USA > Indiana > Vanderburgh County > Evansville > A history of Evansville and Vanderburgh County, Indiana : a complete and concise account from the earliest times to the present, embracing reminiscences of the pioneers and biographical sketches of the men who have been leaders in commercial and other enterprises > Part 9
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Council assembled in April, 1892, under Anthony C. Hawkins, the new mayor elected in place of Mayor Goodlett. The names of the councilmen were: First ward, Max W. Runge and B. F. Von Beh- ren; second ward, D. Kronenberger and C. W. Saberton; third ward, Joseph Sehaefer and Wm. Koelling; fourth ward, Francis M. Walker and Jacob Kramer; fifth ward, W. M. Breger and John B. Mills; sixth ward, Peter Herman and David S. Halbrooks; seventh ward, John M. Clarke, Sr., and Jackson Powell. The city offieers were: J. R. Fer- guson, elerk; John McDonagh, treasurer; August Pfafflin, surveyor; Fred Geiger, Jr., auditor; G. A. Cunningham, attorney; Henry A. Henn, wharfmaster; Wm. M. Madden, James Scarborough and Moses Stinchfield, board of public works; Fred Blend, Henry Wimberg and Andrew J. Clark, police commissioners. G. W. Newitt, superintend- ent of poliee; John Resing and G. L. Covey, captains; F. H. Bren- necke, chief of detectives. Michael Moran, Fred Grote and George
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HISTORY OF VANDERBURGH COUNTY, IND.
W. Goodge, water works trustees. The trustees of the public schools were: Wm. M. Akin, Jr., J. W. Roelker and Newton Kelsay. J. W. Layne was superintendent of the city public schools
The new city charter had now been adopted and the new council that met in April, 1893, was composed as follows: Councilmen-at- large: M W. Runge, J. R. Goodwin, G W. Varner and Christian Kratz, Jr. ; first ward, B. F. Von Behren ; second ward, C' W. Saber- ton and Edwin Walker ; third ward, Wm. Koelling and Joseph Schaef- er ; fourth ward, Jacob Kramer and F. M. Walker, fifth ward, John B. Mills, Jr., and Joseph J. Hoffmann; sixth ward, D. S Halbrooks and Charles Kroener ; seventh ward, John N. Clark and Charles S. Woods. The following is a list of the city officers ; Fred Geiger, Jr., city clerk and clerk of the police court ; Wm. Warren, city comp- troller ; G. A. Cunningham, city attorney; James Scarborough, Moses Stinchfield and J. D. Saunders, department of public works; Charles T. Jenkins, treasurer ; A. J. Clark, Richard Hartloff and Henry Wim- berg, department of public safety ; Dr. W. S. Pollard, Dr. Ludson Worsham and Dr. John F. Glover, department of public health and charities ; Fred Grote, G. W. Goodge and Peter Herrmann, depart- ment of water works; H. A. Henn, wharfmaster ; Charles H. Butter- field, judge of police court and Fred Geiger, Jr., clerk ; G. L. Covey, superintendent of police, John Resing and Christ Wunderlich, cap- tains and F. H. Brennecke, chief of detectives ; Fred Grote, G. W. Goodge and Peter Hermann, water works trustees; J. W. Roelker, Newton Kelsay and William M. Akin, Jr., board of school trustees ; J. W. Layne, superintendent of public schools.
The council that met in April, 1894, was composed of the following members : Max W. Runge, James R. Goodwin, G. W. Varner and Christian Kratz, Jr., councilmen-at-large; first ward, B. F. Von Behren ; second ward, Dr. Edwin Walker ; third ward, Joseph Schaef- er; fourth ward, Francis M. Walker ; fifth ward, Joseph J. Hoffman ; sixth ward, Charles Kroener ; seventh ward, Charles S. Woods ; Fred Geiger, Jr .. city clerk ; Wm. Warren, comptroller; George A. Cun- ningham, attorney ; Moses Stinchfield, James Scarborough and J. D. Sauuders, board of public works; Charles T. Jenkins, treasurer ; A. J. Clark, Richard Hartloff and John C. Gutenberger, board of public safety ; G. W. Goodge, Peter Herrmann and Fred Baker, water works trustees ; Charles H. Butterfield, police jndge; George L. Covey, su- perintendent of police ; police officers of previous year retained ; board of health remained unchanged ; Newton Kelsay, Wm. M. Akin,
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HISTORY OF VANDERBURGH COUNTY, IND.
Jr., and Wm. Koelling, school trustees; W. A. Hester, superintend- ent of public schools.
The list of councilmen for 1895, whose first meeting was held the first Monday in April, after the election is as follows: M. W. Runge, Ed Miller, Jr., J. F. Schlundt, councilmen-at-large; first ward, Ludson Worsham; second .ward, Robert M. Nickels; third ward, Henry Schminke; fourth ward, Joseph Eble; fifth ward, Ed Jurgensmeier; sixth ward, Thomas E. Powell; seventh ward, John C. Selzer. The city officials, elective and appointive, were: Fred Geiger, city clerk; Simeon Jaseph, comptroller; George A. Cunningham, attorney; J. D. Saunders, James Scarborough and Moses Stinchfield, department of public works; Wm. Warren, treasurer; Richard Hartloff, J. C. Guten- berger and Henry S. Bennett, department of public safety; Fred Baker, D. Kronenberger and Lonis Lechner, water works trustees; Charles H. Butterfield, police judge; police officers were the same as in 1894; Wm. M. Akin, Jr., Wm. Koelling and Charles E. Scoville, school trustees; W. A. Hester, superintendent of public schools. The board of health was organized as follows: Richard Hartloff, M. D., president. John F. Glover, M. D., secretary and health officer; W. S. Pollard, M. D ; Dr. F. M. Jones, food and milk inspector; Louis N. Massey, sani- tary officer.
The council that assembled in April, 1896, was composed of the fol- lowing members: Wm. H. Ruston, Ed Miller, Jr. John F. Schlundt, and Christian Kratz, Jr., conncilmen-at-large; first ward, Ludson Wor- sham; second ward, Robert M. Nickels; third ward, Henry Schminke; fourth ward, Joseph Eble; fifth ward, Ed Jurgensmeier; sixth ward, Thomas E. Powell; seventh ward, J. C. Selzer. The other city officers were: Fred Geiger, Jr., clerk; Simeon Jaseph, comptroller; George A. Cunningham, city attorney; Moses Stinchfield, James Scarborough and James D. Saunders, department of public works; Wm. Warren, treasurer; Richard Hartloff, John C. Gutenberger and Henry S. Ben- nett, department of public safety; John E. Owen, M. D., W. S. Pol- lard, M. D., and J. E. Glover, M. D., department of public health; David Kronenberger, Fred Baker and Louis Lechner, water works trustees ; Charles H. Butterfield, Judge of police court; G. L. Covey, superintendent of police ; F. H. Brennecke, lieutenant of police force; John Resing and Christ. Wunderlich; captains of police; Wm. Koelling, Charles E. Scoville and Wm. M. Akin, Jr., board of trus- tees of public schools; W. A. Hester, superintendent of public schools.
It is said that Lieutenant Brennecke has arrested more murderers in
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HISTORY OF VANDERBURGH COUNTY, IND.
the city in the last few years, than any other man on the detective force.
BUSINESS INDUSTRIES.
The business industries of Evansville, as classified at the present time, may be summed up as follows :
Three abstractors of titles.
One academy.
One adamant plaster manufacturer.
Three advertising agencies.
Ten dealers in and manufacturers of agricultural implements.
One apiary.
Six architect firms.
Four architectural iron works.
One artificial stone manufactory.
Two makers of artificial stone pave- ments.
Seven artists in crayon and oil paint- ing.
Two dealers in artists materials.
Eighty-six attorneys at law.
Three auctioneers.
Two dealers and manufacturers of awnings, tents, etc.
One axle grease manufacturer.
Thirty-eight bakeries.
One bakery and cracker factory.
Six bakers of fancy cakes, etc.
Five baking powder manufacturers. Six banks.
Three dealers in bar or saloon fixt- ures.
Seventy-seven barber shops.
One dealer in barber supplies.
Three basket makers.
Five bath houses.
Four bedstead manufacturers.
Two beer bottling concerns.
Three depots.
One bell hanger.
One bellows maker.
Three manufacturers of belting, etc. Two manufacturers of bent wood, etc. Twelve dealers in bicycles.
One bicycle delivery wagon manufac- turer.
One bill poster.
Ten billiard rooms.
Five dealers in reapers and mowers. One bird dealer.
Thirty-six blacksmiths.
Two dealers in blacksmith supplies. Six blank book manufacturers.
One bluing manufactory. One board of underwriters.
Seventy-nine boarding houses.
Two boat supply stores.
Five boiler manufacturers.
Five book binderies.
Six book sellers and dealers.
Thirty-six boot and shoe dealers.
Seventy-nine boot and shoe makers and cobblers.
Two wholesale boot and shoe stores.
Two manufacturers of boot and shoe uppers.
Four bowling alleys.
One box factory.
Three brass foundries.
Three breweries.
Three brewery and distilling works.
Seventeen bricklaying contractors.
Twelve brick manufacturers.
Two brokers in stocks and bonds.
Five broom factories.
Two dealers in building materials.
One cab line.
Eleven candy manufacturers.
One canning factory.
Fifty-seven carpenters and builders.
Four carpet cleaning concerns.
Eleven dealers in carpets and oil cloths.
Eleven carpet weavers.
Ten carriage dealers and builders.
One dealer in carriage goods.
One dealer in carriage springs.
Four dealers in wood work for car- riages.
Eight chair factories.
Four dealers in fine cheese.
One analytical chemist.
Two manufacturing chemists.
One chewing gum factory.
Eight dealers in children's carriages.
One chimney sweep.
Five dealers in china, glassware, etc.
One cigar box factory.
Twenty-four cigar manufacturers.
Five cistern builders.
Twenty-two cigar dealers.
Three civil engineers.
Four clairvoyants.
Sixty-one clergymen.
Seventeen clothing dealers.
Four boys' and youths' clothing (a specialty).
Four clothing renovators.
Four wholesale clothing stores.
7
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HISTORY OF VANDERBURGH COUNTY, IND.
Eight social club houses.
Twenty-two coal dealers.
Six dealers in coal oil (a specialty).
Five coffee roasting concerns.
Four coffee and spice mills.
Four dealers in coffees, teas, etc.
One coffin factory.
Two cold storage warehouses.
Five collection agencies.
Three commercial colleges.
Twenty-four commission merchants. Thirty confectioners.
Five wholesale confectioners.
Twenty-eight general contractors.
Two manufacturers and contractors iron house fronts.
Two sewer building contractors.
Two side walk building contractors.
Three street paving contracting
firms. One street sprinkling and sweeping firm.
Twelve cooper shops
Six coppersmiths.
Five corn dealers.
Four corn meal mills.
One cotton mill.
Seventy-eight daily fresh meat mar- kets.
Sixteen milk dairies.
Two dancing teachers.
One dealer in decorative art needle work.
Fifteen dentists.
One directory publishing firm.
One contracting drayman.
One hundred and seven dress makers. Fifty-three drug stores.
Two wholesale drug stores.
Twenty-nine dry goods dealers.
Three wholesale dry goods stores.
One wholesale fancy dry goods store. Three dye houses.
Two edge tool factories.
One egg case manufacturer.
Two electric light and power com- panies.
Five dealers in electric light fixtures. One dealer in electric belts and ap- pliances.
Two contracting electricians.
Two electro platers. Four elevator builders.
One manufacturer of fine embroid- ery.
Three employment agencies.
Three dealers in engineer's supplies.
Four engravers (by all method). Two excelsior works.
Four express companies.
Two extension table factories.
One manufacturer of flavoring ex- tracts, etc.
Six dealers in fancy goods.
Seven fast freight lines.
One feather duster factory.
Two feather renovating concerns.
Fifty-six feed stores and dealers.
One fertilizing factory.
One file maker.
Three dealers in fire brick, clay, etc. One dealer in fire and burglar proof safes.
Four fish markets.
One dealer in fishing tackle (a spec- ialty).
Ten florists.
Six dealers in flour. (a specialty).
Ten flour mills.
Three flower pot manufacturers.
Two dealers in flue pipes.
One foreign exchange.
Seven dealers in foreign and domes- tic fruits.
Five funeral directors and underta- kers.
Twenty-seven furniture manufactur- ers and dealers.
Four furniture repairing shops.
Nine galvanized iron works.
One gas and electric light company. Nine gas fitters and dealers in fixt- ures.
Five gasoline dealers (a specialty).
Three ginger ale manufacturers.
Ten grain dealers (a specialty).
Four grain elevators, separate from flour mills.
Two dealers in gravel, broken stone, etc.
Three knife grinders and repairers.
Two hundred and fifteen retail gro- ceries.
Eleven wholesale groceries.
Two wholesale fancy groceries. Two dealers in gun powder (whole- sale). Five dealers in guns and pistols. Five gunsmiths.
Three dealers in hair works, and goods.
Eleven hardware merchants. Three hardware and saddlery dealers. One hat bleachery.
BOOK TWO.
BOOK TWO.
CHAPTER VII.
MANUFACTURERS.
Early Manufacturers-Rivalry Between Stringtown and Newburgh -Negley's Grist Mill an Important Enterprise-A Place Where Men Met and Discussed Politics-Trysting Place for Farm Lads and Lassies-Some Liked Their Toddy-List of Patrons of the Grist Mill.
[ TP to 1837, with a voting population of 540 in Pigeon township, Vanderburgh county, there was no propelling power employed in any factory in Evansville, save animal, water and human hands. How- ever, three and a half miles from Evansville, in what is still called Stringtown, there was a large cabinet-making establishment, owned and conducted by an Englishman named Thomas Smith, in which fac- tory John Ingle, Jr., the father of our present John, David, Robert and George Ingle, learned his trade and became an efficient cabinet- maker. Smith's establishment continued to run several years, and was finally compelled to shut down on account of the strong and increas- ing competition in Evansville. There were several other manufae- turing enterprises in Stringtown at that time, among them being blacksmith shops, shoe shops, wagon-making and repairing shops, a tailor shop, and two large tanneries. At this time there was not a factory of any kind in Evansville propelled by steam, except a saw- mill owned by Silas Stephens, which had just started up.
There was, just before 1837, a lively competition between String- town and Newburgh, with the balance of trade in favor of the latter village, until Stringtown went her one better by building a blacksmith shop. The advent of a new manufacturing establishment, even though it was only a blacksmith shop, was watched with as much interest by
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HISTORY OF VANDERBURGH COUNTY, IND.
the inhabitants of the villages then as the construction of Blount's plow works on onter Main street was in later years.
The most important industry, however, claimed by the public spir- ited citizens of Stringtown, was David Negley's grist mill, which, by the way, was the first flouring mill ever built in this county. It was located on Pigeon creek, about 300 yards above the bridge that spans the creek on the Stringtown road.
The dam of this old mill obstructed the free flow of the stream for years after the mill proper had disappeared, and indeed up to the last nine or ten years. The farmers up the creek complained bitterly about the dam causing their low lands to overflow, and they finally brought suit in the county court to have it abated as a nuisance. They failed in that suit, however, as the obstruction had been in the creek over twenty years, undisturbed, and its owners had acquired a title by right of easement. The dam afterwards broke down and was finally removed.
Quite a little village sprang up on the bank of the creek opposite the mill, but the buildings have all since disappeared, with the excep- tion of one or two, Evansville having attracted the villagers in later years. Negley's mill in those days was a regular Mecca, or rather a Jerusalem of trade and exchange, in flour, meal, bran and grain of all kinds, embracing the patronage from a territory of thirty or torty miles around. The farmers, on certain days of the week (called grind- ing days at the mill), could be seen with their horses and wagons and ox-teams, like a caravan crossing the plains, all headed for Negley's mill. The wagons contained, in addition to the grain being taken to the mill, meats, vegetables, butter, and eggs for the Evansville market. At intervals the traveler on the old Stringtown road would meet the characteristic barefooted boy astride of old "Suse" or old "Bess," seated on the top of a sack of wheat or corn, going to the mill to have it ground.
To such huge proportions grew the patronage of Negley's mill that it soon became necessary to run it every day in the week except Sun- day, which was more of a sacred day of rest in those times than it is now. The work of grinding grain into flour and corn-meal in the primitive days between two huge revolving stones called burrs, was a slow process, and reminded one of that passage of George Herbert that will always live in literature : "God's mill grinds slow, but sure."
The forest on the bank ot the creek, reaching back hundreds of yards around the old mill, was a regular camping ground for the farmers who brought their grain to the mill. A regular record of their names was kept in the books of the mill, with the time of their arrival for
95
HİSTORY OF VANDERBURGH COUNTY, IND.
their grist entered therein, so that no dispute might arise as to who came next. It was from this custom, practiced at the old grist mills of primitive days, in the west, that the expression arose : " It is like going to mill ; first come, first served." This was, of course, the rule at Negley's mill, but notwithstanding the precautions taken, every now and then the boys from the rural districts would raise the question of priority of rights to get their grist and "pull out" for home, and not infrequently a fight would ensue, and, as the heathen rule of "might is right" prevailed to a great extent, the fellow who came out best in the fight got his grist first.
Polities in those days was a favorite theme for discussions, and every farmer was a born politician, and ready to back up his arguments with a wager, covering all of his earthly possessions, even to his land claim entered in the government land office. If that did not silence his an- tagonist and end the argument, he was ready to substantiate his asser- tions and political opinions with a test of physical powers. These great questions of state were frequently settled by the farmers, camped about the old mill, while they waited hours and days for their grist. Games, too, such as pitching horse shoes and quoits, running foot- races, jumping, wrestling, boxing, etc., were resorted to, to pass away the tedious hours. Some men engaged in preparing meals of eorn-crackers, griddle-cakes, corn-bread, and "side meat," while others, whose appetites were more delicate and who craved sweetmeats, would stroll out into the adjoining woods to hunt with their old trusty flint-loek rifles. In less than an hour they would bring into camp from ten to twenty squirrels, while a hunter to-day would consider himself lucky to bring home half a dozen of the pretty, bushy-tail tribe in a day's hunt.
Deer and wild turkeys were plentiful in those days, and it was a very common thing to see a farmer with a deer or two and half a dozen wild turkeys in his wagon. The expression, "You always see game when you haven't got a gun," was little used in those days among the country people, because they made it a business to take their guns with them, not only to shoot game, but to use in self-defense.
Rabbits and quails were not so plentiful then as now. They cannot thrive without grain and that was a scarce product. The only hunt- ing that was really called sport was bear, deer, fox and turkey hunting, Fishing was, however, quite a desirable sport, as there were plenty of the finny tribe, and fine game fish too, and a fisherman could throw them out on the bank as fast as a small boy could bait his hook. This kind of sport is likewise a thing of the past in this section, and the
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HISTORY OF VANDERBURGH COUNTY, IND.
weary fisherman is glad if he gets a "nibble" in a whole day so that he may not come home with the proverbial fisherman's luck.
Negley's mill was, too, a sort of trysting place for the farm lads and lassies, for the girls frequently accompanied their papas and big broth- ers to the mill, and many's the little courtship and little scandal that grew out of these meetings of country lovers. Every now and then some of the older heads would catch the infection and become turned, so the saying goes, and a married man couldn't talk secretly or a little to one side with his neighbor's wife without setting the tongues of the gossips going, which in course of time would stir up feelings of jeal- ousy where there existed no real cause. Many happy matches were made there,"and many of the descendants of those who did their love making at Negley's mill are now dwelling in this county.
Some of the country folks liked their toddy, and some of the women folks had no prejudice against and would occasionally take a "drop" just to guard against the weather and rheumatism. But it was pure unadulterated liquor and did not contain poisonous ingredients (such as poisonous berries) as are now put in liquors to make them more intoxicating. It was not like the "coffin nails" of the present time, and when a man felt that he needed a drink for his health, he did not imagine that he was driving a nail into his coffin. It was the good old peach brandy, and apple-jack that our forefathers distilled, which have since been dubbed "moonshines" by the laws of the government. This legislation has forced up the price of liquor and indirectly caused its adulteration.
LIST OF PATRONS.
The following are the names of parties who lived in this and ad- joining townships, who patronized David Negley's mill and had their grain ground there : Anthony, Angel, Akin, Alsap, Atchison, Alle- on, Aydelott, Alexander, Blackburn, Barnett, Brown, Bosley, Barker, Burns, Brayfield, Brody, Bryant, Bowen, Begley, Beal, Brown, Brown- lee, Browning, Bennett, Bingham, Brandis, Barnett, Barnes, Bolus, Burns, Beharrel, Berridge, Bowles, Barton, Burton, Benner, Baker, Cochran, Cox, Coker, Cody, Collins, Clark, Catlett, Calvert, Craig, Conners, Crisp, Christ, Cannon, Carson, Conway, Duncan, Dixon, Damon, Dean, Detroy, Darling, Donahue, Dougherty, Deters, Daven- port, Dunlap, Davis, Davidson, Donnelly, Dunk, Erskine, Feather- stone, Fickas, Fairchild, Fitzgerald, Ferlings, Farquhar, Fisher, Fel- stead, Fender, Forsythe, Granger, Grimm, Grigsby, Goldsmith, Gib-
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HISTORY OF VANDERBURGH COUNTY, IND.
son, Gerard, Greathouse, Garrett, Garish, Garnett, Garvey, Goman, Gifford, Grant, Graff, Gilbert, Graves, Groves, Hasse, Hickingbottom, Harrison, Hancock, Hennessee, Hooker, Hull Hayhurst, Hopkins, Hornby, Hilliard, Hampton, Hubbard, Haynie, Hensley, Hardin, Hawes, Harrington, Hitchcock, Hogan, Holloway, Hornbrook, Hole- man, Hughes, Holcomb, Harwood, Hodson, Holbrooks, Hawkins, Iglehart, Ingle, Jackson, Jones, Johnson, Jennings, Jenkins, Jerold, Kirkpatrick, Kelsey, Keegan, Kungler, Kingsbury, Koker, Knowles, King, Lane, Lilleston, Lauer, Linxweiler, Lawrence, Langford, Ly- ons, Lockhart, Lang, Miller, Murphy, McJohnson, Mansley, Morgan, Morton, Marshall, McGhee, McGee, Martin, Matheny, MeCracken, Moffitt, McAleston, Marcus, McIntyre, Moohey, McDowell, Maxwell, Murfitt, Nelson, Nightingale, Negley, Neal, Newman, Oldes, O'Con- nor, O'Neal, Onyett, Oglesby, Phelps, Peck, Pruitt, Paul, Perry, Par- vin, Powell, Pritchett, Patton, Perrigo, Ruston, Rankin, Rose, Ro- quett, Ritter, Rogers, Reynolds, Runcie, Rich, Stacer, Stephens, Shives, Scull, Stratton, Stinchfield, Spillman, Shelton, Sutton, Stan- field, Sullivan, Snyder, Stinson, Shook, Stroud, Storms, Schaffner, Sickles, Smythe, Sturtevant, Turnock, Tupman, Taylor; Talbot, Thurston, Trible, Terry, VanDnsen, Vincent, Vann, Van Bibber, Vanseller, Walker, Wilson, Williams, Williamson, Whetstone, Wyatt, Weatherspoon, Woods, Warner, Whitehead, Wheeler, Ward, Wilkin- son Wellborn, Wallers, Weaver, Younglove, Young.
CHAPTER VIII.
EARLY TRANSPORTATION.
Means of Transportation in Primitive Days-Difficulties in the Way -The River the Great Thoroughfare-Farmers Bought in Louis- ville and Vincennes-Peddling Wagons Sprang into Existence- Wabash and Erie Canal-History of Its Grant and Construction -Legislative Enactments-Terminus of the Canal where the Present Court-House Stands-First Tow out of Town and First Trip up the Canal-The Canal a Failure-Suits for the Property -Decision of the Supreme Court.
The means of transportation in this section of the country. in the days of the early settlements, were not such as to inspire a spirit of enterprise and competition, and the tiresome and discouraging delays of supplies from the eastern market was a great deal like the people in the olden times on the coast waiting for the return to port of a mer- chant sailing vessel, that did not return sometimes for a period of six months or a year. The early merchants in this section experienced great difficulty in obtaining their goods, especially articles such as clothes, calico and hardware, which included such things as nails, axes, hatchets, blacksmith supplies, etc., etc. These things could be ob- tained by river from Pittsburg, but there was no telling when it would get here, as the steamboat facilities were very poor, and generally, as a matter of economy, it was brought down on flat-boats. Articles of wearing apparel, cloth, cutlery, etc., had to be purchased in such mar- kets as Baltimore and Philadelphia, and hauled over the mountains to Pittsburg in wagons, and from there boated down to the villages along the Ohio river. These eastern-made articles were so expensive, how- ever, that the early settlers were indifferent about whether they ever arrived here or not. Nails, for instance, ran as high as 25 and 30 cents a pound, so that few of them were used in the construction of the log cabins, log stables, etc., or in any emergency on the farm. About the only artisans who had any use for them were the wagon-maker and blacksmith. Not more than two or three pounds of nails were con-
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