USA > Kentucky > The history of Kentucky : from its earliest settlement to the present time > Part 17
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The column destined to assault the centre of the American works was led by Packenham. Lieutenant-colonel Rennie commanded the column on the British left, which was ordered to carry the redoubt upon the river; while Lieutenant- colonel Jones was directed to penetrate the swamp, turn the left of the American line, and to attack the rear of the centre.
The works upon which the American troops had been for sixteen days so actively engaged were by this time completed. The simple ditch behind which Jackson halted his men after the night engagement of the 22d of December, had been deepened until it contained five feet of water, while a high breastwork, constructed of cotton- bags and earth, extended at right angles with the river for nearly a mile, and terminated only at a point where the swamp became impassa- ble. Eight separate batteries, mounting in all twelve guns, were judiciously disposed along the line.
On the right of the line, which was strength- ened by an advanced redoubt, were posted the Louisiana militia and the regulars. One brigade of Tennesseans and eleven hundred Kentucky
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THE BRITISH REPULSED.
militia formed the centre. A second brigade of Tennesseans guarded the left flank.
At the firing of two signal rockets the British veterans advanced. Through the thick fog, which then lay heavy upon the ground, the measured tread of the central column could be distinctly heard long before it became visible. Directed only by the sound, the artillery opened at once upon the approaching assailants.
At this moment the fog slowly lifted, and dis- closed the centre column marching swiftly, but steadily, over the even plain in front of the in- trenchments. Notwithstanding the destructive cannonade, the men continued to advance, clos- ing up their ranks as fast as they were opened by the American fire. When the head of the column was within one hundred and fifty yards of the breastworks, the whole front of the Kentucky and Tennessee line, extending over a space of four hundred yards, kept up one continuous vol- ley of musketry, the files in the rear loading for those in front, and enabling them to discharge their pieces with scarcely an intermission. Terri- bly shattered, yet not wholly dismayed, the British column still moved forward, until the leading files reached the ditch. Here, swept by musketry and artillery, they were cut down by hundreds. No longer able to endure the incessant storm of balls and bullets, they fell back in disorder, suffering dreadfully in their retreat. General
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
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Packenham had already fallen in front of his troops, and Generals Gibbs and Keane were car- ried from the field, the one mortally, and the other severely wounded.
General Lambert, the next in command, suc- ceeded in rallying the column for a second effort. It proved even more fatal than the first,-a few platoons only reaching the edge of the ditch, where they fell riddled with balls. The rest of the column broke and fled in confusion ; and although a third attempt to lead them to the at- tack was made by the surviving officers, the men moodily refused to advance again in the face of so murderous a fire.
The British columns operating upon the right and left of the line met with no better success. In the attack upon the redoubt on the river side, Lieutenant-colonel Rennie and most of the in- ferior officers were killed. The redoubt was in- deed taken, but at a fearful loss of life, and the assailants still remained exposed to the fire from the breastworks, when the failure of the main assault compelled them to retreat in confusion.
The impossibility of turning the American left -in consequence of the swampy nature of the ground and the resolute resistance offered by the Tennessee brigade under General Coffee-forced the enemy to withdraw from that quarter also, and take to the shelter of the wood.
In the midst of this fearful carnage, the de-
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BRITISH RETREAT
tachment under Colonel Thornton crossed to the right bank of the river, and attacked the in- trenchments of General Morgan.
The American right, being outflanked, abandon- ed its position. The left endeavoured to main- tain its ground, but finding itself closely pressed by the greater numbers of the enemy, spiked its guns and retreated.
Colonel Thornton being severely wounded, the command of the detachment devolved upon Colonel Gubbins. The defeat of the main army rendered success upon this point of no avail. While Jackson was preparing to dislodge them from their position, they retreated across the river in obedience to the order of General Lambert.
The immense loss of the British in this fatal battle has been variously stated at two and three thousand ; and by the most reliable account, could scarcely have been less than twenty-five hundred men. The loss of the Americans did not exceed six killed, and seven wounded.
The force of the enemy actually engaged in the attacks on the right and left banks, was nearly seven thousand rank and file. That of the Americans numbered, in all, a little over five thousand men, a portion of whom were without arms and consequently ineffective.
On the 9th, General Lambert commenced with great secrecy the preparation for re-embarking his troops ; but the final desertion of the British
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
camp did not take place until the night of the 18th, when the rear-guard hastily withdrew, leaving behind them eight of their wounded and fourteen pieces of artillery.
CHAPTER XXIII.
Peace proclaimed between England and the United States- Inflated condition of the currency-Dreadful monetary de- rangement-Banks chartered-Power of replevin extended-, Bank of the commonwealth chartered-Great excitement on account of the relief laws-Relief and anti-relief parties or- ganized-Legality of the relief law contested-Decision of Judge Clarke sustained by the court of appeals-General alarm and outcry-Unsuccessful attempt of the legislature to remove the judges-The old court of appeals abolished, and a new one established-The constitutionality of the latter contested-The old court sustained- State and general poli- tics-Suspension of specie payments-Second monetary de- rangement-The legislature again applied to for relief -- Wisdom of the measures adopted-Governors of Kentucky- Presidential election.
Two weeks previous to the disastrous defeat of the British forces below New Orleans, a treaty of peace had been concluded at Ghent between England and the United States. On the 18th of February, 1815, the president issued a procla- mation announcing the auspicious event, and set- ting apart an early day for the observance of a national thanksgiving.
In 1816, George Madison was elected gover- nor of Kentucky; but dying shortly afterward,
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DERANGEMENT OF THE CURRENCY.
the office fell by succession to Gabriel Slaughter, who had previously been chosen lieutenant-gover- nor.
The state of Kentucky was now destined to pass through an ordeal of the severest kind. The extraordinary increase in the nominal value of commodities, owing to the introduction of an inflated paper currency, in the place of the pre- cious metals, which the wars of Europe had ban- ished almost entirely from circulation, gave rise to a daring spirit of speculation, resulting, after the proclamation of a general peace, in the most calamitous consequences.
On the part of Kentucky the revulsion was terrible. Forty independent banks, chartered at the session of 1817, with a capital of nearly ten millions of dollars, were reduced, with but few exceptions, to a condition of utter bank- ruptcy, within the brief space of two years. The people, oppressed with debt, clamoured loudly for relief ; and various schemes were adopted for that purpose.
The legislature of 1819 extended the power to replevy judgments from three to twelve months. That of 1820 chartered the Bank of the Com- monwealth, and pledged certain lands owned by the state for the final payment of its notes. The redemption of the notes in specie was not required. This paper was made payable and receivable in the public debts and taxes ; and on any creditor
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
declining to receive it in payment of his debt, the debtor was authorized to replevy it for the space of two years.
The old Bank of Kentucky, hitherto in good repute, was now brought under legislative influ- ence, and from a prosperous condition was soon reduced to bankruptcy.
The notes of the new bank quickly sank to half their nominal value, and as creditors were compelled either to receive them at par, or to wait two years before they could enforce the payment of their claims, a turbulent state of public feeling was excited. Two bitterly hostile parties were the consequence. These were called relief and anti-relief. Of the first party was General Adair, who had been elected governor in 1820, several eminent lawyers, the great mass of debtors, and a large majority of the voting population.
The anti-relief party consisted of the mercan- tile class, a large proportion of the bar and bench, and a majority of the better class of farm- ers.
The question of the legality of the legislative act for relief coming up before the circuit court of Clarke county, Judge Clarke boldly decided the act to be unconstitutional, and drew upon himself thereby a torrent of popular indignation.
Resolutions were accordingly offered during the session of the legislature of 1822 to remove Clarke from his office, but were not carried, partly
301
THE JUDICIARY AND THE PEOPLE.
owing to the want of a constitutional majority, and partly to a desire among some of the mem- bers to await the decision of the Supreme Court of Kentucky. The judges composing the latter were John Boyle, William Owsley, and Benjamin Mills. Their decision, which was made at the fall term of 1823, fully confirmed the opinion of Judge Clarke, and declared that the act of the legislature was in violation of the Constitution of the United States, and totally void.
No sooner was this opinion made public, than the popular rage burst forth. Hitherto the will of the people having been triumphant in all things, they could ill bear to find themselves sud- denly curbed by the controlling power of the law. They immediately determined to remove the obnoxious judiciary. To effect this, required a majority of two-thirds in both houses of the legislature, and success was to be determined by the result of the elections of 1824.
General Desha, the candidate for governor, vehemently advocated the relief measures in his canvass of the state, and was elected by an im- mense majority. The relief party also obtained a large majority of both houses of the legislature.
At the session held in December, the three judges were summoned before the legislative bar, and required to assign reasons for their decision. They were replied to by the eminent lawyers Rowan, Bibb, and Barry. A vote was at length
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
taken, but as the constitutional majority of two- thirds was not obtained, the judges retired vic- torious.
Foiled in their attempt to remove the judges by impeachment or address, the members of the relief party now determined upon breaking up the old court of appeals, and organizing it anew. A bill to this effect was accordingly drawn up : after it had been fiercely debated during three day and three protracted night sessions, it was carried by a large majority of both houses.
The new court was organized soon after, but the old court denied the constitutionality of the act by which it was attempted to be superseded, and continued to hold its sessions as usual. There were thus for a long time two supreme courts of appeal in Kentucky, in consequence of which great legal confusion prevailed.
This anomalous condition of things continued until the session of 1826, when the triumph of the old court party was completed by the repeal of the obnoxious act, and formal re-establishment of the original judges de facto, as well as de jure.
In 1828, General Thomas Metcalfe, the can- didate of the old court party, now organized under the name of " National Republican," was elected governor of the state by a small majority ; but at the presidential election which took place in November, the democratic republicans carried
303
NEW BANKS CHARTERED.
the state for General Jackson by a majority of eight thousand.
In 1832, Henry Clay became a candidate for the presidency in opposition to General Jack- son. After a severe contest between the na- tional and democratic parties, Breathitt, the candidate of the latter for governor, was elected by upward of a thousand votes ; but at the pre- sidential election, which took place the succeeding November, the popular majority for Henry Clay, in opposition to General Jackson, exceeded seven thousand. Defeat, however, attended Clay in other states, and Jackson was re-elected.
The triumph of the old court party sealed the fate of the Commonwealth Bank. In a few years its paper disappeared from circulation, and was replaced by the notes of two branch banks of the United States, one of which had been established at Lexington, and the other at Louisville.
Upon the refusal of Congress to recharter the Bank of the United States, the legislature of Kentucky, at its sessions of 1833 and 1834, granted charters for establishing the Bank of Kentucky, the Northern Bank of Kentucky, and the Bank of Louisville, with an aggregate capi- tal of thirteen millions of dollars.
The establishment of numerous banks in other states about the same time occasioned an enor- mous increase of paper money, and again en-
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
couraged that reckless spirit of speculation which led to the disasters of 1837.
In the spring of 1837, all the banks of the Union suspended specie payments, and this act of necessity was legalized in Kentucky by the succeeding legislature, who refused to compel the state banks to redeem their notes with specie, and declined exacting the forfeiture of their charters. In 1838, the monetary derangement appeared to have passed away, and a fair and prosperous condition of things ensued. This, however, was, unfortunately, but of brief duration ; a second suspension of specie payments took place in 1839.
The people of Kentucky, however, succeeded in staggering on under the mass of their difficul- ties until the year 1842; when, driven almost to desperation by the frightful load of debt under which they laboured, they once more appealed to the legislature to provide some means for their relief. A calm dispassionate course of action, an extension of the periods at which judgment could be given, and a liberal accommodation af- forded by the existing banks, served to tranquil- lize in a great degree the public mind, and with the year 1843, the pressure gradually relaxed.
The successive election of three governors of Kentucky has yet to be recorded. In 1836, Judge Clarke was chosen chief magistrate; in 1840, Robert P. Letcher ; and in 1844, Judge Wil-
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PRESIDENTIAL CANVASS.
liam Owsley. The latter was succeeded in 1848 by John J. Crittenden, the present attorney general of the United States.
At the presidential election of 1840, Gene- ral Harrison was warmly supported by the whig party of Kentucky; but the vote he received fell far short of that cast by Kentucky for Clay in 1844.
In the election of General Taylor to the presi- dential chair in 1848, a fusion of parties took place, and all the old distinctive issues for which the democrats and whigs had previously contend- ed, were, during that harmonious period, measura- bly cast aside, and have never since been revived in their ancient force and bitterness.
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
CHAPTER XXIV.
Mexico and the United States-Annexation of Texas-General Taylor ordered to move to the Rio Grande-Encamps at Corpus Christi-Erects a post at Point Isabel-Marches to a point opposite Matamoras-Builds Fort Brown-The Mexicans cross the Rio Grande in force-Taylor returns to Point Isabel-Again marches, to Fort Brown-Battle of Palo Alto-Battle of Resaca de la Palma-Occupation of Matamoras- Reception of reinforcements - March upon Monterey-Storming of Monterey-Great reduction of the force under General Taylor-Is compelled to assume the de- fensive-Return of Santa Anna to Mexico-Concentrates a large army at San Luis Potosi-Marches against Taylor --- Battle of Buena Vista-Conclusion.
IN 1845, the relations of the United States with the republic of Mexico, after maintaining for many years a threatening aspect, were ren- dered still more critical by the annexation of Texas.
During the summer of this year, General Zachary Taylor was ordered to take command of an army of observation, and select a position be- tween the Nueces and the Rio Grande. He ac- cordingly encamped at Corpus Christi, where he remained until the 11th of March, 1846, when he was instructed to march to the east bank of the Rio Grande.
Paying no regard to the remonstrance of the Mexican authorities, who warned him that the crossing of the Rio Colorado by troops from the
307
GENERAL TAYLOR'S MOVEMENTS.
United States would be followed by actual hostili- ties, Taylor pressed forward, and after establish- ing a post at Point Isabel, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, for the reception of his supplies, he put his small army again in motion, and finally fortified a position on the eastern bank of the Rio Grande, opposite the Mexican town of Mata- moras. The works which he threw up at this point were subsequently known as Fort Brown.
The communication between Fort Brown and Point Isabel being shortly afterward obstructed by a large Mexican force, which had crossed the river and thrown itself between the two posts for that purpose, Taylor left a small garrison at Fort Brown and marched to Point Isabel, with the view of strengthening that post and of bring- ing back supplies.
He succeeded in reaching Point Isabel on the 3d of May without interruption, and on the 7th again set out for Fort Brown, a distance of twenty-three miles. His whole force consisted of two thousand three hundred regulars. It was accompanied by two eighteen-pounders, drawn by oxen, and by Ringgold and Duncan's batteries of flying artillery.
Twelve miles from Point Isabel, at a place called Palo Alto, the Mexican army was disco- vered drawn up in order of battle. This splendid body of men was comprised of six thousand regu- lars, supported by a large number of rancheros,
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
and strengthened by ten pieces of artillery. The action was commenced by the Mexican artillery, and soon became general. The engagement was fought almost entirely by artillery, and the American superiority in that arm soon became manifest. Ringgold's battery opened with terri- ble effect upon the Mexican right, and that of Duncan swept the left, while the two eighteen- pounders poured upon the centre a steady and destructive fire. For a long time the Mexicans strove, but in vain, to make head against the fierce storm of cannon-balls by which their columns were constantly cut up.
At length they gave way, and fell back about four miles from the field of battle, where, having received a reinforcement of two thousand men, they encamped for the night. The Americans bivouacked on the field they had so gallantly won. The Mexican loss in this affair was two hundred killed and four hundred wounded ; that of the Americans was four killed, and thirty- seven wounded. Of the killed, three were officers, among whom were Major Ringgold and Captain Page.
The next morning General Taylor determined, contrary to the advice of his officers, to advance to the relief of Fort Brown. At Resaca de la Palma the Mexican army was again discovered, protected in front by a ravine, on the one flank by a pond of water, and on the other by a chap-
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RESACA DE LA PALMA.
paral or dense thicket of thorny bushes. In this engagement, the firing of the Mexicans was much more destructive than it had been the day pre- vious. The battery stationed to command the road swept the American lines with fearful exe- cution. Finding its capture absolutely neces- sary, General Taylor ordered Captain May to charge it with his dragoons. Pausing only for a moment, at the suggestion of Captain Ridgely, until the latter had drawn the fire of the Mexi- can artillery, May placed himself at the head of his troops, and calling upon them to follow, dash- ed down the road at full speed, and leaping the battery, drove the artillery-men from their pieces. The American infantry, moving rapidly up soon after, maintained possession of the captured bat- tery, and assaulting the Mexican centre with the bayonet, put the whole army to a complete rout. The Mexican loss in this battle, and in the sub- sequent pursuit, scarcely fell short of a thousand men; that of the Americans was one hundred and ten. On the 18th of May, General Taylor took possession of Matamoras without resistance.
The critical position in which this gallant lit- tle army had been placed, and from which it had only been extricated by an exhibition of almost Spartan heroism, had not been viewed without fearful solicitude on the part of the people of the United States. Reinforcements of volun- teers from the states bordering on the Ohio and
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
Mississippi were despatched at once for the Rio Grande, and when these had arrived, and a por- tion of the supplies necessary for the support of his army had been received, General Taylor took up his line of route for the city of Monterey.
To this ancient city, built in the valley of San Juan, at the foot of the Sierra Madre, Ampudia the Mexican general had retired after the evacua- tion of Matamoras. It was a place strong by nature, well fortified, and garrisoned by an army of seven thousand troops of the line, and three / thousand irregulars.
The force with which General Taylor advanced upon this stronghold consisted of six thousand six hundred and forty-five men, including officers. Against the forty-two pieces of cannon of the Mexicans, he could only oppose one ten-inch mortar, two twenty-four pound howitzers, and sixteen pieces of light artillery.
Establishing his camp in a beautiful grove three miles distant from the city, reconnoissances were made of the enemy's defences, and as soon as the reports were received, the division under General Worth was ordered to take a circuitous route to the right of the town, and storm the fortified heights in its rear. On the afternoon of the 19th of September, Worth advanced. Halting for the night at the foot of the moun- tains, a little beyond range of the enemy's bat- teries, he succeeded in repelling, the following
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CAPTURE OF MONTEREY.
morning, a brilliant charge of cavalry, and cross- ing the Saltillo road, carried in a dashing manner the two heights Soldada and Independencia, and then precipitated a portion of his force upon the Bishop's palace.
In the mean time Taylor had commenced a de- termined assault upon the batteries in front of the town, and finally succeeded in penetrating the city, from which, however, the troops were several times compelled to retire with severe loss. At length, the principal battery was car- ried by storm, and the enemy gradually forced back, foot by foot, to the grand plaza in the centre of the city. By working with picks and bars through the stone walls of adjacent houses, many of the barricades, hitherto so destructive, were avoided ; and as the division under General Worth was engaged piercing the heart of the city on the one side by this more secure but labo- rious mode of approach, while the main body under Taylor was operating in a like manner on the other, Ampudia, finding the space between himself and his assailants gradually, but surely, contracting, proposed terms of capitulation, which resulted in the surrender of the city. The Ameri- can loss in this attack numbered in killed and wounded five hundred men.
The government of the United States having decided to assault Vera Cruz, the greater part of the forces under General Taylor were transferred
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
to the southern line of operations, now about to be undertaken by Major-general Scott. This re- duction in the number of men under the com- mand of Taylor precluded all further advance, and obliged him to rest contented with maintain- ing the ground he had already won. His ability to do even this appeared to be growing daily more problematical. Santa Anna had returned to Mexico, and by the extraordinary influence he at that time wielded over the hearts of his coun- trymen, was enabled to concentrate at San Luis Potosi an army of twenty thousand men, well equipped, and admirably furnished with munitions of war.
With this army the Mexican general advanced upon General Taylor, whose entire force did not exceed four thousand seven hundred men. The latter was at this time encamped at Agua Nueva, but upon the approach of Santa Anna he fell back to the strong position of Buena Vista, where he formed his men and awaited calmly the at- tack.
On the 22d of February, 1847, the clouds of dust which enveloped the Mexican cavalry, as it came dashing through the valley of La Encan- tada, was the first evidence which the Ameri- cans received of the immediate proximity of the enemy. As soon as the main army under Santa Anna came up, he despatched a flag of truce to General Taylor with a summons of surrender.
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BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA.
A terse but perfectly respectful refusal was in- stantly returned by the American commander, and at three o'clock in the afternoon the enemy open- ed the battle by firing a shell upon that part of the American lines occupied by Washington's battery supported by the Indiana regiment. The afternoon was passed mainly in manœuvres and desultory skirmishes between the light troops commanded by General Ampudia and the Ar- kansas and Kentucky riflemen, who were opposed to them. During the night the light division of Ampudia, being reinforced by two thousand in- fantry from the divisions of Lombardini and Pacheco, succeeded in gaining an elevated posi- tion to the left and rear of the American rifle- men ; and in this quarter, at the very first dawn of day, the battle of the 23d commenced. It was hotly contested, with changing fortunes, throughout the entire day, and only ceased when night separated the combatants.
On the part of the Americans it was a day distinguished by acts of individual heroism such as have seldom been witnessed in any country, and never exceeded in our own.
Broken up into mere squads, for ten succes- sive hours the American volunteers gallantly sus- tained repeated charges from the immense masses of the enemy ; and now driven back, and now fiercely repulsing their assailants ; now hemmed in among ravines and cut up with terrible slaugh-
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
ter ; and now checking, and literally annihilating whole ranks of the Mexican cavalry by the fire of the deadly and unerring rifle ; gallantly sup- ported by artillery, never better served, nor more daringly worked, they succeeded in recovering the whole of the positions from which they had been driven at various times, and finally bivouack- ed upon the field of battle.
Shattered and disheartened, the enemy retired during the night, and the next day saw their ranks, utterly disorganized, in full retreat for San Luis Potosi.
The American loss, in killed, wounded, and missing, was six hundred and sixty-six ; one hun- dred and thirty-seven of whom were from Ken- tucky. The loss of the Mexicans is supposed to have exceeded two thousand.
With the battle of Buena Vista, as ending the war in that portion of Mexico, our history fitly closes. There is a moral grandeur in a contest such as this was, which speaks at once to the heart of every true patriot. An army of but little upward of four thousand seven hundred men, nearly all of whom were volunteer soldiers suddenly attracted from their various peaceful pursuits, not only held twenty thousand of the choicest troops of Mexico at bay, but eventually compelled them to retreat with precipitation, leaving many of their wounded behind them, and two thousand of their dead upon the field. That
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KENTUCKIAN BRAVERY.
such a battle, fought against such extraordinary numbers, and contested with so much pertinacity on the one side, and with so much resolution on the other, should have entailed a serious loss upon the victorious handful of Americans, was but a consequence of the indomitable courage by which the victory was finally wrested from the hands of a confident enemy.
Kentucky has reason to be proud of the con- duct of her sons on that eventful day,-from the veteran commander-in-chief-himself nur- tured from infancy to manhood upon her fertile soil-down to the humblest volunteer.
Here too fell, fighting to the last, many of her best and bravest; and the names of McKee, Clay, Willis, and Vaughn, will be remembered with sorrowful admiration so long as true patriotism has power to stir the heart to noble deeds, and courage is valued among men.
Here then let this history pause. Not that the people of Kentucky after the victory at Buena Vista took no further interest in the war. In that terrible yet brilliant series of victories which characterized the march of General Scott from Vera Cruz to the capital of Mexico, volunteers from Kentucky performed their duty worthily and well. But the greatest loss which the state sustained, and the greatest renown she acquired in the Mexican war, were derived from the battle of Buena Vista.
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HISTORY OF KENTUCKY.
Of the present population of Kentucky we have as yet forborne to speak. The census of 1840 exhibited, in ninety counties, the number of inhabitants as seven hundred and seventy-nine thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight. The census of 1850 shows an addition of ten coun- ties and an aggregate population of nine hun- dred and eighty-two thousand four hundred and five.
With a territory, a considerable portion of which is of almost unexampled fertility, bounded on the north throughout its whole extent by the Ohio River, and on the west partially by the Mississippi, both fine navigable streams, Ken- tucky, though so far removed from the ocean, enjoys many advantages, which are denied in some measure to the states farther to the north- west. Inhabited by a people, brave, generous, and frank-hearted, sincerely attached to the Union, jealous of its honour, and prompt to yield obedience to its laws, she has succeeded in win- ning the warm regard of her sister states, and at- taining a high position in the national councils.
THE END.
STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON AND CO. PHILADELPHIA.
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