USA > Indiana > Fountain County > Prairie Farmer's Directory of Fountain, Parke and Vermillion Counties, Indiana, 1920 > Part 3
USA > Indiana > Parke County > Prairie Farmer's Directory of Fountain, Parke and Vermillion Counties, Indiana, 1920 > Part 3
USA > Indiana > Vermillion County > Prairie Farmer's Directory of Fountain, Parke and Vermillion Counties, Indiana, 1920 > Part 3
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Blister
1 An effective blistering ointment is made by melting together three parts of lard and one-quarter part of finely shaved, yellow beeswax, and then stirring it one part 'of powdered can- tharides (Spanish fly). Stir in a tin dish until cold, then store in a capped glass fruit jar. It improves with age. When using this blister clip off the hair, wash the skin clean, dry it per- fectly. Tie the horse up short in his stall, rub the blister in for fifteen minutes and then smear on some more blister. Wash the blister off in 48 hours and then apply a little lard daily. Do not cover a blistered part, or rub it on the loins, or on top of the hips, or use it after a poultice, or on; irritated skin, or in very hot or cold weather.
Absorbents
Never be without tincture of iodine to swab on swollen glands, tumors, forming abscesses, bony growths, capped or puffed joints, indolent sores or wounds, canker of the mouth in pigs and ringwork spots. It also is useful to inject into abscesses, fistula and lump jaw cavities. Iodine oint- ment is made by mixing one dram each of iodine crystals and iodide of potash in one ounce of lard. This is used on swellings, sore necks and shoulders, puffs of all sorts, tumors, forming abscesses, ringworm spots and enlargements of the udder. As an absorbent blister rub up one dram
.
of biniodide of mercury with two ounces of the fly blister already men- tioned and use on bony growths, such as splints and ringbone, callouses, indolent sores, tumors of the udder.
Worm Medicines
Gasoline is kept on most farms and in tablespoonful doses in six ounces of milk is the best remedy for stomach worms in shecp. Lambs take less in proportion. Two ounces of turpen- tine in a pint of raw linseed oil is effective as a starting dose for a "wormy horse." Follow with worm powders composed of equal parts of salt, sulphur and dried sulphate of iron. Dose, one tablespoonful night and morning for a week, then skip ten days and repeat. Omit iron for preg- nånt animals. For worms of swine give one teaspoonful of turpentine in slop for three consecutive days for. each eighty pounds of body weight; or one dram of dried sulphate of iron in slop for five successive mornings for each hundred pounds of body weight. Where swine are known to be seriously infested with worms, give eight grains of santonin and five grains of calomel in a little slop for each hundred pounds of body weight. Divide the pigs into lots of five and give the medicine in a little slop after starving the animals for eighteen hours. Care must be taken to give only the doses here prescribed, else damage may be done.
Disinfectants
In the paragraph on wound medi- cines it has been advised to keep car- bolic acid and coal tar disinfectant in stock. To these may be added for- maldehyde, bichloride of mercury tablets and permanganate of potash crystals. In disinfecting a stable a solution of four or five ounces of for- maldehyde to the gallon, or a 1-1,000 of bichloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate) or a 1-30 solution of car- bolic acid or coal tar disinfectant should be used after a thorough clean. sing of the premises. For wounds a 1-1,000 solution of corrosive sublimate also is the most effective disinfectant and a 1-500 solution should be used for disinfecting when a spore-form- ing germ, like that of anthrax, is pres- ent. Permanganate of potash is a useful mild disinfectant (antiseptic
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FOUNTAIN, PARKE AND VERMILLION COUNTIES
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PRAIRIE FARMER'S RELIABLE DIRECTORY
and deodorizer) in a 1-5,000 to a 1-50 solution. The weaker solution is used
the rope across an overhead beam, raise the horse's head, hold it there lukewarm for vaginal injection pur- . by means of the rope and pour the . poses, while the 2 per cent solution is medicine into the mouth a little at a time until all is swallowed. Do not squeeze the throat of the horse when giving medicine and never pour. the medicine into the nostril. If the horse will not swallow, pour a teaspoonful of cold water into a nostril and swallow- ing will instantly occur. useful for injection into cavities from which come bad-smelling discharges and for swabbing sores (cankers) of the mouth. As a wound lotion it is usual to employ a 2 to 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid, or lysol, or coal tar disinfectant. Carbolic acid is also much used as an internal disin- fectant in .contagious abortion. Two drams. of the acid is well diluted with water and mixed in soft feed for each pregnant cow
every other night throughout pregnancy. Peroxide of hydrogen one part and clean water two or three parts is a popular dis- infectant for cleansing foul wounds.
Scour'Medicines
The farm medicine chest would not be completely stocked without some remedies for diarrhoea or scours. A mixture of one part of salol and two parts of bismuth (first prescribed years ago by the writer) has become a standard remedy among farmers. The average dose is one teaspoonful given two or three times a day and washed ›down with milk of water. The dose may be doubled in bad cases and for larger calves and foals. Prepared chalk, powdered alum, sulphur, pow- dered catechu, rhubarb and ginger root are also much used for diarrhoea.
Administering Medicines
Small doses of .liquid medicine, such as the average two-ounce dose of a fever medicine or tonic solution, are best given by means of a half-ounce \ 'hard rubber syringe. Expert veteri- narians sometimes give such medicines of bad-tasting drugs in gelatine cap- sules, or in form of a "ball." Worm, condition and tonic powders are mixed in damp grain feed. A large dose of liquid medicine is termed a "drench" and is given from a strong, long-necked bottle. A few inches of rubber hose may be fitted on the neck of such a bottle.
To drench a horse, back him into a stall, place a running noose of soft, small cotton rope or "clothes line" upon the upper incisor teeth, under the upper lip, and draw the noose tight, with the knot of the rope to the front. Throw the loose end of
To drench a cow, place her in a stanchion or tie her in a stall. Walk up on her right side (milking side). Pass the left hand across her face and into her mouth. Hold her head in a straight line forward and slightly ele- vated, not turned to one side. . Pour the medicine very slowly into the right side of the mouth. Let the head down instantly if the medicine causes the cow (or horse) to cough. Fluid given too fast passes into the paunch and is practically wasted. Administered slowly, it largely goes to the third and fourth stomachs and absorption takes place in the latter.
Sheep have to be very carefully drenched from a bottle to avoid chok- ing. Swine take medicine through a hole cut in the toe of an old shoe thrust into the mouth or from a short, strong rubber hose fitted in the neck of a strong bottle. Dogs take medi- cine in capsules inserted in meat or from a bottle or spoon emptied into a pouch formed of the lip and cheek. Avoid "doping" animals unneces- sarily. Medicine' should only be given when the animal is sick, should be the right medicine, and is best pr scribed by an expert.
VALUE OF LABOR
The United States Department of Agriculture found in 1855 that . it re- quired four hours and 34 minutes of human labor to produce a bushel of corn. At the Minnesota experiment station it has been found recently that 45 minutes of human labor is about the average time required for the same work. In other words, human labor is worth six times as much as it was 60 years ago, due to the use of better machinery, better varieties of corn and better soil management.
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The Story of Frank Mann's Wonderful Farm
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Systematic Use of Limestone, Phosphate and Clover Have ! Given Him Steadily Increasing Yields
í
So many of our readers have asked us for a complete story of Frank `Mann's farm that we have asked him to prepare it and are publishing it herewith. The increase in crop yields, following his methods of soil treatment, are shown in the following table:
First Rotation
Second Rotation
Third
Fourth Rotation
Highest Yields
Corn
72
75
81
85
93
Oats
70
81
93
98
115
Wheat
32
41
. 51
57
63
B
OIS D'ARC farm consists of nearly , 500 acres adjoining the city
Gilman, Iroquois county, I11. of The farm ,lies near the edge of what is called the Iroquois Lake basin, and though in its natural state it was too wet for all the land to be successfully farmed, it was not wet enough to be classed as swamp land. It is essentially the undulating prairie land of the Corn Belt. .
Previous to 1878 considerable sur- face drainage was secured by means of open ditches following the natural water courses, and farming had been done on the higher parts of the fields. Considerable tiling was done between 1878 and 1886, when the land was in- cluded in a drainage district, which provided better outlets, with large tile laid in some of the old open ditches.
Tiling was continued for a few years until most of the fields were supplied with lateral strings about four rods apart, and with mains and submains, with a capacity to remove standing water within about 24 hours after a heavy rain. Most of the mains and submains are laid with a fall of about one inch per hundred feet, while the laterals live from one to several inches fall to the hundred feet,
The farm is divided principally into 80-acre fields, though there are some subdivisions of these, because of the . difference in the soil types, and for convenience in operating.
Many Types of Soil.
There are a large number of soil types on this farm, and a soil expert would probably classify them into about 17 different types, though in farming only a few general differences are recognized. In general, the soil is called the brown silt loam of the Early Wisconsin glaciation, and it varies from the light phase to the heavy phase of brown silt. Of the surface soil on the farm there is a light sandy silt, light silt, medium.silt, and a heavy phase, approximating black clay loam. There are many variations in the subsoil; sand, several feet in depth; a pervious mixed clay and silt: yellow silty clay; a rather tight or impervi- ous clay, and a dark silty clay.
Most of the farm is of the level or gently undulating land with but a few feet difference in elevation be- tween the higher and lower parts of the fields; and a; a rule, the higher the ground the lighter the soil. On .the high portions there may be , about a foot of dark colored soil,
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FOUNTAIN, PARKE AND VERMILLION COUNTIES
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Rotation
PRAIRIE FARMER'S RELIABLE DIRECTORY
while on the low portions there may be two to three feet of dark earth.
About a hundred acres is of a different formation and lies higher than the rest of the land. This higher land is mostly a light sandy loam with a sandy subsoil, and the dark colored surface varies from a little less to a little more than a foot in its natural condition.
The Soil Analysis.
'Analysis of various samples show- ed there was limestone in the surface or subsoil in the level and lower portions, in the subsoil of the higher portions, but none in the surface; and no limestone in either the surface or subsoil of the higher land with the sandy subsoil. The phosphorus varied from 1000 to 1200 pounds per acre in the surface soil of the level and undulating land, and from 800 to 1000 in the higher sandy land. The potas- sium in surface and subsoil is about the average of corn belt soils, and largely in excess of any possible re- quirements.
In 1866 not a single tree was grow- ing on the whole farm, but in the few years following large plantings were made of young trees of several kinds for nursery purposes; a number of ash, maple, walnut groves were plant- ed, some of which are still standing.
More or less livestock has been kept on the farm since about 1880. For about 10 years there were from 30 to 40 colts and horses, 100 to 200 hogs, and from 40 to 50 cows-the second herd of pure-bred Holsteins in the state. From 1900 to 1912 from 40 to 50 dairy cows were again maintained, and since that time only about a dozen cows, work horses and a few hogs comprise the livestock. As the fields nearest the barns had the poorest soils, practically no manure was ever hauled to the fields farthest from the barns; and one of these 80-acre fields has never had a load of manure, though it has been cropped every year since 1878 -42 crops in all.
The writer commenced farming operations in 1878, and by 1879 enough drainage had been provided to permit farming in 80-acre fields without much interference from the
open ditches.
Rotation Started in 1879.
On four 80-acre fields a rotation of
clover, corn, corn, oats was started,and clover was seeded with the oats in 1879. With but two or three breaks, due principally to grasshoppers, this rotation has been maintained ever since. The west 20 acres of two of these 80's included so much of the light sandy type of soil, which would not grow good clover, they were separated from the rest of the half section, and operated in a different method in connection with the rest of the light sandy types.
The fields with the thin sandy type of soil were used for pasture a part of the time. After two or three years of pasturing grain crops were grown for two or three years. After about three years the crops became so small they were again seeded to timothy and clover for pasture. Since 1904-8 these fields have been cropped regu- larly in rotation, because with the use of limestone and phosphate large crops of clover can be grown in rotation.
On the half section, ' where clover grew in rotation, common red clover was used for a few years, but later some alsike and timothy were included in the seeding. The first crop of clover was cut for hay, and the second crop was plowed under late in the fall, though frequently it was necessary to defer some of the plowing until early spring, and if possible before much growth had been made.
Until mineral treatments were com- menced in 1903 the average yield of hay was from one ton to 11/2 tons per acre, in first crop; and the growth to plow under, consisting of the second growth and residues of first years growth, was about a ton.
With the use of phosphate there came a large increase in the amount of clover grown, and the hay crop was increased from 2 to 21/2 tons, with a corresponding increase in the late growth. The mixture used became common alsike, red, alfalfa and timothy, as this gives a larger -
growth after the hay crop for plow- ing under.
What Is Clover Worth? .
What is this clover worth when
plowed under as suggested? Com- paring yields on land where corn and oats have been grown without clover, with yields on similar land where clover has been in rotation for many years, shows that the
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FOUNTAIN, PARKE AND VERMILLION COUNTIES
clover has been worth 40 bushels of corn and 15 bushels of oats in each rotation. Corn without clover yield- ed 34 bushels as an average for five years; oats without clover in the rotation, yielded 32 bushels. With
clover in rotation, the corn yield was 54 bushels and oats was 47. When corn sold at 50 cents per bushel this gave a value of at least $12 to $13 per ton for the hay plowed under. With corn at
a higher price the value of the clover would be correspondingly higher.
Trials have been made to see whether more clover than the second crop plowed under would give any increased value. In some cases the first crop was clipped and left on the ground for plowing under with the second crop; and in other cases mam- moth clover has been grown and the whole crop plowed under; but the has been more or less injurious. It effect of the larger amount of clover has induced a larger growth of stalks and straw, with shallower root sys- tems and more injury from drouth; later maturity; more smut, mold and scab, and more soft corn. .It has caused more excess nitrogen with all of its attending evils.
Soybeans were grown when grass- hoppers destroyed the clover, but it was considered that when soys were allowed to mature, they were worse than a grain crop from a fertility standpoint The weight of the soy nodules was 500 pounds per acre (based on what was taken from a square rod), but in these nodules there remained but about 31/2 pounds of nitrogen; as, in maturing, the soys had so completely withdrawn the valu- able food materials from the roots, they were more exhaustive to the soil than would have been a grain crop. These soys probably took about 80 pounds of nitrogen from the soil and another 80 pounds from the air, but it was nearly all removed in the mature crop.
Something More Needed.
1
For years it was considered that nothing more need be done than to grow clovers in rotation, but with tite continued use of clover there was grown large stalks and rank straw, but without any material increase in quantity of grain produced. the
Enough stalks for 150 bushels corn per acre, and straw enough for as large a yield of small grain were fre- quently grown, and with yields ap- proximating 50 bushels. Farming was discouraging, as it seemed as if nothing could be done towards in- creasing actual yields, as about every improved plan had been tried.
About this time the Illinois Experi- ment Station began the systematic study of soils, and it was found that some soils responded to limestone, some to phosphorus, some to nitrogen and some to potash.
Fertility Experiments.
To parts of a field to be in second- year corn were given various applica- tions: 10 tons of Chicago yard manure per acre (manure contains all), dried blood to another part, rock phosphate, · limestone and potash to other parts, in a spirit of inquiry to see what the soil wanted.
The manure gave an increase of 10 bushels of corn per acre; bone meal and rock phosphate 17 bushels in- crease; dried blood, limestone and potash had no beneficial effects in the following crop.
As the nitrogen of blood did not seem to be needed, it was assumed that the nitrogen of manure was not needed; as phosphorus in either form gave good returns it was considered that the phosphorus of the manure was the main cause of the increase it gave.
As the one crop removed about as much phosphorus as was applied in the manure; and as most of the phos- phorus of bone meal and rock phos- phate remained in the soil; and as the rock phosphate cost much less, it . seemed to be the best remedy for the conditions. Its systematic use was commenced and has been continued ever since without missing a treat- ment in regular order.
In the first rotation on each field there was applied . 1,000 pounds of raw phosphate per acre, and by operating the distributor while spreading, heavier applications were made to the higher parts of the fields, and lighter applica- tions to the lower. In this way there seemed to be better values returned from an application than if it had been distributed evenly
Since the first rotation, the regular application has been one ton per acre
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1
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PRAIRIE FARMER'S RELIABLE DIRECTORY,
in each four-year rotation; the appli- cation being made to the clover field before plowing. Intermediate applica- tions have also been made during the rotation on some fields, so that now the tilled fields have from 31/2 to five tons per acre as the total amount ap- · plied.
Yields Go Up.
During the first rotation on the half section where the crops are corn, corn, oats and clover, the ,average yield of corn was 70 bushels and oats 70 bushels. In the second rotation, with the second applica- tion of phosphate in connection with clover, the corn yield was 74 and the oats 78; in the third rotation, the corn was 81 and the oats 89 bushels; in the fourth rotation, with the fourth application of phosphate the corn yield was 85 and the oats 93 bushels. A few fields severely injured by extraneous causes, such as hail- storms, have not been included.
On the remainder of the farm, the fields contain more or less of the lighter sandy soil, and the rotation has been corn, oats, wheat and clover. As most of this ground has no limestone in either surface or subsoil, or a large humus supply, it was necessary to apply limestone as the first step to
grow clover, and from three to five tons per acre were applied as an ini- tial application.
Most of these fields had been given considerable manure in previous , years, though almost none since the rotation was started. There are four fields in this rotation; one of 30 acres, one of 35 acres, one of 40 acres and one of 20 acres. Parts of some of these fields have grown alfalfa for a number of years, though a part of each field has been in the rotation.
Regular applications of phosphate have been made to the clover field before plowing in each rotation, and extra applications have been made to the oats stubble before plowing for wheat, so that these fields now have had four tons of phosphate per acre, and one field has had five tons.
Some of these fields have been in pasture for several years before the rotation was started, and manure had been applied. In the first rotation the corn yield was 72 bushels, oats 70, wheat 32; second rotation, corn 75, oats 81, wheat 41; third rotation, corn 81, oats 93, wheat 51; fourth rota- tion, corn 85, oats 98, wheat 57.
In two favorable seasons the corn made 93 bushels, the oats 102 and 115 bushels and the wheat 6212 and 63 bushels.
FRANK I. MANN Prairie Farmer's Soil and Crop Editor
FOUNTAIN, PARKE AND VERMILLION COUNTIES
THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN BANKS
We are very definite in our ideas of what a Bank owes its customers-and of the attitude which it should take toward them. .
There are no favored few here. Every patron stands upon exactly the same footing-entitled to all the service we can render properly.
There IS a difference in Banks-put us to the test. -
The First National Bank of Clinton, Ind.
HARMON K. MORGAN, President
Capital and Surplus $60,000
BONDS AND VALUABLES KEPT IN OUR BURGLAR PROOF VAULT, WITHOUT CHARGE
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PRAIRIE FARMER'S RELIABLE DIRECTORY
model LADIES . MISSES APPARE
THIS is a new store just started this season. Therefore, the goods "in this store are all new and fresh. You don't take any chance of getting last year's garments. The styles will always be the latest and the prices the lowest. We carry a full line of
Suits, Coats, Dresses, Skirts, Waists and Furs for Ladies and Misses A visit to our store will convince you.
406 MAIN STREET LaFAYETTE :
TELEPHONE 4349 : INDIANA
-
Our twenty-five years in the building of Monuments and Mausoleums
is at your service
No matter where you live we will deliver your work in the cemetery
QUALITY WORK
REASONABLE PRICES
For particulars write either of our shops '
Howard Cann Frankfort, Indiana
-
Cann & Purdue Lafayette, Indiana
1
Fountain County Farmers' Directory
1 Abbreviations Used in This Directory
a-Acres; Ch Children; O-Owner; T-Tenant or Renter; R-Rural Route; Sec-Section; Maiden name of wife follows directory name in parenthesis (); figures at end of informa- tion-year became resident of county. Star (*) indicates children not at home. Name of farm in quotation marks fol- lows names of children. In case of a. tenant, the farm owner's name follows the figures giving the size of farm.
1
EXAMPLE
Acheson, Jesse M. (Blanche Cook) Ch Louise, Dorothy; Attica R6 Davis Sec29 T160a Thelan and Everson (1919) West Point Tel. West Point
Means
Acheson, Jesse M .- Name. (Blanche Cook)-Wife's maiden name. Ch Louise, Dorothy-Name of children. Attica R6-Postoffice Attica, R. F. D. 6. Davis Sec29-Davis township, section 29. T160a-Tenant on 160 acres. Thelan and Everson-Owners' names. (1919)-Lived in county since 1919. West Point Tel. West Point-West Point telephone West Point.
A .
Abernath, Samuel Ch David, *Lucky, *Chance, *Claude. * Sarah; Coving- ton R4 Wabash Sec19 O29a (1846) Cates Tel. Cates
· Abernathey, Harrison (Mary Lawson) Ch Wayne; Covington R1 Fulton Sec17 TS0a T. M. Abernathey (1888) Cates Tel. Cates
Abernathey, T. M. (Emma Richard- son) .Ch *Harry; Covington R1 Ful- ton Sec18 O30a (1867) Cates Tel. Cates
Abernathy, Mrs. Anna Ch Carl, Viv- vena, Macel; Covington R4 Wab- ash Sec5 O40a (1885) Cates Tel. Cates
Abernathy, Lucy (Florence Keller) Ch Gladys, Ora, Manford, Kenneth, Irene, Geraldine, Stephen, Clara; Covington R4 Wabash Sec5 T36a Samuel -Abernathy (1918) Cates · Tel. Cates
Abernathy, Oscar'(Virgil Moore) Ch Ercel, Verley; Covington R4 Wab- ash Sec5 T60a Stephen Abernathy (1854)
Abernathy, Pearley (Ome Lowe) Ch Edith, Gerald, *Ruth; Attica R2 Davis Sec5 T80a Doc North (1907) West Point Tel. West Point
Abolt, Marion (Martha Miller) Ch Oveta. Borden, *Neoma; "Abolt Homestead" Veedersburg R6 Rich- land Sec13 O415a (1854) Mellott Tel. Mellott
Acheson, Jesse M. (Blanche Cook) Ch Louise, Dorothy; Attica R6 Davis Sec29 T160a Thelan and Ev- erson (1919) West Point Tel. West Point
Adams, Henry W. (Emma Braskar) Ch Harlan; Covington R3 Troy Sec24-25-30 T260a Perry Adams (1915) Fountain Tel. Covington
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FARMERS AND BREEDERS, FOUNTAIN COUNTY
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PRAIRIE FARMER'S RELIABLE DIRECTORY
Adams, James (Mattie Stalions) Ch Allen, David (Ada Wallace) Ch
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