USA > Indiana > An illustrated history of the state of Indiana: being a full and authentic civil and political history of the state from its first exploration down to 1875 > Part 4
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Franklin Pierce, N. H., born November 23, 1804, inaugurated 1953, aged 49, served 4 years, died October 8, 1868, aged 65 years; Wm. L. Marcy, N. Y., Secretary of State; Jas. Guthrie, Ky., Secretary of Treasury; Jef- ferson Davis, Miss., Secretary of War; Jas. C. Dobbin, N. C., Secretary of Navy; Jas. Campbell, Pa., Postmaster General.
James Buchanan, Pa., born April 23, 1791, inaugurated 1857, aged 66, served 4 years, died June 1, 1868, aged 77 years; Lewis Cass, Mich., Secre- tary of State; Howell Cobb, Ga., Secretary of Treasury; John B. Floyd, Va., Secretary of War; Isaac Toucey, Ct., Secretary of Navy; Aaron V. Brown, Tenn., Postmaster General.
Abraham Lincoln Ky., born February 12, 1809, inaugurated 1861, aged 52, served 4 years, died April 15, 1865, aged 56 years ; Wm. H. Seward, N. Y., Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury ; Simon Cameron, Pa., Secretary of War; Gideon Wells, Ct., Secretary of Navy; Montgomery Blair, Mo., Postmaster General.
Andrew Johnson, N. C., born December 29, 1808, inaugurated 1865, aged 57, served 4 years; Wm. H. Seward, N. Y., Secretary of State ; Hugh Mc- Cullough, Secretary of Treasury ; Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Secretary of War; Gideon Wells, Ct., Secretary of Navy; Wm. Dennison, Ohio, Postmaster General.
Ulyssus S. Grant, Ohio, born April 27, 1822, inaugurated 1869, aged 47; Hamilton Fish, N. Y., Secretary of State; George S. Boutwell, Mass., Sec- retary of Treasury ; John A. Rawlins, Ill., Secretary of War; Adolph E. Borie, Pa., Secretary of Navy; John A. J. Creswell, Md., Postmaster General.
57
GENERAL STATISTICS.
SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPEND- ENCE, JULY 4, 1776.
PLACE AND DATE OF BIRTH AND PROFESSION.
John Hancock
Braintree, Mass 1737 Merchant.
Samuel Adams
Boston, Mass. 1622 Merchant.
John Adams
Quincy, Mass. 1735 Lawyer.
Thomas Jefferson
Shadwell, Va 1743 Lawyer.
Benjamin Franklin Boston, Mass. 1755
Printer.
Robert Morris
England'
1734 Merchant.
Lewis Morris Harlem, N. Y.
1726.
Farmer.
Stephen Hopkins
Scituate, Mass 1707
Farmer.
Roger Sherman
Newton, Mass. 1721 Shoemaker.
Charles Carroll Annapolis, Md. 1737 Lawyer.
Josiah Bartlett
Amesbury, Mass. 1729 Physician.
William Whipple
Kittery, Maine
1730 Sailor.
Robert T. Paine
Boston, Mass. 1731 Lawyer.
Philip Livingston
Albany, N. Y. 1716. Merchant.
Francis Hopkinson
Philadelphia, Pa 1737
Lawyer.
Richard Stockton
Princeton, N. J
1730
Lawyer.
John Witherspoon
Jester, Scotland 1722 Minister.
Thomas Stone
Pointon, Md.
1744
Lawyer.
Thomas Nelson, Jr.
York, Va.
1738 Soldier.
William Hooper
Boston, Mass 1742
Lawyer.
Abraham Clark Elizabethtown, N. J.
1726 Lawyer.
Benjamin Rush
Byberry, Pa.
1735 Physician.
John Hart
Hopewell, N. J. 1708 Farmer.
Mathew Thornton Ireland 1741 Physician.
George Clymer
Philadelphia, Pa 1739 Merchant.
Elbridge Gerry
Marblelread, Mass. 1744 Merchant.
James Smith Ireland 1715.
Lawyer.
John Morton
Ridley, Pa
1724 Surveyor.
George Ross
New Castle, Del 1730 Lawyer.
Samuel Huntington
Connecticut. 1732 Lawyer.
Button Gwinnett
England
1732 Merchant.
Lyman Hall
Connecticut. 1730 Physician.
George Walton Virginia 1740 Lawyer.
George Wythe Elizabeth City, Va 1726 Lawyer.
Benjamin Harrison Berkley, Va. 1740 Farmer.
Edward Rutledge Charleston, S. C. 1749 Lawyer.
Francis L. Lee Stratford, Va. 1734 Farmer.
Arthur Middleton Banks of Ashley, S. C ._ 1743
Lawyer.
Joseph Hewes Kingston, N. J. 1730 Lawyer.
George Taylor Ireland 1716 Physician.
Thomas McKean
Chester Co., Pa 1734 Lawyer.
James Wilson
Scotland
1742 Lawyer.
Carter Baxter Newington, Va. 1736 Farmer.
58
HISTORY OF INDIANA.
John Penn
Virginia
1741
Lawyer.
Thomas Lynch
.St. Georges, S. C.
1749
Lawyer.
Thomas Heyward
St. Lukes, S. C. 1749
Lawyer.
Richard H. Lee
Stratford, Va. 1732 Soldier.
Cæsar Rodney
Dover, Del.
1730 Lawyer.
William Pasca
Maryland
1740
Lawyer.
George Read
Maryland.
1734
Lawyer.
Samuel Chase
Maryland.
1741
Lawyer.
Oliver Wolcott
Windsor, Conn. 1736 Physician.
William Ellery.
Newport, R. I.
1727
Lawyer.
William Williams
Lebanon, Conn.
1731
Politician.
Francis Lewis
Llandaff, Wales
1713
Merchant.
William Floyd
Long Island, N. Y 1734 Farmer.
ARMY STATISTICS.
GENERAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY .- General, William T. Sherman, in command; Lieutenant-General, Philip H. Sheridan; Major-Generals, Win- field S. Hancock, J M. Schofield and Irwin McDowell; Brigadier-Gener- als, Philip S. G. Cook, John Pope, Oliver O. Howard, Alfred H. Terry, E. O. C. Ord, Christopher C. Auger.
ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY .- Generals, 1; Lieutenant-Generals, 1; Major-Generals, 3; Brigadier-Generals, 6; Adjutant, Quartermaster, Com- missary and Surgeon Generals, with their subordinates' Engineers, 300; Cavalry, 10,000; Artillery, 3,635; Infantry, 15,000; Indian scouts, 1,000; Quartermaster's department, 2,500. Total number of enlisted men and attachés for which rations can be used, under act of Congress, July 15, 1870, 35,284.
PAY OF THE ARMY, PER YEAR .- General, $10,602; Lieutenant-General, $8,072; Major-Generals, $5,672; Brigadier-Generals, $3,918; Colonels of Engineers, Ordinance and Cavalry, $2,724; Lieutenant-Colonels, $2,436; Majors, $2,148; Captains, $1,650; Lieutenants, $1,449.96; Colonels of Infantry, $2,544; Lieutenant-Colonels, $2,156; Majors, $2,028; Captains, $1,530; First-Lieutenants, $1,410; Second-Lieutenants, $1,350; Chief Signal officer, $2,724; Chaplains, $1,416.
There are fifteen military geographical divisions and departments, and twenty-five armories and arsenals in the United States.
COST OF THE FOUR UNITED STATES WARS.
Revolutionary war, seven years $ 135,163,703
War of 1812, two and a half years 107,159,003
Mexican war, two years. 66,000,000
War of the Rebellion, four years over 3,000,000,000
Aggregate
$3,308,352,706
59
GENERAL STATISTICS.
WAR STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Since the organization of the Federal Government eleven attempts have been made against its authority. 1st, Conspiracy of a few federal army officers, in 1782, to combine the original thirteen states into one, and place Washington in supreme command. 2d, Shay's insurrection in Massachu- setts, in 1787. 3d, Whisky insurrection of Pennsylvania, in 1794. 4th, By the Hartford convention, in 1814. 5th, In 1820, on the question of the admis- sion of Missouri into the Union. 6th, Collision between the Legislature of Georgia and the Government in regard to the lands given to the Creek Indians. 7th, In 1830, with the Cherokees in Georgia. 8th, Was the infamous nullifying ordinance of South Carolina in 1832. 9th, In 1842, between the suffrage association of Rhode Island and the State authori- ties. 10th, On the part of the Mormons in Utah, in 1856, who resisted the authorities of the Government; and the 11th was the late war of the Rebellion.
In the Revolutionary war the original thirteen States furnished troops for the army as follows: Deleware, 2,386; Georgia, 2,679; Rhode Island, 5,908; South Carolina, 6,417: North Carolina, 7,263; New Jersey, 10,726; New Hamshire, 12,497; Maryland, 13,912; New York, 17,781; Pennsylva- nia, 25,678; Virginia, 26,728; Connecticut, 31,939; Massachusetts, 67,907. Total, 231,791.
SIXTEEN AMERICAN WARS.
Dutch
1673
Tecumseh 1811
King Philip's
1675
War of
1812
King William's
1689
Algerine Pirates 1815
Queen Anna's
1744
First Seminole 1817
French and Indian
1753
Second Seminole
1845
American Revolution
1775
Black Hawk
1832
Indian
1790
Mexican
1846
Barbary
1803
Southern Rebellion 1861
TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATES FOR THE UNITED STATES DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION.
There was enlisted for the three months service 191,985 men ; six months, 19,076 men ; nine months, 87,558 men ; one year service, 394,959 men; two years, 43,113; three years, 1,950,792 men, and for the four years service 1,040 men. Total, 2,688,523 men. But as many of these re-enlisted, it is safe to say that there were 1,500,000 men enlisted and served in the war for the Union from 1861 to 1865. Of this number 56,000 were killed in battle, 35,000 died of wounds, and 184,000 died in hospitals of diseases.
1
60
HISTORY OF INDIANA.
SALARIES OF THE PRINCIPAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS.
The following indicates the increase in the salaries of government offi cials made by vote of congress March third, 1873, and popularly denomi nated the " Salary Grab Bill."
Former. Increase.
President
$25,000
$50,000
Vice-President, Speaker of House, and eight Justices, each
8,000
10,000
Chief Justice.
8,500
10,500
Seven Members of the Cabinet.
each
8,000
10,000
317 Congressmen and 74 Senators
each
5,000
7,500
First and Second Ass't Sec'y of State and of Treasury, each
3,500
6,000
Supervising Architect.
4,000
5,000
Commissioners of Customs, Indian affairs, Pensions, Land office and Agriculture
3,000
4,000
Solicitor of the Treasury
3,000
4,000
First and Second Postmaster Generals and Superintendent Foreign Mails .each
3,000
4,000
First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Auditors, each 3,000
4,000
The increase in the salaries of the representatives and senators, except the speaker of the house and the congressional employes, was dated back two years, and made to begin March fourth, 1871. The whole amount of the increase is about $1,500,000 a year.
Congress passed an act, approved January twentieth, 1874, repealing the " Salary Grab Bill," except as relates to the president and the justices of the supreme court; Provided that mileage shall not be allowed for the first session of the forty-third congress, that all moneys appropriated as com- pensation to the members of the forty-second congress in excess of the mileage and allowances fixed by law at the commencement of said con- gress, and which shall not have been drawn by the members respectively or which having been drawn have been returned in any form to the United States, are hereby covered into the treasury of the United States, and are declared to be the moneys of the United States absolutely, the same as if they had never been appropriated as aforesaid.
NOTE .- For the want of room in the Appendix, and having extra room immediately before Chapter I, we have placed a few pages of the Appendix in the fore part of this work.
PART FIRST.
GENERAL HISTORY.
CHAPTER I.
MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS.
TN 1670, and for many years previous, the fertile region of country now included within the boundaries of the State of Indiana, was inhabited by the Miami Confederacy of Indians. This league consisted of several Algonquin tribes, notably the Twightwees, Weas, Piankeshaws, and Shockeys, and was formed at an early period - probably in the early part of the Seventeenth century - for the purpose of repelling the invasions of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, at whose hands they had suffered many severe defeats. By the frequent and unsuccessful wars in which they were compelled to engage, in self defense, their numbers had become greatly reduced, until, at the date mentioned, they could not muster more than fifteen hundred or two thousand warriors. They dwelt in small vil- lages on the banks of the various rivers in Indiana, and extended their dominion as far east as the Scioto, north to the great lakes, and west to the country of the Illinois. Their principal settlements were scattered along the headwaters of the Great Miami, the banks of the Maumee, the St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan, the Wabash and its tributaries. Although once important among the nations of the Lake region, they had become greatly demoralized by repeated defeats in war, and when first visited by the French, their villages presented a very untidy appearance. They were living in constant terror of the Five Nations, practicing only sufficient industry to prevent starvation, and indulging all their viscious passions to a vulgar extreme.
Almost immediately following the discovery and explora- tion of the Mississippi, by La Salle, in 1682, and a few years
(61)
62
HISTORY OF INDIANA.
later by James Marquette, the government of France began to encourage the policy of connecting its possessions in North America by a chain of fortifications, and trading posts, and missionary stations, extending from New Orleans on the southwest, to Quebec on the northeast. This undertaking was inaugurated by Lamotte Cadillac, who established Fort Pont- chartrain, on the Detroit river, in 1701. At this period the zealous Jesuit missionaries, the adventurous French fur traders, with their coarse blue and red cloths, fine scarlet, guns, powder, balls, knives, ribbons, beads, vermillion, tobacco and rum; and the careless rangers, or coureurs des bois, whose chief vocation was conducting the canoes of the traders along the lakes and rivers, made their appearance among the Indians of Indiana. The pious Jesuits held up the cross of Christ and unfolded the mysteries of the Catholic religion in broken Indian, to these astonished savages, while the speculating traders offered them fire water and other articles of merchan- dise in exchange for their peltries, and the rangers, shaking loose every tie of blood and kindred, identified themselves with the savages, and sank into utter barbarism.
The Jesuit missionaries were always cordially received by the Miami tribes. These Indians would listen patiently to the strange theory of the Savior and salvation, manifest a willing belief in all they heard, and then, as if to entertain their visitors in return, they would tell them the story of their own simple faith in the Manatous, and stalk off with a groan of dissatisfaction because the missionaries would not accept their theory with equal courtesy. Missionary stations were established at an early day in all of the principal villages, and the work of instructing and converting the savages was begun in earnest. The order of religious exercises established at the missions established among the Miamis was nearly the same as that among other Indians. Early in the morning the mis- sionaries would assemble the Indians at the church, or the hut used for that purpose, and, after prayers, the savages were taught concerning the Catholic religion. These exercises were always followed by singing, at the conclusion of which the congregation was dismissed, the Christians only remaining to
63
MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS.
take part at mass. This service was generally followed by prayers. During the forenoon the priests were generally engaged in visiting the sick, and consoling those who were laboring under any affliction. After noon another service was held in the church, at which all the Indians were permitted to appear in their finery, and where each, without regard to rank or age, answered the questions put by the missionary. This exercise was concluded by singing hymns, the words of which had been set to airs familiar to the savage ear. In the even- ing all assembled again at the church for instruction, to hear prayers, and to sing their favorite hymns. The Miamis were always highly pleased with the latter exercise.
Aside from the character of the religious services which constituted a chief attraction in the Miami villages of Indiana while the early French missionaries were among them, the traveler's attention would first be engaged with the peculiari- ties of the fur trade, which, during the first quarter of the Seventeenth century, was monopolized by the French. This trade was carried on by means of the carriers, or rangers, who were engaged to conduct canoes on the lakes and rivers, and to carry burdens of merchandise from Detroit to the principal Miami villages, where the traders exchanged their wares for valuable furs, which they transported to the nearest trading post affording them the most available market. This traffic was not, however, confined to those whose wealth enabled them to engage vessels, canoes, and carriers, for there were hundreds scattered through the various Indian villages of Indiana, at almost any time during the first half of the Eighteenth cen- tury, who carried their packs of merchandise and furs by means of leather straps suspended from their shoulders, or with the straps resting against their foreheads.
Rum and brandy were freely introduced by these traders, and always found a ready sale among the Miami Indians. A Frenchman, writing of the evils which resulted from the intro- duction of spirituous liquors among these savages, remarked: "The distribution of it is made in the usual way; that is to say, a certain number of persons have delivered to each of them a quantity sufficient to get drunk with, so that the whole
64
HISTORY OF INDIANA.
have been drunk over eight days. They begin to drink in the villages as soon as the sun is down, and every night the fields echo with the most hideous howling."
In those early days the Miami villages of the Maumee, those of the Weas about Ouiatenon, on the Wabash, and those of the Painkeshaws around Vincennes, were the central points of the fur trade in Indiana. Trading posts were established at these places and at Fort Wayne, in 1719, although for twenty years previous the French traders and missionaries had frequently visited them. A permanent mission, or church was established at the Painkeshaw village, near Vincennes, in 1749, by Father Meurin, and in the following year a small fort was erected there by order of the French government. It was in that year that a small fort was erected near the mouth of the Wabash river. These posts soon drew a large number of French traders around them, and in 1756 they had become quite important settlements, with a mixed population of French and Indian.
At this date the English became powerful competitors for the trade with the Indians in Indiana, and the surrounding country, and at the close of the Old French War, in 1759-60, when Canada and its dependencies fell into the hands of the British, this monopoly passed over to the English. Notwith- standing this change in the government of the country, the French who had settled around the principal trading posts in Indiana, with a few exceptions, swore allegience to the British government, and were permitted to occupy their lands in peace and enjoy the slight improvements which they had wrought. In the course of the year 1762, while the Indians in the Northwest seemed to be quite reconciled to the change of gov- ernment, and the English traders were beginning to carry on a successful traffic with the tribes that dwelt between the lakes and the Ohio, Pontiac, the chief of the Ottawas, and the head of a loose confederacy of the Wyandotts, Pottawattomies, Chippewas, and Ottawas - tribes of the Algonquin Indians residing in Michigan and Western Canada - was secretly pre- paring his forces for a desperate war on the English. This great scheme was ably projected, and, to a great degree, suc-
65
MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS.
cessfully carried out. With a view to increasing the strength and numbers of his confederacy, Pontiac circulated among the different tribes the false report that the English had formed the design of driving the Indians from the country. By this crafty policy he brought to his assistance, in the spring of 1763, nearly the whole strength of the Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawattomies, Sacs, Foxes, Menominees, Miamis, and other Indiana tribes, the Shawanos, Wyandotts, and factions of many other tribes, and was indeed ready to strike the contemplated blow.
The attack was made on all the British forts or trading posts of the Northwest in the month of May, 1763, and the infuriated Indians, without much opposition, took possession of the posts of Michilimackinac, Green Bay, St. Joseph, Ouiate- non, Miami, Sandusky, Presque Isle, Leeboeuf, and Venango. These places, with the exception of Michilimackinac, were but slightly fortified, being merely trading posts with only a light garrison. A number of English traders, who were residing at the posts, were butchered, while not a Frenchman was injured. Some of the English escaped, others were taken prisoners, and were either burned, butchered, or afterwards released. Some of the incidents connected with this furious onset are full of horror. The massacre at Fort Michilimacki- nac was without a parallel, seventy Englishmen being merci- lessly slaughtered in less than half an hour.
This war or outbreak was the result of French misrepre- sentation. The French were jealous of the English, and, smarting under their own defeats, goaded the Indians to des- peration by designing falsehoods and promises which they never intended to fulfill.
The siege of Detroit was conducted by Pontiac himself ; but this post, as also Fort Pitt, withstood the storm of Indian vengeance until the forces of Colonel Bradstreet on the one hand, and Colonel Bouquette on the other, brought relief to the tired garrisons. The British army penetrated the Indian country, and forced the savages to a treaty of peace, and on the fifth of December, 1764, a cessation of hostilities was proclaimed.
5
66
HISTORY OF INDIANA.
From this date until 1774, the Indians who occupied the country northwest of the Ohio river remained at peace with the English, although in the meantime many English colonists, contrary to the proclamation of the king, the provisions of the treaty, and the earnest remonstrances of the Indians, continued to make settlements on Indian lands.
Near the close of the year 1764, General Gage, Commander- in-Chief of the British forces in North America, being con- vinced of the peaceful intent of the Indian tribes of Indiana and Illinois, issued a proclamation to the French inhabitants then residing in the territory, extending to them the same rights and privileges enjoyed by the French under the treaty of Paris, in Canada, and on the ninth of July, 1765, M. de St. Ange, who was at that time the French commandant at Fort Charters, in Illinois, evacuated that post and retired with his little garrison to St. Louis. A detachment of English troops then took possession of the evacuated post, and Captain Ster- ling, the British commandant, established his headquarters there. Nearly all of the French inhabitants of the villages of Illinois took the oath of allegiance to the government of Great Britain, and continued in the peaceful enjoyment of their ancient possessions, a few only removing to the western bank of the Mississippi, where the authority of France was still in force, although the country had passed into the hands of the Spaniards.
When the British extended dominion over the territory of Indiana by placing garrisons at the various trading posts in 1764-5, the total number of French families within its limits did not probably exceed eighty or ninety at Vincennes, about fourteen at Fort Ouiatenon, on the Wabash, and nine or ten at the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Mary's rivers, near the Twightwee village. At Detroit and in the vicinity of that post, there were about one thousand French residents, men, women and children. The remainder of the French population in the Northwest resided principally at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher, and in the vicinity of these villages ; and the whole French population, northwest of the Ohio, at that time did not exceed three thousand souls.
67
MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS.
The colonial policy of Great Britain, which was adopted immediately after the treaty of Paris, was not calculated to facilitate the settlement of the fertile country west of the Alleghany mountains. The king's proclamation, issued almost immediately after the signing of the treaty, prohibited his subjects from " making any purchases or settlements what- ever, or taking possession of any of the lands beyond the source of any of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic ocean from the west or northwest." In pursuance of this policy the government rejected the urgent offers of various wealthy and enterprising individuals to establish English colonies in the West. However we hear of nothing that disturbed the peaceful pursuits of the French settlements in Indiana, until a proclamation of General Gage, in 1772, declared that- " Whereas, many persons, contrary to the positive orders of the king upon the subject, have undertaken to make settle- ments beyond the boundaries fixed by the treaties made with the Indian nations, which boundaries ought to serve as a bar- rier between the whites and said nations, and a great number of persons have established themselves, particularly on the river Ouabache, where they lead a wandering life, without government, and without laws, interrupting the free course of trade, destroying the game, and causing infinite disturbance in the country, which occasions considerable injury to the affairs of the king as well as to those of the Indians, His Majesty has been pleased to order, and by these presents, orders are given in the name of the king, to all those who have established themselves on lands upon the Ouabache, whether at St. Vincent [Vincennes] or elsewhere, to quit those countries instantly and without delay, and to retire at their choice into some one of the colonies of His Majesty, where they will be received and treated as the other subjects of His Majesty."
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