USA > Indiana > The history of Indiana > Part 41
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The conduct of the campaign was not different from that of 1840 and 1844. Cass clubs and Rough and Ready clubs were organized in all parts of the State. Barbecues and joint discussions were common. The Whigs made a feature of a celebration at Fort Harri- son, September 5, the thirty-sixth anniversary of Tay- lor's brilliant feat of arms there.59 Little interest or enthusiasm could be aroused. Taylor was not popular on account of his severe criticism of the Second Regi- ment at Buena Vista. Cass was not popular on account of his pro-slavery platform.60 Each party made frantic appeals to the Free Soilers-the Whigs, to quit their party and join the Whig; the Democrats, to stand by Van Buren to the last. The Whigs pointed out to them that it was the defection to Birney that elected Polk. That now every vote for Van Buren helped to fasten slavery in the territory; that Van Buren himself was the original "dough face" and had
58 Tri-weekly Journal, Aug. 4, 1848.
59 Tri-weekly Journal, Sept. 15, 1848.
60 "Democrats who have never lifted a finger for the party or its principles and whose integrity is doubtful, and who owe all their superabundant riches to truckling between the parties, are expecting a rain of soup and are holding their dishes high." Edi- torial in the State Sentinel, quoted by Journal, Sept. 29. On the other hand Editor Defrees of the Journal wrote editorially Aug. 4: "Next Monday is election day and we fear the Whigs are not prepared for it. While our opponents are active and jubilant, you are all asleep."
546
HISTORY OF INDIANA
no principles of his own.61 The Free Soilers stood to their guns in spite of all appeals and the State vote went to Cass by a plurality of 4,538, Van Buren receiv- ing 8,100 votes.62 Of the 11,402 votes cast above the number in 1844, the Free Soilers had gained 6,000. The fruits of the victory, however, went to the de- feated Whigs.
The Democrats controlled the General Assembly. A spirited contest at once began for Hannegan's seat in the United States Senate. Governor Whitcomb, Robert Dale Owen, Senator Hannegan and E. M. Chamberlain were the Democratic aspirants. Each was required by the Democratic members to answer the following questions: Has Congress the constitu- tional power to exclude slavery from the territories so long as they remain a territory? And if such power exists are you in favor of so excluding slavery? These remind one of the propositions which Lincoln, ten years later, put to Judge Douglas, and which the latter feared to answer. All the candidates answered in the affirm- ative. They were then asked if they would abide by instructions of the General Assembly, and all assented. They were finally asked if they would go into caucus and abide by the result. Again all answered affirma- tively. On the fourth caucus ballot, Whitcomb received 49 votes, Owen 12, Chamberlain 6, Hannegan 10. There were eighty-two of the eighty-seven Democratic members present.63
§ 96 THE LAST STRUGGLES OF THE WHIG PARTY
FROM 1835 to 1852 there was one continuous politi- cal campaign in Indiana. Candidates, platforms and politicians came and went, but the contest raged with- out intermission. The election of members to the Gen-
61 Tri-weekly Journal, Aug. 30, 1848.
62 Daily Journal, Dec. 4, Dec. 19, 1848.
63 Daily Journal, Dec. 6, Dec. 15, Dec. 20, 1848. .>
547
ELECTION OF 1852
eral Assembly took place in August, 1848, the presi- dential election followed in November; the election of a United States senator came before the General As- sembly in December; in January the parties held their State conventions preparatory to electing a governor in August; during April and May congressional con- ventions were held in the districts to select candidates for the congressional election in August; during May and June candidates for the General Assembly were selected. The active campaign began about June 1, though the gubernatorial candidates frequently took the field as early as May 1.64
The Whig State convention met in Indianapolis, January 3. The usual formalities of a convention were carried out. One of the rules provided that, in voting, each congressional district should cast three votes as determined by all the voters present from that district. A platform was reported by Thomas Dowling of Terre Haute. 65 Elisha Embree of Princeton, who had de- feated Robert Dale Owen for Congress in 1847 in the First District, was nominated for governor, and Thomas S. Stanfield for lieutenant governor.
The Democratic convention met at Indianapolis, January 8. There were three candidates for governor -Joseph A. Wright of Parke county, James H. Lane of Lawrenceburg and E. M. Chamberlain of Goshen. An agreement was reached among the supporters of the two first-named candidates by which Wright was nominated for governor and Lane for lieutenant gov- ernor.66
As soon as Judge Embree, who was then in Wash- ington, heard of his nomination, he at once wrote John
64 See itinerary of J. A. Wright, Madison Courier, May 2, June 2, 1849. It might be added that two State-wide referendums, one on a school question and one on calling a constitutional conven- tion, were before the voters at this time.
65 Daily Journal, Jan. 5, 1849.
66 Daily Journal, Jan. 10, 1849.
548
HISTORY OF INDIANA
D. Defrees, State chairman, declining, stating as his reason that he preferred to serve in Congress, and that he had promised his friends in the First District to be their candidate again. The State chairman imme- diately called a meeting of the State Central Commit- tee, by whom a new convention was ordered. It met May 3, and nominated John A. Matson of Brookville for governor.67
The Free Soilers, under the name of the "Free Democracy," met at Indianapolis January 20. A strong effort was made to have the convention endorse Judge Embree, but without success. The failure of this, perhaps, determined the latter to withdraw from the Whig ticket. The Free Soilers nominated James H. Cravens of Ripley county to head their ticket, with John W. Wright of Cass county as his lieutenant.68 They decided to combine on local tickets with that party which would give them most consideration. In some counties they had run second in 1848, while in many they held the balance of power. They hoped by a skillful use of their votes to secure several seats in the General Assembly. In general, they demanded the application of the Wilmot Proviso in organizing new territory. They opposed admitting any more slave States, and they insisted that Congress free itself of guilt by abolishing slavery wherever it had power, especially in the District of Columbia.69 The weakness in their campaign was that they were contesting for a State office on a strictly national platform. The same criticism applies with almost equal force to the other parties.
The issue of the struggle turned almost entirely on slavery. The Democrats had supported Cass, who, in his Nicholson letter, had favored spreading slavery as
67 Daily Journal, Mar. 12, April 2, May 4, May 28, 1849.
68 Daily Journal, Jan. 20 and 31, 1849.
69 Daily Journal, June S, June 11, 1849.
549
ELECTION OF 1852
much as possible in order to mitigate its evils. Wright dodged the slavery question as far as he could, usually advocating the non-interference doctrine. On State issues, such as popular education, calling a constitu- tional convention, providing for biennial assemblies, he felt safer. Matson stood squarely by the Wilmot Proviso. He favored a constitutional convention, and especially advocated the popular election of judges and postmasters. In general, the Free Soilers fused with the Democrats. In the Fourth District, a Free Soil can- didate, George W. Julian, aided by Democratic votes, was elected to Congress. In the election, the "Van Burenites" supported Wright, leaving the Whig candi- date with his normal Whig vote.70 The feature of the campaign was the strenuous canvass made by Joseph A. Wright. He made over 100 speeches in eighty-one counties, visiting the remotest parts of the State. The average length of each address was two hours.
The decisive defeat of the Whigs in 1849 left little life in the party. With only one congressman out of ten, with no senator, with no control in the State gov- ernment, the politcal outlook was indeed gloomy for the party in Indiana. It was unable to take any aggressive steps on any question. The constitutional convention and education engrossed public attention in the State from 1850 till the close of the convention in 1851. By championing both these measures the Democrats were able to strengthen their political hold on the State. In 1850 they elected a safe majority of the assembly- men; in 1851 they elected two-thirds of the assembly- men, and a like proportion of delegates to the consti- tutional convention. In the latter year, however, the Whigs succeeded in electing two congressmen, Samuel W. Parker in the Fourth, and Samuel Brenton in the
70 The results of the election were: Wright, 76,897; Matson, 66,854; Cravens, 2,978. The Whigs lost all the congressmen but one, E. M. McGaughey, a Whig, defeating Grafton Cookerly in the Seventh. Tri-weekly Journal, Aug. 17, Aug. 24, Aug. 29, 1849.
550
HISTORY OF INDIANA
Tenth District. The combined Democratic majority in the ten districts, however, was 9,469.71
Success to the Democrats was attended with grave danger to the party. The assistance and co-operation of the Free Soilers had been courted ever since 1844. The latter came to feel that they had contributed essen- tially to the success of the party, and they therefore began boldly to demand a hearing in its councils. The smouldering coals of Free Soilism began to blaze up smartly. There was only need of a little gust of pas- sion to start an uncontrollable fire. The gust was not to come till 1854, but in the meantime it required all the political acumen and forbearance in the party to keep the flame down.
The politicians and perhaps a majority of the rank and file of the old parties welcomed the compromise measures of 1850. The slavery agitation had reached the pitch where it was causing uneasiness to thought- ful men. So willingly did the leaders abandon the ques- tion that there appeared to the Abolitionists to be an agreement among them to eliminate it.
The election of 1852 was the first under the new constitution. For the third time in the State history a gubernatorial and presidential campaign had fallen on the same year.72 Never before had there been so many candidates in the field at once.
The Democratic State convention met in Masonic Hall, Indianapolis, February 24, 1852. The party was in good spirits, but there was no excess of enthusiasm. Governor Wright had made many enemies in his own party and many friends in the Whig party by fearlessly opposing the free banks and the liquor interests. No one appeared to contest the nomination with him. For lieutenant governor, Ashbel P. Willard, an eloquent
71 Indiana State Journal, Aug. 30, 1851.
72 Monroe and Jennings were elected in 1816, but the presi- dential electors were chosen in the legislature.
551
ELECTION OF 1852
young lawyer of New Albany, was chosen. Besides these there were now ten more State officials to be elected on the State ticket. After candidates for these had been selected, the convention endorsed the com- promise measures of the recent Congress. This was not done without serious protest, voiced by such papers as the Lafayette Courier, the Indianapolis Statesman, the Goshen Democrat, and others of the Free Soil persua- sion. The convention emphasized sharply the cleavage between the two wings of the party. The northern part of the State, where Free Soilism was strong, was not represented on the ticket.
The Whig State convention assembled at Indian- apolis, February 26, 1852. As usual there was plenty of speechmaking, but not very much real enthusiasm. There was no avowed candidate, and Nicholas Mc- Carty, a prominent merchant of Indianapolis, was placed at the head of the ticket. William Williams of Warsaw took second place. After filling up the rest of the ticket, principally with men from the north- ern part of the State, a featureless platform was adopted. In its general attitude the party stood for about the same policy as the Democratic. As popular campaigners the Whigs were hopelessly outclassed. Had the Whigs nominated George G. Dunn, R. W. Thompson, or some man of that class, they might have won. On the hustings Joseph A. Wright has had few equals in the State.
The Free Soilers held their State convention at Indianapolis, May 17. Each township in the State was requested to send a delegate. The party was composed of Abolitionists, Wilmot Proviso Democrats, Van Burenites, and Anti-Fugitive-Slave-Law Whigs. A. L. Robinson of Vanderburg county and J. P. Milli- ken of Dearborn were the candidates. The new party was bitterly opposed· by both old parties, the Demo-
552
HISTORY OF INDIANA
crats having changed their attitude toward it de- cidedly since 1848.
The national candidates added no zest to the cam- paign in the State. Scott failed to elicit any enthusi- asm, while Pierce, like Polk in 1844, was an unknown person. The leading Whig papers of Indiana had in a forlorn way supported Scott for the last year, but not in the way they had formerly supported Clay and Har- rison.
The State campaign lacked all the spectacular ele- ments of 1840, and the earnestness of 1832 or 1844. It was entirely machine made. The Free Soilers were not allowed a hearing, and there was no issue between the other parties sufficient to arouse any passion. The usual number of campaign speeches, rallies, and barbe- cues were held. The State election came off October 12. As the results trickled in slowly it became mani- fest that the Whig Party had met disaster. Only one congressman out of eleven, Samuel Parker of the Fifth, had been elected. Wright had defeated McCarty by 18,935 majority, while the third party had polled only 3,303 votes. The returns from the presidential polls were equally discouraging to the Whigs. Pierce had received 95,299 votes, Scott 80,901 and Hale, on the Free Soil ticket, 6,934. The Whigs carried twenty-one counties. They were almost careless of the results and received the reports calmly. They had supported the party, not through belief in its platform or its candi- dates, but rather through a spirit of opposition to the Democratic Party. The Democrats were not elated by their success. The bitter dissentions which had been hushed with difficulty during the campaign at once broke out.
The campaign was the last in which either the Whig or Free Soil Party entered actively. The Whig Party went to its grave with very few mourners, and they professional. The Free Soilers joined with the libe-
553
ELECTION OF 1852
rated Whigs and disaffected Democrats to form a new party. The old order was dead, the new order had begun. Like the morning sunshine after a night of storm the State appeared after the campaign of 1852. With a new constitution, with new party affiliations unshackled by professional politicians, with new insti- tutions, and renewed courage, her citizens looked to the future full of hope and assurance. 73
73 The facts of this campaign have been taken from the In- dianapolis Journal and Sentinel, the Madison Courier and the Logansport Pharos.
INDEX
Adams, J. Q., 285, 337, 338, 343. Adams, John, 175.
Agitation for revision of con- stitution, 509.
Agriculture, improvement in early, 326.
Allen, John, 271. Allen county settled, 312, 315. Allisonville, 314.
Allouez, Father Claude, 313. American attitude towards In- dians, 53.
American Bible society, work of, 325.
American Revolution and the Indians, 52.
Anderson, Capt., Delaware chief, 262. Anderson, 206, 207, 314, 364, 454.
Anti-Masonic party, 347. Anti-slavery sentiment, growth of, 198.
Asbury university, 331. Ashworth, Moses, 318. Associations, 320. Attica, 274, 376, 438.
Auction, public land, 391. Audubon, John James, 236. Aurora, early settlers around, 231. Bad Axe, 377. Badollet, John, 153, 248, 388.
Baen, Capt. W. C., 214. Baird, Samuel, 154. Baker, Conrad, 362. Ball, Maj. James V., 223.
Bank, Indiana State, 447 seq., branches, 472.
Bank of the State of Indiana, 468.
Banking law of 1851, 465. Bankrupt State, 423, 522. Banks, territorial, 265 seq .; free, 463 seq.
Baptist churches, early, 319. Baptist mission among Indians, 262.
Barbecues of 1844, 533. Barbee, Capt., 127. Barbour, Col., 222. Barnett, Theodore, 525. Barron, Joseph, 208, 209, 210. Bartholomew, Col. Joseph, 214, 227, 254.
Bartholomew county settled, 275, 315.
Bassett, Horace, 294. Battle, Ouiatanon, 127; St. Clair's Defeat, 134; at Fort Recovery, 138; Fallen Tim- bers, 139; Tippecanoe, 213; at Fort Dearborn, 217; on Mississinewa, 224; Thames, 228; Buena Vista, 503.
Battleground convention, 364. Beckes, Maj. B. V., 376, 497. Bedford, branch bank, 456. Beecher, Henry Ward, 493. "Bee line," 480. Benedict, Dr. Horace N. T., 489. Berry, Thomas, 214. Bessonies, Rev. August, 317.
556
INDEX
Bible Society, American, 325. Biddle, Horace P., 515.
Biddle, Nick, 348. Big Bottoms Massacre, 124. Bigelow, John, 268. Bigger, James, 227.
Bigger, Gov. Samuel, 330, 362, 364, 425, 530.
Biggs, William, 192.
Bird's invasion of Kentucky, 89.
Birmingham bluff, 408.
Birney, James G., 536. Bissell, Lieut., 376. "Bitters," 490.
Blackbird, an Indian chief, 217. Blackford, Isaac, 257, 343, 517. Black Hawk's War, 370 seq. Blackman, Truman, 273. Blackmore, Dawson, 265. Blake, Thomas H., 254, 362, 414, 440.
Blakesbury, 314.
Blannerhassett, Herrman, 201.
Blockhouses, erection of, 224, 234, 239.
Blue Licks, defeat at, 97. Boquet's expedition, 39. Brady, Henry, 354.
"Bloody 300," the, 376.
Bloomingdale academy, 324.
Bloomington, 275, 331, 409, 413. Blue Jacket, 140. Bolton, Nathaniel, 493.
Blue river, crossing, 163, 180. Branches of State bank, 472. British influence with Indians, 119. British Northwest (map), 46. Brown, Capt., 128.
Buena Vista, Indiana troops at, 504. Buffalo Trace, 162. Building canals, 407. Buntin, Robert, 153, 155.
Burr's conspiracy, 201. Bond, Shadrack, 192. Boone, Ratliff, 234, 351.
Boonville, founded 1818, 234. Bosseron, Francis, 151.
Bowles, Col. William A., 500, 505, 506.
Boyd, Col. John P., 211.
Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, 136, 140.
Brenton, Samuel, 549.
Brentonville, 314.
Bright, Jesse D., 538, 539.
Bright, Michael G., 427, 436, 516.
"British Band," Indians, 370. Brookville, 239, 265, 266, 267, 278, 309, 344, 389, 410, 418. Brouillette, Michael, 208.
Brutè, Bishop Gabriel, 316.
Buckingham, Ebenezer, 386.
Buckongahelas, 140.
Burnet, Judge Jacob, visits Vin- cennes, 161, 168. Burr, David, 404.
Bush, Rev. George, 313.
Butler, Charles. 431 seq.
Butler, Ovid, 545.
Butler, Col. Richard, 131.
Butler bills, the, 434.
Caldwell, Capt., with Wilkin- son, 129.
Caldwell, Capt. William, 97.
Camp, Clark, 499, 501; Belknap, 506.
Campaign, of 1844, 528; of 1852, 550.
Campaigning in Mexico, 502. Campaigns of the Revolution, closing, 78. Campbell, Alexander, 324. Campbell, Col. John B., 223 ..
557
INDEX
Canal, Ohio Falls, 268 seq. Canals, 401, Wabash and Erie, 402 seq .; land grant for, 402 seq .; board of commission- ers 404, 412; lines of 1836, 413; fund, 414; construction of, 414 seq .; failure, 418; Whitewater, 418 seq .; Cen- tral, 419 seq .; Cross Cut, 419; from Indianapolis to Jeffer- sonville, 421; funds borrowed, 422; bankruptcy, 423; sold, 425; bonds, 428.
Canal system, 409.
Canby, Dr. I. T., 344, 350, 353, 396.
Capital, at Vincennes, 239; at- tempts to move, 240 seq .; at Corydon, 242; 252-269; moved to Indianapolis, 269 seq .; names of men to select site, 270; surveyed, 270; nam- ing, 271.
Carlton, Robert M., 275. Carr, George W., 516, 541.
Carr, Gen. John, 231, 270, 277, 346, 362.
Carr, Gen. Samuel, 35S.
Carroll county settled, 311, 315.
Cartwright, Peter, 317, 319. Cass, Gen. Lewis, 229, 260, 408, 535, 544.
Catholic churches, early, 316. Caucus, 336, 361. Cave in rocks, 30S.
Census, returns, 1800, 203; re- turns, 1821, 276; returns, 1830, 315.
Cession of Northwest territory by Virginia, 142.
Chamberlain, E. M., 546, 547. Chambers, Benjamin, 192, 231.
Chapman, Jacob P., 516. Charities, beginning of State, 492.
Cheeves, Langdon, 266, 267. Chillicothe, Old, 90; on Mau- mee, 123.
Cholera, 439, 440.
Christian churches, early, 323. Churches in early Indiana, 316 seq .; efforts for education, 330.
Churchman, William H., 493. Circuit courts established, 164; first State, 258.
Circuit rider, 194, 319.
Civil code, 258.
Civil government under Vir- ginia, 74; government of Northwest Territory, 159.
Clark, George Rogers, 53; ex- pedition, 55; expedition (map) 65; army, 76, 87, 90; invasion of Ohio, 91, 93, 98, 104, 106; Grant, 76, 230, 318, 319; last expedition to Vin- cennes, 107; Grant settlement, 230.
Clark, Marston, 271, 358, 359. Clark, Judge William, 189. Clark, William, justice, 147. Clarksville, 147,' 230.
Classification, of internal im- provements, 416, 418, 425.
Clay, Henry, 285, 338, 346. Clay Whigs, 342. Clearing the land, 481.
Cleland, Thomas, 321.
Clendennin, Gen. John G., 358, 414. Clinton, 238, 273.
Clothing, the pioneers', 479. Coe, Isaac, 326, 427.
Coffman, Isaac, killed at Pigeon Roost, 219.
558
INDEX
Colfax, Schuyler, 362, 515. "Collar press," 358. Collett, John, 273. Collings, William, 219. Colonization society, 326. Combs, Michael, 324. Commerce in early Indiana, 243, 240, 280, 282, 368, 400 seq .; 454, 460.
Conditions in 1789, 114.
Congressional districts, 1822, (map) 341, 1852 (map), 527. Congressional donations to State, 247.
Connor, John, 208, 270.
Conquest of the Miamis, 117.
Conquest by Virginia, 52. Conquest of the Northwest, 53. Constitution, making of the, 249; agitation for revision of, 509; changes in, 518; the new, 519.
Constitutional convention, 1816, delegates to first, 246, 247; convention of 1850, 509 ; poli- tics of, 516.
Construction of canals and roads, 414.
Convention, Baptist, 320. Conventions, political, 285. Cooking, among the pioneers, 478.
Coquillard, Alexis, 312, 369. Corkers, 407, fight "way down- ers," 408.
"Cornstalk" militia, 497.
Corydon, settled, 233, 240, 242; capital at, 240; constitutional convention, 247 seq .; 266, 267. Council, Indian, on Maumee, 136; at Greenville, 140, 210; on Mississinewa, 215; at Greenville, 229.
Counties, Knox organized, 153; Wayne (old), 177; Wayne (new), 177; Clark, 177; or- ganized, 180; Dearborn, 180; population of, 245; delegates apportioned, 246, 255.
County courts, territorial, 190. County government, Northwest territory, 165; under the judges, 190; Indiana terri- tory, 191; in Indiana, 254 seq; early, 256.
County of Illinois, 74, 141.
County, population in 1816, 245. County seminaries authorized. 282.
Coureurs de bois, 12, 26.
Courts, at Vincennes, 75; North- west territory, 164; of Indi- an territory, 189, 190, 194; slow action, 195, 256. Covington, S. F., 539. Cox, Sanford, 311.
Cravens, James H., 548.
Cravens, William, 319. Crawford, Josiah, 318. Crawford county settled, 236, 276, 315.
Crawfordsville, 275, 278, 309, 310, 390, 396, 413, 454, 500. Crimes and punishment, 166, 193, 258.
Criminal code, territorial, 167; State, 258.
Croghan, Maj. George, 211.
Croghan, George, journey of, 40.
Crow, John Finley, 332. Crume, Moses, 318. Cumberland road (see nation- al). Currency question, 1832, 350.
Cutler, Rev. Manasseh, 144. 146, 147.
559
INDEX
Dancing, among the pioneers, 487. Daviess, Col. Joseph H., 211, 214.
Daviess county, settlement, 234. 238, 276, 315.
Davis, Col. Jefferson, 505.
Davis, Dr. John W., 362, 369, 526, 531, 539, 541.
Davis, Judge Thomas Terry, 189.
Dawn of a brighter day, 553. Dearborn county, settlement, 231.
Dearborn, Fort, captured, 216. Decker, Luke, 156, 157, 214.
Defense of the frontier, 225. Defiance, Fort, built, 138. Defrees, John D., 427, 471, 507, 548.
Delaware Indians, 83.
Delaware towns, raids on, 227. Delegates to first constitutional convention, 246.
Delphi, 311, 454. Deming, Dr. Elizur, 356.
Democratic speakers, 1840, 362. Denominational schools, 332. DePauw, John, 248, 525. Development of Indiana Terri- tory, 202.
Dewey, Charles, 231, 362. Dickey, John Mc., 322. Digby, William, 311. Disciples churches, early, 323. Division of Northwest territory, 171.
Division of Indiana territory, 179.
Dobson, Dr. D. M., 541.
Door Village, 373, 375. Doughty, Maj. John, 122 Douglas, John, 356, 358. Dowling, Thomas, 547.
Drake, Col. James P., 501, 503. Driftwood, 180, Indians on 226 seq .; 259, 273, 275.
Dubois, Touissant, 208, 212. Dufours, settled at Vevay, 231, 307.
"Dugout Whigs," 357. Dumont, Ebenezer, 456. Dumont, John, 286. Dunkards, 323. Dunlap, Dr. Livingston, 354.
Dunn, George G., 362, 507, 542, 551. Dunn, Isaac, 319.
Dunn, William M., 516.
Dunn, Williamson, 227, 275, 310, 390.
Dunning, Paris C., 362, 500, 501, 539.
Earlham, 324. Early lines of travel, 288. "Eating brigade," 415. Economic development, 1825-35, 288. Edeline, Louis, 151.
Edmunds, J. W., 369.
Education, constitutional pro- vision for, 200, 251; hindered by lack of revenue, 282, 328 seq .; pioneers' thirst for, 474, 518.
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