USA > Kentucky > The history of Kentucky, from its earliest discovery and settlement, to the present date, V. 1 > Part 4
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Rafinesque, Prof. C. S., x, 724 Railroad, first in Ken- tucky 524 Randolph, Thomas . Raison, mas-acre at 475 210
Ray. James . . 57, 83,
William, killed . 84
Reading Circle work 810
Recovery, Fort 325 Red Hawk, chief, killed 145 " Regulators " 702
" Relief and anti-Relief parties 511
Religious services, first
in Kentucky ,402, 414
Republicans 203
Rentrick, Colonel
Repeal of war legislation, 755 Representatives in C. S Congress, 025.835
Republican party, 1202. . 34 Resolutions of 199 .34h
Revenue and taxation, 18.33
Revenne, unwise legisla- . 355, 735, 816
. . tion
Revivals, great religious,
13:00 422
Kevolution, war of 65. 81
Funded 231
Reynolds, Aaron 205
Richmond, battle of .629
PAGE.
Maatry kills oid Chief Voluntha . 269
More - Station . 105
Wikce, Colonei W. R,
Lifted at Buena Vista, 573
Mckinney, fight with wild- 24,2
M. Kuitt's massacre 266
Madison, James . . 456
Maison county, organ- tred . . 261
Madison, Gov. Geo. . 471. 507
Magoffin, Gov. Beriah,
587, 600, 62; 1
Matden 470 1. vacuated by British 481
Malcolm, Rev. Howard . . 527
Mammoth remains 24
Manty, Rev. Basil 527
Maison county, first set- ters 59, 60
Marquette, journal
map, 1681
Marshall, Colonel Thomas, 225. 285, 293 Marshall, Humphrey, his-
torian . X, 28:, 349 Marshall, General Hum- phrey . 630
Marshall, Judge Thos. . A. , 579
Marshall, Thomas F .. . 517 Martin Station 63, 150 Captured 161
Maison county 60 Maumee campaig St.
Clair's defeat 309
Wayne's expedition . 313
Battle of 325 Campaign, 4312 459
Maysville and Lexington
Turnpike Road Com- pany. Jackson's veto . 522 Mas Tohim 223
Metcalfe, Gov. Thomas . . 515
Mexico, war with, 550, 567. 575 Miami river 10
Miami tribe's confedera- tion . 30, 163 Military interference after the war . . 754
Miller, Jas. and Thes. . : 171
Milligan. Pres. Robert . . 535 M:11s. Judge Benjamin . 510 Mi !! Springs, battle of . 612 Mineral resources and wealth . 721, 792. 798
Miro, Spanish command-
ant at New Orleans,
+77. 433. 445
Missiniway. battle of . 470
Middlesippi river, called . 13 Navigation of . 233
Mohawk. or Iroquois title to kentucky 1 2
Treaty with
M .h. Estill, brave negro
oujoy. Colonel
JI storev. capture Mexican war
My mnery. Captain ism and Joseph
!!! ton attacked
Warhead, Gov. Chas. .
Man, General John S 6 .. 1 R :leri the ohio . 513 Hi- death 650
Mune William Moore Party massacred 252 vocates education . 505
51
Menefee, Richard H. .513 M-ig. Fort, siege . 476
Methodist Church . 409. 550 Merrill, Mrs. John, brave defense . 294
HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
PAGE.
Robertson, Judge George. 510
Robinson, Camp Dick . . 653 Robinson, Gov. James F. . 022
Robinson, Rev. Stewart . 541
Rocheblave, M., captured, III Rogers, Colonel David, massacre 152
Roger-, Captain John 130
Rogers, Elders Sam and John 533
Rolling Fork, raid 303
Roman Catholics 405, 548 Rosecrans succeeds Buell, 449 Rowan, John . . 254, 428, 510 Royal Spring, now George- town 61
Ruddell's Station 150
Captured . 161
Ruddell, Captain Isaac,
125, 130
Rumsey, James, inventor, 504
Russell, Colonel William, 460
Russell, Mrs., capture and rescue . 167
Russellville Station
St. Asaph's Fort 57
Besieged 90, 120
St. Clair, General, defeat, 332, 321, 440
Saline Lick, battle at . . . 206 Salt makers, capture of . 96 Saltville, battle of . . 661 Salt River, bloody battle of . . 295
Sandusky, James and Ja- cob 20
Station
Sindusky, Fort
Schools, public, first move, 695 Federalaid
Opposition to
Great reform inaugu- rated 736
School fund contest 705
School system for colored people . . -66
School law, 1893-5 . 317
Amendments yet needed, 817 Schools, improvements in. 518 Libraries and Reading Circle work . . . 319 Science Hill Academy 553 Scioto river . IO
Scott, General . . 304 305, 325
Scott, Governor Charles,
1303 . . 455 Death 6
Scott and Wilkinson ex- pedition 305 Sebastian, Judge, 374. 333, 340. 431, 437
Treats with Spain 447
Second Constitutional Convention, 1709 303
Secession, war of 594 Kentucky in 567
Sedition . 165, 105
SenAtors, U. S. of Ken- tucks, 172 1802. 336
Separatists, for withdraw - al from the U. S.
Separate coach bill .
Settlers, early, 17. 27 37 43
Panie among. 55. 50 61, 63 75
Seventh Convention
Statehood . 95. 23. Shaler, N. S. xiii
Sharp, Stephen G., Treas., ,85 Sharp. Solomon P. 580
Shawanec Indians IC
Driven out of Kentucky. 1 2
Located on map. 1054
War 1774 I4
PAGE.
Taylor, Mrs. James . . . 467
Taylor, Hancock, in Ken- tucky, 1773 25 Killed. 1774 30 Tecumseh, Indian chief 459 Slain 483
Tennessee river called Hogatoge . 10
State of Frankland 442 Tennessee and Kentucky
boundary . 503
Texas, annexation and war with Mexico . 561, 567 Thames, battle of . 48=
Thirteenth amendment. . 604 Thompson. Major David . 479 Thompson, Manlius V. . . 555 Thompson, Capt. Phil B., 564 Thompson, Ed Porter . . 302 Tippecanoe, battle of . . . 457 Tilghman, General Lloyd, 603 Tobac, Indian chief . 1:3 Todd, Colonel John.
45, 77, 93, 112, 171, 221
Todd. Levi 143, 220 Todd, Robert 220
Toulmin. Harry 342 Trabne. Gen. Robert P .. 617 Trace, Boone's .36. 171
Transylvania Company 15
45
Laws of 43
51
Annulled by Virginia 53 Transylvania Seminary . 674 Transylvania University, 675, 681
Treaties with Indians for Kentucky . 14, 33
Of Wataga . 36, 233 263. 304 With Spain and Eng- land . 335, 445
Trigg, Colonel Stephen. 171, 221
Trigg, Major
Trimble, Major 477 Trimble, Judge John 512 Trotter. Colonel .
Trueman, Major, captured, 314 Turnpikes, first built . . 521
Maysville, vetoed . 5:42 Twetty, Captain, killed . 37
Fort . 31
Tyler's Station . 237
" Uncle Dick " Hart, first slave in Kentucky . . 50 United States Constitu- tion adopted . . 265
Vaughn, Rev. Win. . 523
Vincennes captured .IIO Surrenders again to the British . 135 Recaptured by Clark . 141.
Virginia, chartered rights, 15, 24%
Cedes Northwest terri- torv to United States, 244 Favors petition of Ken- tucky . 262
Wallace, Caleb . 237, 341, 437 Walker, Dr., in Kentucky, 1750-55 3, 159
Walker, General 455
War.1, Captain James, boat fight 256
Warfield. Captain Ben
War, second, with Eng- land . .
With France
With Mexico Of Secession 595 to 607
PAGE.
Shelby, Governor Isaac,
installed . . 311, 321, 464
shiloh, battle of 617
sieges .
80. 100
Simpson. Judge James
Skeggs family massacred. 294 Slackwater improvements, 522 Slaughter, Colonel Thos. . 46 Slaughter, Governor Ga- briel 456, 507 Slavery agitation 367, 641 Enlistment of . 658
Smith, D. Howard . 6.18
Smith, Eider John . 532
Smith. Z. F., historian . . xiii Superintendent Public Instruction . . . . 703, :60
Smith, General Kirby, in Kentucky . 629
Smith. Colonel James 81
Narrative of life among the Indians . 370
Sonth, Samuel 191, 195
Southern Presbyterian Church 539
South, John . 172
Southern Baptist Theolog- ical seminary . 527
Spanish archives on in-
trigue. . . 432. 439, 445 Spanish intrignes . 330
Spies on the border . . 37
To Illinois, by Clark . . 104
Speakers of Kentucky House of Representa- tives. . . 340
Stanton, Henry M., Cen- tennial poem 306
Stanwix treaty, 1768 .
14,
34
State boundary, law of . 789
State Guards 603
State finances, 1867 763
18-4 774 1837 785 Stature of Kentuckians . 604 Stephenson family at- tacked. . 307
Stevenson, Gov. John W. . 761 Stevenson. Dr. Daniel . . 553 stewart, John, in Ken- tucky. 1769 5
Stockade forts described, 80
74
Stoner, Michael . 31, 60, Creek . 01
Strikes and riots. 1392-3: results of panic and enormous government burdens imposed on the people . 312
Strode Station attacked.
"Substitute " brokerage . 652 Sufrage to all . 775
Sugar Camp, battle of
Supreme Court appointed. 237 Supreme Court addressed from the bench . . . 341
Surveyors offices opened . 225 Sympathy for Indians . . 317 superstition of . . . 377
Tanner's, lohu, station .151
Taté. James W .. Treasurer, Auffication of . - 35
Tto1. Colonel .
Tavlor, General Zachary. 409. 5000, 524
Taylor, General James . . 407
Indian methods . . . 579 Simrail, Colonel . 480
Spalding. Bishop M. J. . . 545 Leaders 35, Spain's designs on Ken- tucky . . . 232. 292 Protest to 50.
GENERAL INDEX.
XXX1
PAGE.
Wtaga, Fort, treaty of, 15,304
Warren, Thomas . - 171 .
Washington's survey on
Bigg saudy . . 18
Washington, Fort
304, 308
Waligga, treaty of
35
Indian prophecy
41. 52
Watterson, Henry
747
Wayne, General Anthony, 321, 325 of 608
Well-, Colonel +03 Wiley, James 29 Williams, General John
West, Edward, inventor of model steamboat, 1794, 504 S. 574, 661
Wheat, Judge Zachariah, 587
White, Dr. James, in Span- ish intrigue . 443
White, Prof. Henry H. . . 535
White Oak Station at-
Whitley, Colonel Win.,
74, 257, 326
PAGE.
Whitley killed 484
PAGE.
Women, property rights made same as men's, 1892 . 815 Heroism 307
Wyandotte Indians
. 10
Yadkin river, Boone's
home
40
Yager, with Kenton
59
Yates, Brown L.
172
Young, Rev. John C.
546
Yunt, George .
150
Zollicoffer, General . 603, 612
Women, pioneer, first, 62, 183
Whitsitt, Dr. W. H. 527 Whittaker. Col. Aquilla . 177 Wickersham, Adam and Jacob, fight . . 165 Wood, Samuel Wickliffe, Robert . . 51.0 48 Wickliffe, Charles A. . . 555 Woolford, General Frank L. . 606, 624 Woods, Mrs., heroic de- fense 170 Worthington, Captain Ed- ward 77, 125
Wilderness road, Boone's,
Wildcat Mountain, battle 36, 171
Williams, Colonel 480
Wilkinson, General James, 251, 277, 236, 433, 448
Winchester, General . . 409 Defeat . 472 tacked 223
Winter, the hard, in 1778, 151, 156
HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
CHAPTER I.
The geographical position of Kentucky to the United States.
Its physical surface and navigable river drainage.
Latitude and longitude.
Superficial area.
Its climatic and hygienic conditions.
Importance to England, France, and Spain, as a key to internal navigation.
Mystery and romance of its earliest his-
tory. Origin of the name, Kentucky.
Kentucky lies centrally in the broad union of States, bordered on the west by the Mississippi river, and north by the Ohio. Its Virginia boundary line on the east, and its Tennessee line on the south, have their intersection at a point in the extreme south-east, where the Cumberland mountains reach an altitude of sixteen hundred feet above the level of the Gulf of Mexico. The two great river-mains mentioned receive from this territorial surface the tributary waters of Big Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, Salt, Green, Cumber- land, and Tennessee rivers. From the lofty apex and slopes of this mount- ain range, which crosses south-eastern Kentucky, begin the sources of these tributary rivers which go to form the internal-drainage system of the State. Diverging from the region of their common origin, but each finding a north- westerly course, all finally empty into the gentle and beautiful Ohio, and are borne southward by the channel of the great and turbid Mississippi.
The physical map of Kentucky, therefore, presents to the eye a picture of rugged mountains in the East and South-east, gradually subsiding westward into hills and knobs, and these fading out within one hundred miles into the undulating lands and plains of Central and West Kentucky; and the latter bordered at last by the fertile valleys of the Mississippi and lower Ohio rivers, which lie at an altitude of but three hundred feet above the gulf level. From the highest mountain apex of East Kentucky, therefore, there is a steady decline of altitude for four hundred miles, to the valleys of lowest depression on the extreme west, of over thirteen hundred feet.
This territorial area lies within latitude 36° 30' to 39° 6' north, and longi- tude 82° 2' to 89º 40' west. With unequal sides and irregular boundaries, it is most difficult to reduce or define its superficial contents with accuracy. It embraces about forty thousand square miles. It possesses that mean of climate which is mild and temperate, without being enervating, while its atmosphere is usually healthy and inspiring.
2
HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
In its earliest history, when the title to the great valley of the Mississippi was mainly in question between Spain, France, and England, the position of Kentucky derived unusual importance from the fact that its shores com- manded the navigation of the Mississippi river for over fifty miles, and of the Ohio for seven hundred. Each of the seven tributary rivers mentioned before is also navigable for a greater or less distance; and altogether this area contains a navigable river frontage of over four thousand miles, exceed- ing that of any cther State within the Union.
Whether we speculate and wonder amid the numerous remains of a pre- historic people who dwelt here in fabled mystery during the silent centuries of an unwritten epoch; or contemplate the traditions and destinies of the aboriginal savages who were found with title and possession; or recount the attending perils and heroic achievements through which the white race have, in a single century, wrought a mighty State and civilization out of the chaos of wild and exuberant nature, the story of this land, in thrilling adventure and romantic incident, is not surpassed by that of any other, of ancient or modern times.
Through the midst of the famed Bluegrass region, one of the tributary rivers of which we have spoken had cut its channel deep in the rocky bed over which it flowed, and left the cliffs towering in perpendicular lines four hundred feet above. On either side, amid the undulating pastures of wild clover, bluegrass, and cane, game most abounded, and here lay the favorite and most frequented hunting-grounds of the red men. The Indians called this river, which meandered through the wild Eden of their sports and advent- ures, by the weird name "Kan-tuck-ec," expressive of its traditional memo -. ries; and from this poetic title the white men borrowed and gave, both to the river and country, the name-Kentucky.
3
EARLY EXPLORING PARTIES.
CHAPTER II.
Early traditions of the great wilderness beyond the mountains from first advent- urers.
First map in 1749.
Daniel Boone's visit in 1769, the first authentic account.
The hunter's camp.
First built on Red river, near the junc- tion of Estill, Clark, and Powell counties.
The hunter's paradise found and de- scribed.
Boone and Stewart captured by Indians. Their ingenious escape.
They return to camp and find their comrades missing.
No tidings of them after.
Alone in the solitude of the wilder- ness.
The chain of mountains called the Appalachian by the Southern Indian tribes, and the Alleghany by the Northern, which stretches across the conti- nent on the eastern side, from Alabama to Pennsylvania, and the Cumberland range in the rear, stood like forbidding barriers between the colonial settle- ments on the Atlantic slope, and the mysterious wilderness lying far away toward the sunset. Little was known of the latter, even by tradition. Yet, from 1543 to 1750, it was viewed at long intervals by white men in navigating the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and in transient visits of exploration through the forests. The roving Spaniard, in his first search for gold and empire, cast lustful eye on it in passing; the intrusive Frenchman, a century later, ventured from his frontier posts at Pittsburgh and Vincennes, to penetrate its forests from time to time : while the enterprising Englishman from the colonies was found occasionally wandering upon its borders, or amid its forests, from the visit of Colonel Wood, in 1654, until the first visit of Doctor Walker and that of James McBride, one hundred years later.
In 1751, Captain Christopher Gist led an exploring party as far as the valley of Kentucky river, and up the same on his way to North Carolina, in the interest of the Ohio Land Company. 1 Lewis Evans, of Philadelphia, published a map of the middle colonies of North America in 1749, including this territory, which he revised in 1755, copies of which are yet extant. In 1750, Doctor Walker. a prominent Virginian, in company with several others. made a visit to Kentucky, entering by way of Powell's valley and a gap in Laurel mountain. Descending the mountain, they found a river flowing south-westerly, on the other side. The doctor gave the name Cumberland to both the mountain and the river, which they yet bear, in honor of England's " Bloody Duke" of Cumberland. In 1758, his party made a second visit, coming in by the same route. Journeying to the waters of Dick's river, and then turning a north-easterly course to find the Ohio river,
ifist's Journal in Pownail's Topography of North America, p. 14.
4
HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
they traversed the mountainous region to the Big Sandy, and finally returned to Virginia with very unsatisfactory views of the country. 1
But the truer aspects of Kentucky were viewed by John Finley and a party of comrades in 1767. They passed the mountainous region, and for months traversed and hunted through the interior forests and cane-brakes, with sensations of wonder and delight at the fertility of the soil, the luxu- riant growth of vegetation, and the boundless supply of wild game for the hunter's spoils.
Late in the same year, Finley and his party returned to North Carolina with trophies of their hunt, and to spread abroad among the people stories of the wonderful land they had seen. Enough was now known to picture to the restless pioneer mind the great wilderness beyond the mountains as a new land of promise, more attractive than the comforts of home and the safe repose of civilization. The awakened interest intensified, and the spirit of adventure soon found heroic votaries among the settlers, who were trained to Indian warfare, to hunting, and to all the perils of border life.
In 1769, some of the same party, with John Finley to pilot them, banded together under the lead of the celebrated Daniel Boone, from the valley of the Yadkin river, North Carolina, for a better defined excursion into the heart of the great trans-montane wilderness. These hunters reached the foot- hills of the mountains in June, and constructed a permanent camp on Red. river, some fifteen miles above where it empties into the Kentucky, very near the junction of Estill, Clark, and Powell counties. This frail and hasty structure was their only and rude home-like shelter. From this rendezvous, from June until December. the parties sallied forth to the hunt and to explore the country far and wide, and at intervals to return, and, around the camp-fires, to relate new stories of marvelous scenes and episodes which were remembered of their ventures. 2
The hunter's camp was so much a part of the earliest backwoodsman's life, that we must not omit to describe it here. It was called a " half faced cabin." At the north or west side, from whence the chill winds blow, the. body of a large fallen tree was chosen for the rear end. Ten feet in front on the south or south- east side, and ten feet apart, two double sets of stakes. were firmly planted a few inches apart in the ground, and standing about eight feet high, for the four corners. Between the double stakes the ends of poles were inserted, while the other ends rested against, or on top of, the fallen tree, thus forming a frame-work for the side of the camp-cabin. Poles were cut and laid across the top. and the frame-work was finished. The roof and sides were next covered with bark stripped from adjacent trees, or with blankets and the skins of wild beasts slain. The shelter was now com- plete at top and on three sides. With an ax only, it was the work of a single day. The southerly and sunny front was left open, and here the camp-fire was built and kindled for the comfort of the stalwart household,
1 Marshall, Vol. I., p. 6.
2 Boone's Autobiography.
5
CAPTURE AND ESCAPE OF BOONE AND STEWART.
and to broil or stew the delicious loins of venison, the rich steak of bear or buffalo, or the dainties of such of the wild game as might last have fallen by the hunter's rifle. But sudden experiences of Indian warfare soon taught the pioneers that the protection of the frail hunter's camp was of little avail against the arrows and rifles of the stealthy and ambushed savage, ready to resist to the death the intruder on his favorite hunting-grounds. The bullet- proof cabin with port-holes, and finally the stockade and block-house, which were substituted from hard necessity, soon came to make up a part of history.
During the summer and autumn of their stay, Boone and comrades trav- ersed the valleys of Elkhorn, the brakes of Dick's river, and the pasture- grounds of Stoner and Licking. The season was most favoring. Summer had opened; and the verdure of the forest, the foliage of the cane and vine, and the luxuriance of the native grasses mantled the face of nature, unadorned by art, with a wealth and glory of landscape such as eye or tongue had never before pictured to their enchanted visions. At the base of this exuberance of vegetation, they beheld a soil not less unctuous and fertile than that of the famed delta of Egypt, and strangely contrasting with the impoverished and sterile soils of Virginia and the Carolinas. As summer faded into autumn, the robes of universal green, with which nature clothed her peerless land- scapes, took on the varying hues of red and golden and russet-brown, all veiled in the smoky haze so peculiar to the serene and balmy Indian-suminer season of the Ohio valley. Amid these sylvan scenes roamed the timid deer, the stately elk, the surly bear, the ravenous wolf, the crafty panther, the majestic buffalo, and game of lesser note, innumerable. From brake and cove and glen, springs of cool and limpid waters sprang out, and coursed their way with rippling music amid banks of bordering sward and flowers, or overhanging vine, to the creeks and rivers that bore away to the Ohio. Our heroes of the hunter's camp, enchanted with the Eden they had found, dwelt in and traversed its realms for six months of unalloyed delights.
A startling episode suddenly transformed this charming life, broke up the camp, and rudely dispersed the party. Late in this year, Boone and John Stewart, while on a hunting trip, were captured by a band of Indians. They were marched by day, and closely watched by night. Feigning con- tentment, they caused the savages to relax their vigilance and resign them- selves to sleep, when they effected their escape on the seventh day of their captivity. Making their way back to the camp, they found it plundered and deserted. No intelligence of John Finley and his three comrades was after- ward had by them; and whether they fell victims to savage cruelty, or returned to the settlements again, history bears uncertain record. Boone and Stewart were alone in the midst of the vast wilderness, with no living being, save savages and wild beasts, within hundreds of miles, as far as they knew. For months they lived upon the wild meat and fruits of the wilder- ness, and without bread or salt. 1
I Boone's Autobiography.
6
HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
CHAPTER III.
Squire Boone finds his brother, Daniel, and Stewart alone in the wilderness.
Stewart slain and scalped.
The two Boones spend the winter hunt- ing in Kentucky.
In May, Squire returns home for pow- der and provisions.
Daniel, for months, hunts alone through the forests.
Squire Boone returns in July and finds him.
The " Long Hunters " visit upper Green river in 1769.
First camp near Monticello.
Part of them descend the Cumberland and Mississippi in boats loaded with skins and furs.
Colonel Knox advances to Dick's river.
1
Next encamps near Greensburg.
The " Long Hunters " traverse the prai- ries of Barren, Warren, and other counties in their hunts until 1772.
The Boone and Knox parties each igno- rant of the other's presence.
The habit, style, and character of the backwoodsman.
The Boones without salt or bread, and living on game and wild berries, explore the wilderness for two years.
Return home to prepare their families for removal to Kentucky.
Great interest and curiosity excited among the people by the stories of the returned hunters.
Many persuaded to venture to the wil- derness.
Late in the autumn of 1769, Squire Boone, a brother of Daniel, set out from his home in North Carolina, with one companion, to intercept the wandering hunters in the far West. During the latter part of December the two parties met, as by favoring Providence, in the solitudes of the great wilderness, and at a time of perilous need to both. The want of the new supply of powder and bullets brought out was beginning to be sorely felt. But the Boones were destined to the early loss of their two comrades. The one who came with Squire Boone returned homeward, and no mention is afterward made of him. Brave John Stewart met a more tragic fate. The frosts of early winter had disrobed the forests, and thus removed the veil of foliage which so often and so securely had sheltered them from the wary eye of the enemy. As the party of three were passing the edge of a cane- brake, they were suddenly fired on by Indians, and Stewart fell mortally wounded. The Boones, plunging into the brake, fled for their lives, not able even to prevent one of the savages, as was their immemorial custom, from rushing upon the slain victim, and, winding one hand in the crown of hair, with a large knife in the other, taking off the scalp, and leaving bare the skull. This barbarous practice the white man often saw, and, fired with vengeance, learned to retaliate in kind upon his red foe, until Indian scalps were sometimes taken, as were those of slain whites.
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