USA > Indiana > Shelby County > History of Shelby County, Indiana : from the earliest time to the present, with biographical sketches, notes, etc., together with a short history of the Northwest, the Indiana Territory, and the State of Indiana > Part 22
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27 ft.
Sand - snow white
I ft.
Flat biscuits - Medina sandstone
3 ft.
Total
56 ft.
In the northeast corner of the county a well bored gives the fol- lowing :
Section at Gwynuville.
Soil 3 ft.
Yellow clay, Loess?
6 ft.
Sand. Lacustral IO ft.
Boulder clay
35 to 47 ft.
White (and black magnetic ) sand I ft.
3 ft.
Total 70 ft.
The ancient and recent alluvium of the river beds gives this ex- hibit, of alluvial deposits east of the railway in the southwestern parts :
Scetion in Alluvium at Flat Rock Station.
Loamy soil. 3 ft.
Yellow clay IO to 15 ft.
Sand 5 ft.
Gravel I ft.
I ft.
Gray clay.
Silt - fine clay and sand - Lacustral, deep, still water
19 ft.
deposit
Total 44 ft.
Other wells in the same vicinity find limestone at a depth of sixty to seventy feet, passing through similar deposits, and show an extreme erosive depth here.
The " Haw Patch," a great alluvial plain of wonderful fertility, in the southwestern part of Shelby and the northwestern part of Bartholomew, has been pierced by wells to a depth of sixty to sev-
Gravel and sand
Soft eddy clay - plants
254
SHELBY COUNTY.
enty feet. It presents a similar general section, indicating, first, the erosive action and confluence of an ancient affluent to the great glacial river before Flat Rock River was in existence; second, the gradual silting up of the channel by decrease of water or change of current, and thence the deposit of underlying yellow clays and loess, during the subsequent lacustral period.
Section in Warner's Well.
Soil
3 ft.
Yellow clay - Loess?
2 ft.
Yellow sand - Loess?
30 to 20 ft.
Black muck. 2 ft.
Snow white clay
1/2 ft.
Dark sand
4 ft.
Dark clay
1/2 ft.
Gravel washed clean
3 ft.
Total 35 ft.
Section in Scott's Well.
Soil 3 ft.
Yellow clay
3 ft.
Gravel and sand, level of stream
IO ft.
Gravel and dust, absolutely dried
27 ft.
Gray clay
1/2 ft.
White sand.
1/2 ft.
Gravel.
3 ft.
Limestone
o ft.
Total 47 ft.
These bores show an erosion to a depth of thirty-seven to forty feet below the present deepest channel of the river. The great- est thickness of the glacial or bowlder clays are shown in the fol- lowing :
Section one mile west of Mt. Auburn.
Soil
4 ft.
Yellow clay
6 ft.
Sandy clay
IO ft.
Bowlder clay
So ft.
White sand.
I ft.
Sand gravel.
7 ft.
Limestone
o ft.
Total
IO8 ft.
255
GEOLOGY.
This shows the ancient river bed had a depth of fifty feet be- low low-water mark of Blue River.
Hot Wells .- The construction of deep wells discovered the ex- istence of thermal water quite unexpectedly. Although this fact has not attracted much attention. it is of economic importance. It is a well known fact that at the level of perpetual spring water a constant temperature of 52° F. is maintained in this latitude; thence downward, the temperature becomes higher with regular incre- ments, and in this State the rate of increase has been found to be Iº F. for each space of seventy-nine feet of depth. By this law we may, without estimating the cooling effects of the stony walls of the fis- sure and the inflow of surface water, safely conclude that a change of 28º F. indicates the source of supply at a depth of 2,212 feet. The Shelbyville thermal well was put down in December. 1870, in the east part of the city, near Little Blue River bridge. At a depth of eighteen feet the water was found to be warm, and at the bottom, twenty-four feet from the surface, a constant temperature, winter and summer of 76° was maintained.
The Barlow thermal well is near Barlow's mill, Section 3, Town- ship 13. Range 6. nearly four miles west of Shelbyville. An old well, twenty-three feet deep, at the residence of Henry Barlow, had been used for household purposes, and was favorably known for furnishing cold water, 52º F. Suddenly the water became warm, and no longer desirable: the thermometer indicating 65º F. A pipe was driven in November. 1870, from the bottom, through fine sand and pebbles, resting in a bed of gravel, to a depth of sixteen feet. or thirty-nine feet from the surface. The water was found to have a temperature of Soº F., and during the next winter attained a maximum heat of 86°. These wells were excavated for potable water only, and being unfit for this use, were neglected and allowed to be filled up. If found permanent, these springs will invite the attention of those needing hot baths, and suggest that it would be cheaper (and surely more efficacious) to use the thermal waters of Shelby County than the distant hot springs of southern regions.
Paleozoic Geology .- The rocks of this county comprise a por- tion of the strata of the Devonian and upper Silurian formations, and exhibit in outcrop a single group of each: the line of de- markation between the two formations will hereafter be seen to be the top of the Blue Shale fossil bed.
Devonian Agc .- The rocks of this age, although in some force, generally contain but few fossils. obscurely replaced with calc spar, as in the Magnesian limestone, No. 5, of general section, east of Flat Rock Station, at Geneva, and thence to the railway bridge at St. Paul. These rocks, although unfit for masonry, are of great
-
256
SHELBY COUNTY.
economic importance, as will be seen, furnishing a lime which in- vites the attention of manufacturers and architects. At a few lo- calities, as at Waldron and a short distance above Geneva, a rubble stone occurs, in convenient layers between the fossil beds and the Magnesian limestone. of excellent quality and well suited for walls, hammered masonry, etc., and extensively used for fence posts. No . fossils were seen, but it is probably of Devonian age as well, and together they represent the corniferous group here. These rocks probably cap all the hills in the southern parts, although hidden by clays and soils; it is probable that outliers of the black Marcellus shale of the Hamilton group may vet be discovered by deep bores or wells in the extreme western parts, though now deeply covered with drift soils and consequently unseen.
At a few localities in the southeastern corner of the county and the contiguous portions of Rush and Decatur counties, the iden- tifying fossils given in the following lists were seen:
RADIATA.
Amplexus vandelli, Blothrophyllum decorticatum, Cystiphyllum americanum, Cystiphyllum sulcatum, Cystiphyllum vesiculosum, Clisiophyllum oneidænse, Cvathophyllum corniculum, Cpathophyl- lum davidsoni, Cyathophyllum rugosum, Cyathophyllum juvenis, Cyathophyllum scyphus, Cladopora linneana, Diphyphyllum ar- chiaci, Diphyphyllum straminium, Diphyphyllum simcoense, Favo- sites emmonsi. Favosites hemisphericus, Favosites canadensis, Favosites limitaris, Favosites clausus, Favosites epidermatus, Heliophyllum exiguum, Stromatopora tuberculata, Stromatopora nodulata, Zaphrentis conigera, Zaphrentis gigantea, Zaphrentis ungula.
BRACHIOPODA.
Ambocelia umbonata, Athyris vitata, Atrypa reticularis, Chone- tes vandelliana, Productus spinulicostus, Rhynchonlla tethys, Spiri- fera angusta, Spirifera segmenta, Spirifera varicosa, Spirifera oweni, Spirifera euruteines (var fornacula). Strophodonta demissa, Stro- phodonta arcuata, Strophodonta macronata.
PTEROPODA.
Tentaculites fissurella.
GASTEROPODA.
Bellorophon patulus, Euomphalus cyclostomus, Euomphalus decewi, Lexonema nexile.
CEPHALOPODA.
Cyrtoceras (Sp .? ), Orthoceras (Sp?).
Isaac H, Wilson
1
. R
DNS 1
259
GEOLOGY.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Conocardium trigonale, Nucula lirata, Pterinea flabellum.
CRUSTACEA.
Phacops bufo.
Upper Silurian Formation. Niagara Group .- This formation is seen almost exclusively in the valleys of the extreme southern part of the county. A single outcrop is reported at low water in the channel of Blue River above Shelbyville. Limited in exposure, these rocks are written all over in symbols of the "life and times " of silurian seas.
A great ocean prevailed. The cool or cold water was of suf- ficient depth to relieve the bottom life from the pulverizing force of surface waves. Gentle currents flowed from north to south, as is shown by the shapes of the clay-stone concretions, without sufficient power to carry sand and coarse material. It was filled with marine life which in death built up calcareous bottoms from the crushed shells and other organic remains. At the close of this period an event transpired which shows that the occurrences of our day are but repetitions of the past. A great tidal wave swept across the quiet sea. Violent currents prostrated the plant like crinoids, or tore them from their rock-anchored roots, separating the stems in sections. Impure water came laden with death, and muddy shoal waters ended the growth of corals, burying all in a sepulchre of clay, in which they are preserved with wonderful perfection. To the geologist and student these graves give up their dead to tell in resurrection how their obedience to the laws of reconstruction, oscillation and compensation, modify and vary the surface of the earth. Life in this ocean was annihilated, or unfavorable condi- tions followed, as but few animal remains are seen in the superim- posed rocks.
The Waldron fossil bed, No. 7 of section, is the grand paleon- tological bed of the district. It is found with well preserved fossils at St. Paul, near French's Mills, just below the railway track at the bridge. thence west at every exposure in the bluffs of Flat Rock, till it passes beneath low water within half a mile of Geneva, show- ing a dip west southwest of about forty feet to the mile. Outcrops still richer in fossils are found on Deer Creek, and on Conn's Creek from its mouth to a point a short distance southwest of Waldron. It is a "Blue Shaly Soapstone," in regular beds, obscurely laminated, weathering to a light buff. Within its homely out- crop or breast are hidden the fossils which, to a large degree, have filled with beautiful specimens the cabinets of the world, and as developed have, like some old palimpsest, disclosed the still life
2
260
SHELBY COUNTY.
of the past - a new Rosetta stone giving a key to its history and culminating death. Prof. James Hall, the distinguished geologist of New York, was one of the first to recognize the importance of these beds. He has expended large sums of money in their devel- opment, and more important, has brought to bear the results of his long experience, wise reasoning, and covered Conn's Creek localities with a world-wide renown. The following is full though not complete list of fossils obtained to date, at Waldron and St. Paul, in strata Nos. 7 to 10 of general section, and comprises those actually in the State Museum :
PORIFERA.
Astylospongia præmorsa, Astylospongia bursa. POLYPI.
Favosites forbesi (var occidentalis), Favosites niagarensis, Fa- vosites favosus, Favosites spongilla, Favosites pyriformis, Streptel- asma spongiaxis, Stromatopora concentrica. Strombodes pentagonus. Cyathophyllum radicula, Duncanella borealis, Eridophyllum rugo- sum. Chetetes consimilis, Trematopora infrequens, Trematopora varia, Inocaulis bella.
CRINOIDEA.
Cvathocrinus polyxo, Cyathocrinus pucillus, Saccocinus christyi, Eucalyptocrinus crassus. Eucalyptocrinus cælatus, Eucalyptocrinus. ovatus, Rhodocrinus melissa.
BRYOZOA. Lichenalia concentrica, Fenestella parvulipora.
BRACHIOPODA.
Pholidops ovalis, Eichwaldia reticulata, Anastrophia verneuili, Retzia evax. Crania siluriana, Crania setifera, Orthis elegantula, Orthis hybrida, Rhynchonella acinus, Rhynchonella cuneata. Rhyn- chonella neglecta, Rhynchonella whitii. Rhynchonella stricklandi, Rhynchonella indianensis. Meristina maria, Meristina nitida. Atrypa reticularis, Spirifera eudora. Spirifera crispa, Spirifera radiata, Strophomena rhomboidalis, Strophomena striata.
PTEROPODA.
Conularia niagarensis, Tentaculites niagarensis.
GASTEROPODA.
Platyostoma niagarensis, Platyostoma plebium, Strophostylus cyclostomus.
CEPHALOPODA.
Trochoceras waldronense, Ormoceras (Sp .? ), Gyroceras elrodi, Orthoceras annulatum, Orthoceras virgulatum.
26
GEOLOGY.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Modiolopsis subalatus, Amphicœlia leidvi. Pterinea brisa.
ARTICULAT.A.
Cornulites proprius.
CRUSTACEA.
Cyphaspis christyi. Calymene blumenbachi (var niagarensis), Dalmanites vigilans, Dalmanites verrucosus. Phacops limulurus, Lichas boltoni (var occidentalis ), Ceraurus ( Cheirurus ) niagaren- sis, Homalonotus delphinocephalus.
The state cabinet contains specimens of nearly every fossil here mentioned: hundreds of some species in many cases, and as crinoid roots. etc., individuals of every age, from the full-grown adult to the tiny speck. which developed with a lens, discovers the first deli- cate babyhood of the animal. The "blue limestone" No. 8. is generally present. but not persistent. and is only in rare cases avail- able for use. The "cherty limestone" No. 9. is generally persist- ent, and is often an important strata. marking the floor of the fossil bed. Economically it is a drawback. and will so remain until the demand for permanent roads calls for its use. 'The "laminated" quarry beds, No. 10 of section. are of high economic importance. Geologically they are an argillaceous limestone. slightly magnesian, of a pale blue color. weathering to light gray, in regular beds varying from flags two to four or five inches thick. to strata of one or two feet, all evenly bedded and readily separated at the partings. The top and bottom of each strata is thus presented, ready dressed, and nearly ready for the mason. It is easily broken with drills and wedges to dimension stone, and furnishes, cheaply, good flags, rub- ble and dimension stone in unlimited quantity. A thousand car loads of this stone were shipped to Chicago in a single season. Large amounts of excellent lime are calcined from the St. Paul quarries, and the whole forms one of the important industries of the State. The fossils comprise Cephalopods. Orthoceras. Gomphoceras, Cyrtoceras. etc., with but few Brachiopods.
Local Details .- Shelbyville, the county seat. is a thrifty young city, situated on the east bank of the beautiful, clear flowing Blue River, and is surrounded by one of the richest agricultural regions of the State. Broad valleys, with strong alluvial soils, spread out an inviting mine of wealth, richer than " true fissures" in the land of speculation. Knolls and gentle headlands give modest variety to the landscape, and first class gravel roads radiate to all points of the compass.
There are no outcrops of the underlying limestones near Shel- byville, and but a single one reported in the bed of Blue River.
.
262
SHELBY COUNTY.
Bowlder drift, with striated gravel and rocks. build up the higher lands and plateaus near. The surface of the adjoining broad val- levs are of fluviatile drift, of the present or ancient river, deeply covering the eroded bowlder drift beneath. The organic matter in these alluvial soils may explain the presence of "typhoid fevers" in some districts, and invites the use of water from deep wells or rain- fall.
Cynthina. one of the oldest settlements in the county, is situated on a ridge. which is well up to the summit level of the glacial drift. In fact, free gravel and sand containing black grains of magnetite, indicate it was probably the flood plain in the ice age. between the sluice torrents which poured down Blue and Flat Rock rivers, in their ancient volume. A landscape of quiet thrift and beauty is overlooked from the adjoining Leefers farm. along and across the valley of Coun's Creek, here ninety-five feet deep, and one or two miles wide. Manilla occupies about the same elevation, and thence to Gwynnville the surface is a level, black soil, presenting the char- acteristics of a lake basin. sometimes still wet and peaty. It con- tains great elements of fertility, to be made available only by drainage. Timber is abundant and is marketed at stations on the railway. At Morristown, Blue River valley is forty to sixty feet in depth. and two or three miles in width. full of profitable farms. At Marion the earliest settlements were made. and the alluvial bot- toms here produce full crops of corn, wheat and grass. An es- carped bank of the river, seven miles northeast from Shelbyville, gives the following :
Section at Billman's Farm.
Soil 3 ft.
Yellow fluviatile clay. 15 ft.
Glacial blue clay, with planished and striated bowlders and gravel. 2I ft.
Total. 39 ft.
About Fairland. and in fact all the northwestern portion of the county, the surface is so level or gently rolling that it can only be characterized as a great farmland plain. The railway only indicates a difference of level at stations of ten to fifteen feet. Bores put down at several points find fluviatile sand gravel and alluvium to a depth of twenty to thirty feet. No further estimate of good re- turns and profitable farming is needed.
The southwestern and western parts of the county are char- acteristic valley bottoms, rich in strong. alluvial loams, and highly productive. The highlands are exceptional, limited in area and
,
263
GEOLOGY.
height. Mt. McCrea, with its comrades, north of Marietta, are sharp. tumular hills, sometimes isolated by cross-flows from the northern or second glacial flow, they stand as silent monuments of past natural forces and offer interesting outlooks over broad fields cf thrift. The elevated region at Mt. Auburn invites the attention of fruit growers. Surrounded by low valleys to which the heavy cold air settles in times of sudden " cold snaps," these highlands are largely benefited by the mitigating and equalizing effects which are a constant result. It is a romantic scene. East, the valleys of Lewis Creek and Flat Rock are displayed in level fruitfulness ten to fifteen miles: west, the alluvial bottoms of Blue River, Sugar Creek and White River extend to the terraced " Wall Bluff " of the great glacial river, in Johnson County, fifteen to twenty miles away in the blue distance. At Nibel's Mill, Section 29. Township II. Range 6. a mile south, the same view is enjoyed over an area forty by thirty-five miles, or 1.400 square miles.
St. Paul. at the eastern line of the county, is noted for its exten- sive quarries and for the great amount of good stone and lime shipped. The level region heretofore prevailing is here varied by precipitous hills and bold outcrops, which exhibit in different local- ities a complete series of the rocks seen in the county.
Section at Floyd's Mills.
Slope and gravel 55 ft.
Magnesia ( Geneva ) limestone - corniferous 2 ft.
Flinty blue limestone 5 ft.
Rubble stone . 18 ft.
Waldron fossil bed. blue shale
7 ft.
Gray cherty limestone
14 ft.
To Mill Creek
Total 99 ft.
In the western or Shelby County part of the village of St. Paul, John L. Scanlan employs fifty hands, two compound derricks with a good equipment of tools. drills. etc .. and two powerful steam pumps, which throw 1.000 gallons of water per minute. The pro- duct is dimension and cut stone for foundations, piers. building stone, especially for jails, paving flags and curb stones. The large demand shows the extensive use, and the high estimation placed upon this material by engineers, architects and the public. The rubble stone in the upper beds is largely used for calcining. The waste of the quarry is broken to regular "egg" by a Blake crusher, driven by a forty horse power engine with a capacity of preparing one hundred cubic yards a day, suitable for metaling
264
SHELBY COUNTY.
pikes. ballasting railways or concrete foundation. This broken stone is sold in car load lots at 50 cents per cubic yard. The pro- prietor has also in operation two common kilns for calcining lime- stone, and one "perpetual burner," having a combined capacity of over five hundred bushels a day. The lime is "hot," of good quality for masonry, and extensively used at the Cincinnati gas works. We are indebted to P. McAuliff, superintendent. for specimens and information. The following exhibit was seen:
Section at Scanlan's Quarry.
Slope, stripping - Niagara. 6 ft. oo in. Gray limestone in 4 to 10 inch strata, used for calcin- ing, ballast and rubble foundations. 30 ft. oo in.
Stratified limestone, same use. 8 ft. oo in.
Gray flag and dimension stone in strata 4, 6, 8, 10 inches 5 ft. 00 in.
White limestone - may be split
I ft. 4 in.
White limestone
I ft. 2 in.
Blue dimension stone
IO in.
Choice flags. 4 in.
Blue dimension stone, to level 3 feet below surface of river
I ft. S in.
Total
54 ft. 4 in.
The ancient valley of Flat Rock is two to three miles wide. Many mounds or hillocks of gravel and sand exist, showing the sorting process of flowing water, and we assume that the surface clay, measuring a vertical height of 100 to 125 feet has been car- ried away. Great red gneiss boulders of 10. 20. 30, 50, 94 cubic feet are seen upon the surface, attesting the transporting power of glaciers or floating ice. One boulder, near Moscow, Rush County, is nine feet long, and nearly the same in cross dimension, including nearly 700 cubic feet.
Going down Flat Rock the " Waldron" fossil bed is seen a short distance southwest of town, thence, dipping faster than the fall in the river, each of the subordinate strata pass below the surface water, and near the mouth of Conn's Creek, the fossil bed ap- proaches the same level and the valley widens from a half to a mile or more. The "Blue Shale" fossil bed here is pyritiferous, and on exposure decomposes, becomes soft, and was borne away by the flowing water, undermining and breaking down overhanging rocks, which in turn were pulverized by the currents and removed. This explains the breadth of the valley. At Geneva, where this bed passes under the bed of the river, precipitous bluffs close in again.
265
GEOLOGY.
The Geneva limestone calcined, furnishes a pure, white lime of superior quality, which thoroughly slakes, works " cool " under the trowel, and sets without "popping " or " crick." These qualities give an extensive demand beyond the possibilities of wagon trans- portation, and invite railway competition. Equal to the Utica lime, near Louisville, it possesses, besides other good qualities, the fea- tures that it is easily and economically quarried, and being porous, is calcined with a small percentage of fuel. The output of three common kilns supplies the vicinage and the few car loads hauled to the railway at Shelbyville.
A similar outerop, giving the thickness of thirty-two feet of mag- nesian limestone, is seen at Nelson's Cave Mills, southwest quar- ter. Section 16, Town II. Range 7. Opposite the mill, an oval opening. six feet high by five feet wide, discharges the drainage from a considerable area of rainfall. Half a mile north of the mill, a doorway four feet high, leads into a cavern with several rooms, and a dome is reported to have a height of twenty-five feet, an evi- dence of the solving power of acidulous rain water acting upon lime- stone. The Geneva limestone, with all its good qualities, is the surface rock of the high lands about Wright's, Geneva, Mt. Pleasant, and especially accessible in the uneroded hillocks, near Norristown, where it has been used for stoning the turnpike, and thence west- ward toward Flat Rock Station, at Ensley's ford of Flat Rock, the upper bed of this limestone is seen, forming the solid floor of the river, a little over a mile west of the railway station.
Com's Creek .- Waldron is a home-like station on the Cincin- nati. Indianapolis, St. Louis & Chicago Railway. One of the highest points in the county on this railway, it has promise of a salubrious air. The surrounding farmers show thrift in their well appointed farms and residences. Much of the adjoining region has a soil made loamy by a generous admixture of sand, and sometimes underlaid with valuable beds of gravel, indicating the former course of rivers or glacial sluiceways. But still more has it gained a wide- spread reputation, by the discovery long ago of rich beds of fossils on Conn's Creek. Described and illustrated by the patient zeal and broad knowledge of Prof. James Hall. State Geologist of New York, the "Waldron fossils" are known and recognized through- out the scientific world. Hotels and equipments are found at the village, and within a mile the first " Waldron beds " are to be seen. Several cabinets of fossils may be visited, of which that of Dr. Washburn is full of choice specimens.
Without repeating sections it is thought best to give a list of outcrops with localities, so that visitors may at once reach those not before mentioned. Mill Creek, northeast part of St. Paul. Rail-
266
SHELBY COUNTY.
way bridge, St. Paul. Sullivan's- Bailey's Mill, St. Paul. Car- lisle's, Section 6, Township II, Range 7. Cuskaden's, Section 12, Township II, Range 7. Fairbank's, on Deer Creek, Section 6, Township II, Range 7. For lists of fossils, see (ante) description of general section.
The physical phenomena of Shelby County represent ages of life, centuries of energy, cycles of time, writing with mightier hand than wields pen of lead or iron, events on the rocks forever. The romantic history it tells is of a deep, cold, quiet sea, and unseen life of mollusk and radiate; it records attending astronomic changes of climate and time, and leaves a thousand log-books of wondrous ships of crystal silver, floating on a river-sea of icy water.
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