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சரி .. நேசமேஷ்டிசிகர் எழுந்திறேன் மூர்த்திசோ
The County
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M. L.
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
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PROFILE
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MAP OF INDIAN FORT, MADISON COUNTY LEGEND
Hachure lines - cliffs of limestone and conglomerate. Numbers 1 to 16 inclusive -stone walls and stone barricades constructed by prehistoric inhabitants of Kentucky. C~ cave in Mammoth Cave limestone. R-rockhouse in Pottsville conglomerate.
3 - spring.
Printed by Industrial Arts Dept. Beres, Ky. Jago
X- stone wall of doubtful origin Y- line of scattared rocks. Doubtful origin for their present location .
A-A', and D-D'- position of sections shown on map. · Scale for Profiles
D.D'- 1000 feet above sea level. A-A'- 1100 feet above sea level.
3 1833 01714 7106
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
Raymond Br.
MADISON CO. KENTUCKY Explored And Surveyed By W. G. BURROUGHS
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The "1770 Squire Boone" Rock. See Chapter II.
Glimpses of Historic" Madison County, Kentucky
By JONATHAN TRUMAN DORRIS and 106
MAUD WEAVER DORRIS
Introduction by Dr. W. D. Weatherford
Published in co-operation with Berea Centennial Publications
WILLIAMS PRINTING COMPANY NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
1955
Copyrighted 1955 by Jonathan Truman Dorris and Maud Weaver Dorris
1417530
Dedicated to the Spirit of Freedom, Labor, and Culture which has charac- terized Berea College for a century.
Payton $ 10.00 10-3-67 In - 498 p.o. 4479
Acknowledgments
E ARLY IN APRIL Mrs. Dorris and I promised Dr. W. D. Weather- ford that we would produce a volume in connection with the Berea College Centennial. Then we expected to prepare an exten- sion of my A Glimpse at Historic Madison County and Richmond, Kentucky, issued in 1934 as a Daniel Boone Bicentennial publica- tion. For twenty-five years, I had wanted to prepare a history of Madison County. This seemed to be an opportune time to write something of that sort, so we decided to prepare "Glimpses" of the County as the only type of Madison's history that time and other very discouraging conditions would permit.
The scope of the volume soon caused the authors to invite others to contribute items which they were specially prepared to write. Six members of the local College staff-Professors D. Thomas Ferrell, William Keene, Harvey H. LaFuze, William Stocker, Colonel H. Y. Grubbs, and Miss Ellen Pugh-came to our aid. Three attor- neys of Richmond-Warfield Miller, John Bayer, and H. O. Porter- found time to help. Several Bereans-Dr. W. D. Weatherford, Dr. Wilbur G. Burroughs, Warren Dean Lambert and Mrs. Ellen H. Mitchell-made valuable contributions. Besides Miss Pugh, Mrs. Murison Dunn, Mrs. H. O. Porter, Mrs. J. B. Arnett, and Mrs. Hubert Cornelison responded for the women's organizations. Infor- mation about three of Richmond's hospitals came from the offices of Doctors Robert Sory, Shelby Carr, and Mason Pope. Mrs. James Lackey rendered service by the loan of a scrapbook on the Pattie A. Clay Infirmary which she and her mother had prepared through the years. Mrs. Jerre B. Noland's research records of Revolutionary soldiers who were buried in Madison County was very useful. Charles K. A. McGaughey wrote for the Masons, J. D. Hamilton for the Blue Grass Ordnance and Dr. W. H. Poore the first part on churches. Others contributing were Coleman Oldham, J. B. Rymell, Ed Wayman, James Thornton, and Rev. J. W. Cobb. Nothing was obtained from Berea's rubber plant. My student secretaries, Miss Delores Sampson and Miss Jane Elder, should be commended for typing the manuscript and in helping to assemble material for pub- lication. Ru Bee contributed much in photography.
vii
Efforts were in vain to get a few other organizations to respond. To those who helped so willingly to make "Glimpses" a very in- formative volume the authors are very grateful. We hope the book is ready for distribution on Richmond's Wilderness Road night in Berea's Indian Fort Theatre on Thursday, July 21.
Readers will not find the volume a conventional history in which the general rules of unity and coherence of the different parts have been followed. The book is just what the title suggests. The task for a real history of Madison remains for the local historians to accomplish. Nevertheless, as Dr. Weatherford states in his Introduc- tion the work should be in every home of the County where there are school children. Every Madisonian will find it very useful; even the Bibliography will be suggestive of information for others on subjects relating to the County's history.
The haste in which the volume has been prepared and published makes likely errors in composition and in facts of history. For this the authors are very regretful. They have done the best they could under very trying circumstances. So mote it be.
June 27, 1955
J. T. D.
viii
Introduction
TN A NEW and growing country, where all the institutions of civili- zation and culture, must be organized and developed, most men are so intensely engaged in the activities of the present that they never stop to look at the story of the past. The struggles and the achievements of the past generation soon disappear, and men fail either to evaluate or to learn any of the lessons which experience should teach.
The average high school, which must give the majority of the citizens most of their formal education, pays far too little attention to the history of American development and often no attention what- ever to the development of the region or the locality in which the particular high school is located. This tends to rob present day society of the rich heritage of its past, and lays that society open to untried and half baked ideas, which a better knowledge of the past might well have saved society from trying. Surely all wisdom is not confined to the present, nor should we assume that past experience is without its values. To garner the best wisdom from past exper- ience and compound it with the best thinking of the present seems the essence of true wisdom.
But it is just here that the rush of present day life may rob American society of one element of strength. We know too little of the great persons of our history-of which every locality has one or many.
Madison County is fortunate in having some of the great names of pioneer days in its roll of honor, and many of the most stirring events of those early days took place on the soil of this historic county. One only need mention Daniel Boone, Cassius Clay, Rich- ard Henderson, the Burnams, Capertons, and many others to sub- stantiate this claim. Dr. and Mrs. Dorris in the study of Madison County have named scores of these pioneers and given them their due meed of praise.
Events of historic significance, such as the founding of Boones- borough, the great siege of Boonesborough, the first legislative as- sembly, the earliest religious service in the state of Kentucky, and scores of other firsts, are given proper treatment.
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There is a chapter on Ancient Forts and Mounds, some of which are among the oldest and most significant in the United States; another chapter on the beginnings of education in Kentucky- particularly in Madison County; accounts of some of the South's best known colleges; stories of ancient churches; the stories of famous celebrations beginning with the Boonesborough Celebration of 1840, and coming down through those of Translyvania and Berea Colleges; the study of the "Press," civic organizations, military his- tory, and Kentucky's great struggle during the Civil War, much of which centered in Madison County, make this volume replete with information about not only the facts of history, but also of the growth and development of culture and civilization in this part of the world.
The authors are to be congratulated on the wide variety of inter- ests which the book embraces. It is a veritable mine of historic material which should be in every home in the county where there is a growing boy or girl, and should be in every school library in the state. It should have wide reading to remind all Kentuckians of their rich heritage.
Berea, June 24, 1955
W. D. Weatherford
X
CONTENTS
GLIMPSES OF HISTORIC MADISON COUNTY, KENTUCKY
I. ANCIENT FORTS AND MOUNDS I
Indian Fort Mountain 1
Robe's Mountain 4
Basin Mountain 4
Copper Armor
5
Mounds and Other Forts 6
The Moberly Mound 8
:
II. BOONELAND 14
Daniel Boone 14
Transylvania Colony
A Boonesborough Romance 16
The Siege of Fort Boonesborough In 1778 21
18
Sycamore Hollow 26
Boonesborough 27
Estill's Defeat 29
Boone's Rock In Town 33
III. MADISON COUNTY 37
Its Organization and Development 37
Early Surveyors and Land Titles 42
The Kennedys 45
The Estills and Irvines 48
Firsts in Kentucky 49
IV. TRANSPORTATION
52
Water, Bridges, and Roads 52
Railroads
55
V. CITIES AND VILLAGES 59
Richmond 59
Westinghouse 62
Berea
63
Villages 67
xi
VI. THE MADISON COUNTY PRESS 70
Richmond Papers 70
The Berea Press 75
VII. EDUCATION IN MADISON COUNTY 78
Introduction
78
Early Education 78
Private Schools
81
Education From 1837 to 1900 88
Public Education From 1900 to 1955 91
Independent School Districts 95
VIII. COLLEGES 98
Berea 98
Central University 105
Eastern Kentucky State College 108
IX. CHURCHES 111
Introduction 111
The Presbyterian Church 111
Disciples of Christ. 113
The Church of God 114
The Episcopal Church
114
Union Church of Berea 115
Catholics 115
White's Memorial 116
The Christian Science Church 117
The Church of Christ 117
Baptist
117
Methodist 120
X. THE CLAYS 123
General Green Clay
123
Cassius Marcellus Clay I.
Brutus Junius Clay I 123
Cassius Marcellus Clay II 127
126
Brutus Junius Clay II 127
Laura Clay 128
Cassius Marcellus Clay III
131
xii
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XI. THE SLAVERY CONTROVERSY 132
Slavery in the Church 132
Clay Vs. Fee 135
The Mobbing of John G. Fee 136
Expulsion of the Bereans 139
XII. THE CIVIL WAR 144
A Union Meeting in 1861
144
The Clay Battalion 145
The Battle of Richmond 146
The 11th Kentucky Cavalry, C. S. A. 151
A Madisonian's Response to the Draft. 152
Reminiscences 153
An Aftermath 135
Humanity Appreciated and Acknowledged 156
The Romance of A Keepsake Album 157
XIII. SONGS OF FREEDOM 159
The Changing World 159
Henry Allen Laine 161
Yesterday and Today 166
XIV. BURNAMS AND CAPERTONS 169
The Burnams 169
The Capertons 171
Releasing Confederate Prisoners 173
XV. NOTABLES 176
Natives 176
Not Natives 186
XVI. HISTORICAL MARKERS AND TABLETS. 193
The Fort Boonesborough Marker
193
The Transylvania Monument. 193
On Highways Near Richmond 196
In the Future 197
XVII. MUSEUMS 199
Eastern's Memorial
199
Berea's Geological
202
Berea's Centennial
203
xiii
XVII. LODGES 205
Masonry in Madison County 205
The Elk's Lodge 209 Odd Fellows 211
Red Men
212
XIX. ORGANIZATIONS OF WOMEN . 213
Boonesborough Chapter D.A.R. 213
Berea Laurel Ridge Chapter D.A.R. 214
Richmond Woman's Club. 215
Richmond Junior Woman's Club 217
Berea Woman's Club 220
American Association of University Women 220
The Altrusa Club 223
The League of Women Voters ( Berea) 225
The Saturday Matinee Musical 226
The Cecilian Music Club 226
XX. CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS 228
The Board of Trade 228
The Rotary 229
The Exchange
231
The Kiwanis 232
The Madison County Lions 234
The Berea Kiwanis . 235
The Telford Community Center 236
The 4-H Club 237
XXI. MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS 243
The National Guard 243
The Reserve Officers Training Corps. 247
The Blue Grass Ordnance 249
Boonesborough Post 7098, Veterans of Foreign Wars. . 253
Revolutionary Soldiers Buried 254
XXII. CELEBRATIONS 261
Boonesborough in 1840 261
Homecoming for David R. Francis 264
Boonesborough in 1907 270
The Daniel Boone Bicentennial 273
xiv
The Pioneer National Monument Association 277
The Transylvania Celebration 279
The Madison Sesqui-Centennial 282
The Berea College Centennial 285
XXIII. OLD HOMES 287
Introduction 287
The Log House Era 289
An Age of Stone. 290
Lexington Pike and Tate's Creek 291
Kirksville, Silver Creek, and South Madison 293
Big Hill and Speedwell. 295
Red House and Vicinity 297
Main Street and Tributaries 299
XXIV. HOSPITALS 303
The Pattie A. Clay Infirmary
303
The Gibson Hospital 305
The Henry Cook Pope Hospital.
306
The Berea Hospital 307
Eastern State College Hospital. 307
The Irvine-McDowell Memorial Hospital 308
XXV. CEMETERIES 311
Rural and Village 311
The Berea Cemetery 313
The Richmond Cemetery 314
BIBLIOGRAPHY 319
Index 325
Other Publications by J. T. Dorris 334
XV
ILLUSTRATIONS
Squire Boone Rock. II
Basin Mountain Fort 2
Indian Fort Mountain Fortification
2
"Bogie Circle" Mounds 6
Round Hill Mound
7
Jones Tavern
Andrew Bogie Home
Bogie Mill
Basin's Knob and Morton's Knob
12
Plot of Boonesborough 15
16
The last Boone Sycamore.
26
Daniel Boone
26
Fort Boonesborough
27
Remains of first courthouse
39 39 42
John A. R. Rogers.
99
John G. Fee
99 99
Dr. Francis S. Hutchins
99
William G. Frost
102
Union Church
102
Fine Arts Building
103
Science Building
103
Boone Tavern
104
Mrs. Mossie Allman Wyker
109
Miss Belle Harris Bennett 109
University Hall 109
The College Library 109
109
The Student Union 109
"Areadne on Her Panther" 114
Joel T. Hart's Bust of Cassius M. Clay I
123
Green Clay 123
Christopher Carson 123
Cassius M. Clay I.
123
xvii
7 7 7
The Transylvania Convention
Present courthouse
Map of early land claims
Dr. William J. Hutchins
Open Air Theatre
Cannon and Revolver used by Cassius Clay 124
White Hall-Home of the Clays 124
Southern Church 135
Northern Church 135
Cassius M. Clay Battalion
144
Mt. Zion Church. 155 Madison Female Institute 155
Miller, Justice Samuel Freeman 162
Weatherford, Dr. W. D 162
162
Laine, Henry Allen
162
Burnam, Curtis F.
169
Caperton, James W.
169
Blanton, Lindsey H. 169
169
Stone, William J.
177
Francis, David R.
177
McCreary, James B.
177
Smith, Green Clay 177
Coates, Dr. T. J.
189
Donovan, Dr. H. L.
189
Johnson, Hon. Keen
189
O'Donnell, Dr. W. F.
189
Transylvania Tablets
194
DAR Boonesborough Stone.
194
Memorial for Union and Confederate dead
196
Battle of Richmond marker
196
Boone Bicentennial Commission
273
Indian Fort Theatre
286
Castlewood
295
Cumberland View
295
Woodlawn
297
Solomon Smith House 298
Ezekiel Field House. 300
John Speed Smith House 300
Anthony Wayne Rollins House 301
William Holloway House 301
Richmond Cemetery Memorials, by Ru Bee 318
xviii
Brock, H. H.
Miller, Gen. John
CHAPTER 1 Ancient Forts and Mounds
INDIAN FORT MOUNTAIN
P ROBABLY Madison County has or has had as many remains of prehistoric man as any other county in Kentucky. These "Glimpses" will merely locate and describe a few of the remains of prehistoric peoples in the County. The description of ruins of forts on the knobs near Berea in the southern part of Madison by Dr. Wilbur G. Burroughs, Head of the Department of Geology at Berea College, deserves first consideration.
Indian Fort Mountain, whose entire summit was first fortified by a people who inhabited the region prior to the American Indian of Pioneer days, is three miles to the east of Berea along the Narrow Gap road. It is not a fort in the usually accepted sense, but is more accurately described as a prehistoric strong- hold in Kentucky, and among the largest in the United States.
A brief reconnaissance survey of Indian Fort was first made by Colonel Bennett Young in about 1910, but no scientific exploration or detailed map of the mountain had ever been made up to 1922 when Dr. Wilbur Greely Burroughs, Head of the Geology De- partment at Berea College, assisted by his wife Mrs. Mavis R. Burroughs, commenced their exploration and instrumental survey. Dr. Burroughs has continued his investigations for many years. The facts here given are based on his book, Geography of the Kentucky Knobs, published by the Kentucky State Geological Survey.
Indian Fort Mountain was the stronghold of the prehistoric people of southeastern Madison County, Kentucky. It is located excellently from a military viewpoint for the "fort" commands trails, now roads, leading from the mountains of eastern and southeastern Kentucky to the Knobs and Bluegrass, and, a few miles to the southwest, Boone's Gap through which important trails passed. The mountain could thus have been used as a fortress from which its warriors could have sallied out to attack all those who journeyed through the mountain passes and along
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KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SERIES X1. 1925
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PREHISTORIC FORT ON BASIN MOUNTAIN MADISON CO.,KY NEAR BEREA - EXPLORED AND SURVEYED BY W.G. BURROUGHS.
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Prehistoric Fort on Basin Mountain. See illustration elsewhere. Reproduced from Geography of the Kentucky Knobs (1926) by Dr. Wilbur G. Burroughs, p. 156.
Photograph of the remains of a prehistoric fortification on Indian Fort Moun- tain. See map of Indian Fort on front cover pages. Reproduced from an illustration in Geography of the Kentucky Knobs, by Dr. Wilbur G. Burroughs, p. 145.
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ANCIENT FORTS AND MOUNDS
the trails. It also was a refuge for the people of the plains in time of danger.
Indian Fort Mountain rises in steep slopes from its base to cliffs 50 to 200 feet high that border the summit, except where narrow steep sided ridges connect the mountain with near-by knobs on the north and east. The top of the mountain which is entirely within the fortified area, is 550 to 600 feet vertically above the surrounding valley lowlands and is somewhat over 200 acres in extent. The surface is flat to gently rolling. In the northern part there is a spring used at present only by animals.
Trails and even steeper slopes where an enemy could have reached the summit, were defended by stone barricades and per- pendicular stone walls. Seventeen of these defenses, eight of which are perpendicular, have been discovered by Dr. Burroughs, several since he made the accompanying map. The remains of these defenses range in height from loose stones to perpendicular walls up to three feet high, and massive stone barricades ten feet high on the upslope sides and higher down the slope. In length the walls and barricades are from three feet where they cross crev- ices in a cliff to 1200 feet intermittently along the top of a low cliff. At the head of a large ravine facing southward is a combination of stone barricade and perpendicular wall 652 feet long. It extends crescent-shape along the contour of a ravine. Near the east end the barricade extends sharply up the slope to a narrow terrace where as a perpendicular wall it continues along the top of a low cliff and ends at a high precipice. The western end of the entire barricade also ties into a cliff. Two perpendicular walls are at the center of the main barricade. Farther up the slope, a second low stone barricade was constructed along the top edge of a low cliff, but little remains of these walls border- ing the edge of the summit. The western entrance to the summit of the mountain is along a narrow, steep sided ridge and up a narrow crevice in massive sandstone. The floor of the crevice rises sharply to the mountain top. Up this joint plane 53 feet from the bottom a wall was built across the path just opposite a recess in the side of the crevice. Thus the enemy had to cross a narrow ridge under a rain of stones and arrows from the defenders, enter the narrow passage, climb 53 feet up a steep slippery slope, surmount a perpendicular wall where they would be under
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GLIMPSES OF HISTORIC MADISON COUNTY, KENTUCKY
attack from the defenders hidden in the recess on the side of the crevice and from the warriors on the summit above. Similar strategically located defenses protect other places of access to the mountain top.
Behind the stone barricades and walls piles of stones the cor- rect size and shape to throw are found here and there where they were placed to repel an attack.
In a large field near the northern end of the mountain top a battle appears to have occurred. Arrow heads, roughly made stone axes and polished axes of igneous rock are found, and hundreds of pieces of limestone rock the correct size to throw are scattered throughout the field. These limestone pieces must have been carried up from lower down the mountain because the highest limestone in the bedrock, overlain by sandstone and shale, occurs at least 150 feet vertically below the battlefield.
Prehistoric graves have been discovered by Dr. Burroughs in rock-houses (small caves) in the cliffs facing the sun, but in no other locations. This indicates that these people may have been sun worshipers. Entrances to these rock-houses appeared to have originally been sealed with rocks. The floor of one rock- house was of sand beneath which were two layers of flat rocks, clay, and ten inches of soft powdery grayish bone phosphate de- rived from disintegration of the warriors bodies, mixed somewhat with sand and clay from above. Beneath this gray layer came clay, then a thin layer of charcoal, clay and sandstone bedrock. On top of the bone phosphate layer were artifacts buried with the dead warriors for use in the next life. Thus one warrior had interred with him a stone ax head, spear head, flint knife, arrow head, scraper and several pieces of muscovite mica.
Numerous rock houses and caves have also been discovered elsewhere by Dr. Burroughs in various portions of the mountain, the caves in Mammoth Cave limestone being fairly extensive. The caves were used by the people during inclement weather as char- coal from their fires has been found in the passages. Deep pits occur in the caves and care should be taken by explorers.
Indian Fort Mountain evidently was first fortified by people at a time antedating the American Indian. Their weapons were rather crude and not as finished as those of the people who came later. As people of more advanced culture held the moun-
4
ANCIENT FORTS AND MOUNDS
tain they continued to renew the barricades and walls. It may be that later the American Indians were upon the mountain and fought there, but it is doubtful if they ever held it permanently as did the prehistoric people.
ROBE'S MOUNTAIN
To the north of Indian Fort Mountain a narrow ridge leads to Robe's Mountain. Prehistoric stone barricades were discovered by Dr. Burroughs on this mountain all facing south toward the large Indian Fort.
BASIN MOUNTAIN
Across a deep valley from the north end of Indian Fort Moun- tain, Basin Mountain rises high above the surrounding valleys ex- cept where a narrow ridge connects it to Robe's Mountain. Dr. Burroughs discovered that the summit of this mountain was fortified. He then explored and mapped the mountain and its fortifications. The summit covers about eighteen acres of rolling land along the borders of which cliffs drop 200 feet straight down except where a ravine slopes southward and the ridge leads to Robe's Mountain. Across the ravine between the tops of the cliffs a wall extends 465 feet in length. At present this rampart is in places five feet high and seven feet across. The wall is V-shaped with the apex pointing up the ravine. The defenders could thus shoot arrows and throw stones at the attackers from three sides. This wall differs in plan from the crescent-shaped wall on Indian Fort Mountain.
Entrance to Basin Mountain from the ridge on the west is de- fended by a perpendicular wall 220 feet long and still two to four feet high that extends along the south top of the ridge facing the large Indian Fort.
On the north-central edge of the summit is a roughly rectangular basin eight feet by five feet eight inches by five inches deep carved in the sandstone by the prehistoric defenders for the purpose of holding water, as there is no spring on the mountain. A smaller basin was excavated several yards to the east.
Numerous caves with dangerous pits occur on the north side of the mountain and are reached by a narrow terrace. The most westward of these caves contained a large burial mound in which a number of separate cremations had been interred. This cave faces
5
GLIMPSES OF HISTORIC MADISON COUNTY, KENTUCKY .
north. No artifacts were buried with the dead. Since the sun's rays never enter this cave and no artifacts were buried with the dead, these people must have had a different religion from that of the tribes on the large Indian Fort.
All the walls on Basin and Robe's mountains face toward the large Indian Fort. No defense was made against an attack from any other direction. It appears, therefore, that at one time the people on Basin and Robe's mountains were besieging the de- fenders of Indian Fort Mountain where the defenses were made on all sides of the mountain.
COPPER ARMOR
A few miles to the west of Indian Fort Mountain Dr. Burroughs and assistants excavated from a prehistoric mound at the sum- mit of a low knob, copper armor plates and the remains of a chief's skull. The mound is 36 feet in diameter and four feet high at the center.
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