
700
Common Pleas Court.
Destruction of the Records. 512
Murder Trial, The Second.
PAOE.
538
Congregation at Celestine 577
HISTORY OF INDIANA:
FORMER OCCUPANTS.
PREHISTORIO RACES.
Scientists have ascribed to the Mound Builders varied origins, and though their divergence of opinion may for a time seem incom- patible with a thorough investigation of the, subject, and tend to a confusion of ideas, no doubt whatever can exist as to the compar- ative accuracy of conclusions arrived at by some of them. Like the vexed question of the Pillar Towers of Ireland, it has caused much speculation, and elicited the opinions of so many learned antiquarians, ethnologists and travelers, that it will not be found beyond the range of possibility to make deductions that may suffice to solve the problem who were the prehistoric settlers of America. To achieve this it will not be necessary to go beyond the period over which Scripture history extends, or to indulge in those airy flights of imagination so sadly identified with occasional writers of even the Christian school, and all the accepted literary exponents of modern paganism.
That this continent is co-existent with the world of the ancients cannot be questioned. Every investigation, instituted under the auspices of modern civilization, confirms the fact and leaves no channel open through which the skeptic can escape the thorough refutation of his opinions. China, with its numerous living testi- monials of antiquity, with its ancient, though limited literature and its Babelish superstitions, claims a continuous history from antediluvian times; but although ite continuity may be denied with every just reason, there is nothing to prevent the transmission of aohieroglyphic record of its history prior to 1656 anno mundi, since many traces of its early settlement survived the Deluge, and became sacred objects of the first historical epoch. This very sur- vival of a record, such as that of which the Chinese boast, is not at variance with the designs of a God who made and ruled the universe; but that an antediluvian people inhabited this continent,
18
HISTORY OF INDIANA.
will not be claimed; because it is not probable, though it may be possible, that a settlement in a land which may be considered a portion of the. Asiatic continent, was effected by the immediate followers of the first progenitors of the human race. Therefore, on entering the study of the ancient people who raised these tumu- lus monuments over large tracts .of the country, it will be just sufficient to wander back to that time when the flood-gates of heaven were swung open to hurl destruction on a wicked world; and in doing so the inquiry must be based on legendary, or rather upon many circumstantial evidences; for, so far as written narra- tive extends, there is nothing to show that a movement of people too far east resulted in a Western settlement.
THE FIRST IMMIGRATION.
The first and most probable sources in which the origin of the Builders must be sought, are those countries lying along the east- ern coast of Asia, which donbtless at that time stretched far beyond its present limits, and presented a continuous shore from Lopatka to Point Cambodia, holding a population comparatively civilized, and all professing some elementary form of the Boodhism of later days. Those peoples, like the Chinese of the present, were bound to live at home, and probably observed that law until after the con- fusion of languages and the dispersion of the builders of Babel in 1757, A. M .; but subsequently, within the following century, the old Mongolians, like the new, crossed the great ocean in the very paths taken by the present representatives of the race, arrived on the same shores, which now extend a very questionable hospitality to them, and entered at once upon the colonization of the country south and east, while the Caucasian race engaged in a similar move- ment of exploration and colonization over what may be justly termed the western extension of Asia, and both peoples growing stalwart under the change, attained a moral and physical eminence to which they never could lay claim under the tropical sun which shed its beams upon the cradle of the human race.
That mysterious people who, like the Brahmins of to-day, wor- shiped some transitory deity, and in after years, evidentiy embraced the idealization of Boodhism, as preached in Mongolia early in the 35th century of the world, together with acquiring the learning of the Confucian and Pythagorean schools of the same period, spread all over the land, and in their numerous settlements erected these raths, or mounds, and sacrificial altars whereon they received their
19
HISTORY OF INDIANA.
periodical visiting gods, surrendered their bodies to natural absorp- tion or annihilation, and watched for the return of some transmi- grated soul, the while adoring the universe, which with all beings they believed would be eternally existent. They possessed religious orders corresponding in external show at least with the Essenes or Theraputæ of the pre-Christian and Christian epochs, and to the reformed Theraputæ or monks of the present. Every memento of their coming and their stay which has descended to us is an evi- dence of their civilized condition. The free copper found within the tumuli; the open veins of the Superior and Iron Mountain copper-mines, with all the modus operandi of ancient mining, such as ladders, levers, chisels, and hammer-heads, discovered by the French explorers of the Northwest and the Mississippi, are conclu- sive proofs that those prehistoric people were highly civilized, and that many flourishing colonies were spread throughout the Missis- sippi valley, while yet the mammoth, the mastodon, and a hundred other animals, now only known by their gigantic fossil remains, guarded the eastern shore of the continent as it were against sup- posed invasions of the Tower Builders who went west from Babel; while yet the beautiful isles of the Antilles formed an integral portion of this continent, long years before the European Northman dreamed of setting forth to the discovery of Greenland and the northern isles, and certainly at a time when all that portion of America north of latitude 45° was an ice-incumbered waste.
Within the last few years great advances have been made toward the discovery of antiquities whether pertaining to remains of organic or inorganic nature. Together with many small, but telling relics of the early inhabitants of the country, the fossils of pre- historic animals have been unearthed from end to end of the land, and in districts, too, long pronounced by geologists of some repute to be withont even a vestige of vertebrate fossils. Among the collected souvenirs of an age about which so very little is known, are twenty-five vertebræ averaging thirteen inches in diameter, . and three vertebræ ossified together measure nine cubical feet; a thigh-bone five feet long by twenty-eight, by tweive inches in diameter, and the shaft fourteen by eight inches thick, the entire lot weighing 600 lbs. These fossils are presumed to belong to the cretaceons period, when the Dinosaur roamed over the country from East to West, desolating the villages of the people. This animal is said to have been sixty feet long, and when feeding in cypress and palm forests, to extend himself eighty-five feet, so that he may
20
HISTORY OF INDIANA.
devour the budding tops of those great trees. Other efforts in this direction may lead to great results, and culminate probably in the discovery of a tablet engraven by some learned Monnd Builder, describing in the ancient hieroglyphics of China all these men and beasts whose history excites so much speculation. The identity of the Mound Builders with the Mongolians might lead us to hope for such a consummation; nor is it beyond the range of probability, particularly in this practical age, to find the future labors of some industrious antiquarian requited by the upheaval of a tablet, written in the Tartar characters of 1700 years ago, bearing on a subject which can now be treated only on a purely circumstantial basis. i
THE SECOND IMMIGRATION
may have begun a few centuries prior to the Christian era, and unlike the former expedition or expeditions, to have traversed north- eastern Asia to its Arctic confines, and then east to the narrow channel now known as Behring's Straits, which they crossed, and sailing up the 'unchanging Yukon, settled under the shadow of Mount St. Elias for many years, and pushing Sonth commingled with their countrymen, soon acquiring the characteristics of the descendants of the first colonists. Chinese chronicles tell of snch a people, who went North and were never heard of more. Circum- stances conspire to render that particular colony the carriers of a new religious faith and of an alphabetic system of a representative character to the old colonists, and they, doubtless, exercised a most beneficial influence in other respects ; because the influx of immi- grants of such culture as were the Chinese, even of that remote period, must necessarily bear very favorable results, not only in bringing in reports of their travels, but also accounts from the fatherland bearing on the latest events.
With the idea of a second and important exodus there are many theorists united, one of whom says: "It is now the generally received opinion that the first inhabitants of America passed over from Asia through these straits. The number of small islands lying between both continents renders this opinion still more probable; and it is yet further confirmed by some remarkable traces of similarity in the physical conformation of the northern natives of both continents. The Esquimaux of North America, the Samoieds of Asia, and the Laplanders of Europe, are supposed to be of the same family; and this supposition is strengthened by the affinity which exists in their languages. The researches of Hum-
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