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Gc 977 G62p v. 4 1949954
M. L.
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01715 3617
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center
http://www.archive.org/details/provincestateshi04good
4375
THE
Province and the States
A HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE OF LOUISIANA UNDER FRANCE AND SPAIN, AND OF THE TERRITORIES AND STATES OF THE UNITED STATES FORMED THEREFROM
IN SEVEN VOLUMES
ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS MAPS AND PORTRAITS
Public Library
AUGO
1964
Dall
Weston Arthur Goodspeed2.LLSB.
Editor-in-Chief
.
VOL. IV
V. 4
MADISON, WIS. THE WESTERN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 190.4.
6461-61 trolle para
1949954
COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY THE WESTERN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION MADISON, WIS.
Press of the Democrat Printing Co., Madison, Wis.
1.4
Table of Contents
Missouri
CHAPTER I.
PAGES
DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA-Territory of Louisiana-First Territorial Officers-Territory of Missouri-Its Extent-Statistics of Growth-Indian Hostilities-Threatened by British-Later Territorial Officers-Prosperity 17-26
CHAPTER II.
STATEHOOD-The Slavery Question - Jefferson's Aların-Struggle in Congress-Balance of Power-Constitutional Considera- tions-Congress Divided-Clay's Compromise-The Thomas Proviso-Slavery in the Territories-Strict Constructionists- Individual Views
27-33
CHAPTER III.
STATE OF MISSOURI-First Officers - Statistics of Development- First Legislature-Distinguished Men-Benton-St. Louis Incorporated-Founders of the State-St. Louis Directory, 1821-Fur Companies-Politics-Elections 34-41
CHAPTER IV.
POLITICAL BEGINNING-Missouri's Congressional Delegates-La- fayette-Bates-Jefferson City-Partisan Affairs-Jackson's Strength-The Cholera-Statistics of Progress-Steam Navi- gation-Population and Wealth 42-50
OK 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER V.
MISSOURI'S WESTERN INFLUENCE-Benton's Santa Fe Road-The State's Location-The Trappers-Fur Compames-Missouri a Western Gateway-Santa Fe Trade-Caravans and Expedi- tions-Battles with the Indians Indians-The Trails-Oregon -Statistics 51-60
PAGES
CHAPTER VI.
MORMON TROUBLES-Gentry's Regiment-Bogg's Election-Joseph Smith-Mormons at Independence-They Are Opposed-Tar and Feathers - Far West - Danites-Bogg's Exterminating Order-Blood-shed-The Mormons Driven Out 61-70
CHAPTER VIL.
PERMANENT BOUNDARIES FIXED-Indian Treaties-Black Hawk War - Other Indian Troubles - Heatherly War-Gentry's Campaign-Platte Purchase-Iowa Boundary Dispute-Panic of 1837-Banking-State University-Jefferson City Burned- Webster 71-79
CHAPTER VIII.
FROM 1840 TO 1846-Campaign of 1840-Imprisonment for Debt Abolished-Eulogy on Linn-Flood of 1844-Campaign of 1844-Texas Question-Oregon-Slavery-New Constitution Defeated 80-87
CHAPTER IX.
TEXAS ANNEXATION - Mexican War - The Austins - Missouri Interested-Troops . Raised-Doniphan's Expedition-Army of the West-Daugherty's Regiment-Doniphan's Conquest- Sterling Price-End of the War 88-95
CHAPTER X.
SLAVERY IN MISSOURI-Wilmot Proviso-Popular Sovereignty- Steps to Abolish Slavery-Negro Equality Feared-Anti-Sla- very Movements-Attitude of Benton-Sentiment Through- out the State 96-102
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XI.
PAGES
BREAK IN THE DEMOCRACY -- Jackson's Resolutions-They Are Opposed-Benton's Slogan-Split in the Democratic Ranks- Benton Defeated-Clay's Compromise of 1850-Pro-Slavery Influence in Missouri-Its Triumph-Meaning of Benton's Defeat-Election Results-Railroads-Development 103-III
CHAPTER XII.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE REPEALED-Effect of Jackson's Resolu- tions-Prominent Men of That Period-Territory of Platte- Richardson's Bill-Success of Douglas-The North Star- tled - Pro-Slavery Missourians Assist-Stringfellows-Ben- ton's Views-Atchison 112-119
CHAPTER XIII.
MISSOURI'S STRUGGLE FOR KANSAS-Meaning of the Struggle- Pro-Slavery Men Organize-Free State Movements-Atchi- son's Appeal-Pro-Slavery Partisans Leave Missouri-Elec- tion Frauds-Missouri Against the North-Cyclonic Politics -Benton Again-Republicans Organize-The Jayhawkers- Brown's Raid 120-130
CHAPTER XIV
ECONOMIC SITUATION IN 1860-Wealth of Missouri -- The Rail- ways -- Agriculture - The Schools-State Institutions-The Newspapers-Population-The Germans-Results of the Cam- paign of 1800 131-139
CHAPTER XV.
MISSOURI IN 1861-The State Hopelessly Divided-Secessionists -Unionists-Jackson's Views Asserted-Convention Called- Minute Men-Blair's Influence-He Check-mates Jackson- Unionists Rally-Convention Strongly Loyal-Committee of Safety-General Lyon-Jackson Refuses Lincoln's Call for Troops-Militia Mnstered in-Lyon's Strategy-IIe Captures Camp Jackson 140-154
CHAPTER XVI.
MISSOURI IN THE CIVIL WAR-The Fight for Missouri-Secession Legislature-Lyon in Command-His Ultimatum-Battle of Wilson's Creek-Lyon's Death-Operations of Sterling Price -Rump Legislature-Fremont-Curtis - Pea Ridge -- Test Oath of 1862-Emancipation-Price's Raid-Guerrillas-Elec- tion of 1864-War Ends 155-168
8
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVII.
PAGES
RECONSTRUCTION-Convention of 1865-Slavery Abolished-New Constitution-Test Oaths of 1865-Registry Exactions- Vagrant Laws-Carpet Bag Rule-Split in Missouri-Blair- Election of 1868-Negro Suffrage-Re-enfranchisement- The Radicals-The Liberals-Democrats Win 169-179 -
CHAPTER XVIII.
DEMOCRACY AGAIN IN POWER-Economic Condition-Railroad Bonds Voted-Schurz-Election Results-Panic of 1873- The Grangers-State Institutions-Constitutional Convention of 1875-Important Changes-The Whisky Frauds-Grant's Injunction 180-188
CHAPTER XIX.
FROM PHELPS TO FRANCIS-Carlyle's Aphorism-Many Reforms Instituted-Prosperity-Gain in Wealth-Important Acts of Legislation-Train Robbers Overthrown-Liquor Traffic- Bald Knobbers-Francis-Australian Ballot-Statistics ... 189-198
CHAPTER XX.
SILVER MOVEMENT-The Greenback Idea-Is Taken Into Politics -Demonetization of Silver-Bland-Free Coinage Bill-The Bland Propaganda-Farmers' Alliance -- The Sherman Law- Panic of 1803-Bland Opposes Cleveland- Pertle Springs Convention -Victory of Francis- Bland Honored-Sixteen to One-Election of 1890-Political Reform- 199-211
CHAPTER XXI.
MISSOURI OF TODAY AND TOMORROW-The St. Louis Boodling Dis- closures-Grand Jury's Report-Mr. Folk-Extent of Cor- ruption-Punishment-World's Fair -- Its Officers and Man- agement-Wealth of the State-Public Institutions-Schools -Istlimian Canal-Statistics 212-222
9
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Kansas
CHAPTER I.
EARLY EXPLORATIONS-Lewis and Clark-Pike's Expedition- Major Long-Doctor Say-Santa Fe Trail-Fort Leaven- worth-Indian Country-Reservations-Fort Scott-Atkinson and Riley-Indian Cessions-First Election-The Hall Bill- Douglas' Substitute-Repeal of the Missouri Compromise- Sumner's Speech-The Kansas-Nebraska Bill Becomes a Law -Kansas Organized a Territory-Squatter Meetings-Reso- lutions-Slavery Introduced-Emigrant Aid Societies-Meth- ods of Pro-Slavery Men-Town Sites-Newspapers-Terri- torial Officers
223-238
CHAPTER II.
KANSAS TERRITORY-Governor Reeder Takes Charge-Election of a Delegate-General Atchison-Fraudulent Votes-Legislature Meets-Disagreement with the Governor-Code of Laws- Free-State Men Organize-Topeka Convention-First Consti- tution-Governor Shannon-"Border Ruffians"-Aid Socie- ties-Outrages Committed-Lawrence Threatened-Treaty of Peace-State Officers of the Topeka Government-Indict- ments for Treason-Reeder Escapes in Disguise-Robinson Arrested-Sheriff Jones-Sack of Lawrence-The "Border War"- - "Old John Brown" -- Pottawatomie Massacre-Battle of Black Jack -- Attacks on Franklin-Osawatomie Burned- The Topeka Legislature Dispersed-Governor Geary-Proc- lamations-Arrest of Harvey's Men-Governor's Orders Ignored-Attack on Lawrence-Troops Disbanded-Free .. State Immigrants Arrested-Arrest of Legislators-Second Legislature-Geary Resigns
CHAPTER III.
KANSAS TERRITORY-Governor Walker-Lecompton Convention- Vote on the Constitution-Topeka Legislatun Again-Free State Conventions-"Big Springs Platform"-Fair Elections Guaranteed-Free-State Men Win-Walker Resigns-Stan- ton Removed-Lecompton Constitution Repudiated-Leave.i- worth Convention-English Bill - Lecompton. Constitution Again Rejected-Montgomery-"Squatter Court"-Ballot-bc: Destroyed-Fight with U. S: Dragoons-Marais des Cygnes
239-260
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Massacre-Attack on Fort Scott-Medary's Administration- Fourth Legislature-New Counties-Wyandotte Convention Authorized-Republican Party Organized-Delegates to Wyandotte Convention-The Constitution-Slavery Prohib- ited-Unconstitutional-The Fight in Congress-Admitted- First Election for State Officers-State Government Insti- tuted
PAGES
261-277
CHAPTER IV.
THE STATE FROM 1861 TO 1868-Governor Robinson - The First State Legislature -- Civil War-First United States Senators- Kansas Regiments-The First Political Campaign-Vote for the Capital-The Second Legislature -- The State Officers Are Impeached-State Institutions-Guerrilla Raids-Quantrell at Lawrence-Monument-Baxter Springs-Legislature of 1864 -Campaign of 1864-Price Raid-Kansas Militia-Battles in Kansas-Fifth Legislature-Governor Crawford-Lane Re- elected Senator-Railroads-Indian Treaties-Bonds-Death of General Lane-Soldiers' Reunion-Campaign of 1866- Crawford Re-elected-Indian Outbreaks -- Legislature of 1867 -More Indian Troubles-Constitutional Amendments- Eightlı Legislature-Campaign of 1868-Governor Crawford Resigns-Nineteenth Kansas-Governor Green 278-306
CHAPTER V.
THE STATE FROM HARVEY TO HUMPHREY-Governor Harvey- The Ninth Legislature-The Neutral Land War-The Tenth Legislature-The Campaign of 1870-Vigilance Committee- Eleventh Legislature-Campaign of 1872-Sensation in the Legislature of 1873-Ingalls Elected Senator-Governor Osborn-Harvey's Election-Congressional Districts-Cam- paign of 1874-Indian Outrages-Fifteenth Legislature- Forged School Bonds-Centennial Exposition-Campaign of 1876-Plumb Elected Senator-Acts of Legislature-Cam- paign of 1878-Governor St. John-Negro Exodus-Prohibi- tion-Second Biennial Legislature-Seven Congressmen- Districts - Railroad Commission - Re-submission Asked - Special Session-New Orleans Exposition-Legislature of 1885-Soldiers' Home-County Seat Troubles-Strike on Missouri Pacific-Special Session-Stevens County War- Abilene Convention-Prosperity
307-332
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI.
FROM HUMPHREY TO STANLEY-Governor Humphrey-The Sixth Biennial Legislature-Women Mayors-A Large Corn Crop- The Farmers' Alliance - The "Original Package" Muddle- The Seventh Legislature-Another Congressman-The Death of Senator Plumb-Governor Lewelling-Trouble in the Legislature -Compromise-The Columbian Exposition-Cam- paign of 1894-Railroad Strike-Oil and Gas-Legislature of 1895-Governor Morrill-Campaign of 1806-The Gas Field- Legislature of 1897-Governor Leedy-Kansas in the Span- ish-American War-Campaign of 1898-Omaha Exposition- Special Session-Governor Stanley-Eleventh Biennial Legis- lature-Capitol-Mob Law-Kansas Exposition Association- Campaign of 1900-Pike Monument-Acts of 1901-Mutinies Among Convicts-"Mother Bickerdyke"-Campaign of 1902 -- End of a Century
PAGES
333-354
CHAPTER VII.
STATISTICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE-Area-Elevation-Occupations- Soil-Climate-Population-Counties-Progress in Agricul- ture and Mining-List of Officials-Progress-Education- Finances-Reflections 355-366
Colorado
CHAPTER I.
EARLY SPANISH AND OTHER EXPEDITIONS, ETC .- Coronado - De Onate-Rivera-Serra-The Louisiana Purchase-Lieutenant Pike-Glenn's Expedition-Fowler's Journal-Bent's Fort- Early Trading Posts-Discovery of Gold-First Settlements- Denver-Auraria-Jackson's Diggings-Gregory Gulch-First Newspaper-The Provisional Government-Peoples' Courts- Early Elections-Private Coinage-Organized a Territory .... 367-386
CHAPTER II.
THE TERRITORY-Governor Gilpin-Indian Treaties-Election of Delegates-First Legislature-Civil War-New Mexico Cam- paign-Second Legislative Session-First Telegraph Message- Third Legislature-Constitutional Convention-Indian Trou-
12
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGES
bles-Militia Organized-Sand Creek -- Guerrillas-More In- dian Troubles-Change in Territorial Officers-First Attempt to Secure Admission-Legislative Action-Seventh Legislature -Treaty with the Utes-Last Indian Invasion. 387-411
CHAPTER III.
THE STATE-Governor McCook-Elections-First Railroad-Ninth Legislature-Penitentiary-Political Campaign of 1874-Patter- son Delegate-Act of Congress for State Government-Second Constitutional Convention-Synopsis of the Constitution-First State Officers Elected-First State Legislature-United States Senators-Grasshoppers-Cliff Dwellers-Carbonate Discover- ies-Leadville-Campaign of 1878-Ute War of 1879-The Brunot Agreement-Massacre at the White River Agency- Thornburgh Killed-Siege of Red Canon-Merritt to the Resene-Removal of the Utes-Miners' Strike-Campaign of 18So-The Anti-Chinese Riot-Lieutenant Governor Robinson Killed 413-438
CHAPTER IV.
OTIIER STATE ADMINISTRATIONS-Location of the Capital-The Campaign of 1882-Teller in the Cabinet-Fourth State Leg- islature-Mining Expositions at Denver-The Campaign of 1884-Fifth Legislature-Strike on the Denver and Rio Grande R. R .- Campaign of 1886-Sixth Legislature-Indian Troubles-The Campaign of 1888-Seventh Legislature-New Counties - Large Appropriations - Corruption in Office - Farmers' Alliance Movement-Campaign of 1890-Eighth Legislature-New Legislative Districts-Australian Ballot Introduced-Trans-Mississippi Congress-Pike's Peak Rail- road-The Silver Question-Campaign of 1892-Fusionists Successful -139-459
CHAPTER V.
FROM WAITE TO PEABODY-Governor Waite-Ninth Legislature- Railroad Legislation-Woman Suffrage-Columbian Commis- sion-Extra Session of the Legislature -- Miners' Strike-Cam- paign of 1894-Tenth Legislature-Campaign of 1896-Party Lines Shattered-Fusion Ticket Elected-Strike at Leadville- Eleventh Legislature-Spanish-American War-Omaha Expo- sition-Campaign of 1808-Tax Reform-Military Academy- Capitol Finished-Mobs-Campaign of 1900-Governor Or- man-A Game Warden's Mistake-Campaign of 1902-Gov- ernor Peabody 460-482
13
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI.
PAGES
STATISTICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE-Source of Dominion-Boundaries -Area-Resources-Soil-Irrigation-Fruit Growing-Coun- ties and Population-List of Officials-Educational System- Growth and Development-Cities and Towns-Conclusion. ... 483-490
State of Missouri :
From Its Territorial Days to 1904
Hon. David R. Francis Associate Editor
PRESIDENT OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMPANY, FORMERLY GOVERNOR OF MISSOURI, AND FORMERLY SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR
Charles M. Harvey Author
Missouri
CHAPTER 1
The Territory of Missouri
W THEN, by the act of congress signed by President Madison on June 4, 1812, all of the Louisiana province outside of the newly created state of Louisiana was called the Territory of Missouri, the latter name mnade its first appearance as the title of a political community.
The Louisiana province had been divided by congress on March 24, 1804, two weeks after the transfer, in St. Louis, of Upper Louisiana to the United States. The province's lower section, with boundaries almost identical with those of the pres- ent state of Louisiana, was named the Territory of Orleans, and all the rest of it was called the District of Louisiana, and was placed under the control of the officials of Indiana Territory. The name of the District of Louisiana was changed to the Ter- ritory of Louisiana by an act of congress signed March 3, 1805, and it was taken out of the jurisdiction of the officials of Indiana Territory, and was given a governor, a secretary, and three judges, all appointed by the president, with the consent of the senate, the legislative power, as in all territories of the lower class, to be vested in the governor and the judges, or a majority of them, the laws to be subject to congress' approval.
Jefferson appointed Gen. James Wilkinson the first governor of Louisiana Territory ; Dr. Joseph Browne, a brother-in-law of IV-2
0.18
THE PROVINCE AND THE STATES.
Aaron Burr, was made secretary, and John B. C. Lucas was appointed chief justice. Wilkinson was disliked and distrusted by most of the residents of the Territory and was deep at this time in the conspiracy, or supposed conspiracy, by which Burr was believed to be aiming to separate Kentucky, Tennessee and the Territory of Orleans from the Union and add them to Mex- ico, which Burr hoped to wrest from Spain, and thus to set up a southwestern empire, with himself at the head. Wilkinson soon got into trouble with some of the leading personages of the territory, was removed from office, and Capt. Merriwether Lewis was put in his place in 1807, the year after he returned from the exploring expedition to the Pacific in company with Clark. Lewis held the post of governor of Louisiana Territory until his mysterious death by murder or suicide, probably the latter, near Nashville, in 1809, when he was succeeded by Benjamin Howard, who remained in that office until after the territory's name and status were changed in 1812.
The admission of the Territory of Orleans as the State of Louisiana on April 8, 1812, and the rapid increase of population in the upper province necessitated the dropping of the name Louisiana in it and its advancement to a higher status. For these reasons the name of Louisiana Territory was changed by the act of June 4, 1812, to the Territory of Missouri, and that community was given a measure of local self government, St. Louis being made its capital.
Missouri Territory was a land of magnificent distances. It stretched westward from the Mississippi to the Rocky mountains, which were the eastern boundary of the domain of Ferdinand VII. of Spain, whose possessions extended as far north as the north- ern line of the present states of California, Nevada and Utah, and who laid claims to the region farther to the northward. The same mountain barrier was the eastern line of that No Man's Land, then in dispute between Spain, Russia, England and the United States, comprising the present states of. Oregon, Wash- ington and Idaho. The northerly line of Missouri Territory was George III.'s province of Canada.
By the national census of 1810, the region comprised in the Territory of Missouri was found to have 20,845 inhabitants (doubling since the transfer of Upper Louisiana to the United States in 1804), 17,227 of whom were whites and 3, 618 were negroes. All but about 1,500 of this total (which were in the present Arkansas) were in the present state of Missouri. The
19
THE TERRITORY OF MISSOURI.
Indians of the Territory, of course, were not enumerated. Most of the settlers were from the slave states-Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Virginia and the Carolinas. This accounts for the large proportion of negroes, most of them slaves, among the inhabitants. Not until after the completion of DeWitt Clinton's Erie Canal in 1825, which opened a path by way of the north- ern lakes, did any considerable number of emigrants from New England and New York begin to reach Missouri.
The population of that part of the Territory of Missouri com- prised in the present state of that name more than tripled between 1810 and 1820. Its oldest permanent settlement was Ste. Gene- vieve, founded about 1735; its next oldest town of importance was St. Louis, planted by Laclede Liguest and Auguste Chou- teau in 1764; and the third most important settlement of those days was St. Charles, established in 1769, at first called Les Petites Cotes ( Little Hills), which name was changed to St. Charles in 1784.
Missouri's growth was impeded for a few years by the uncer- tainty as to the land titles of the French and Spanish period, the troubles from the Indians, and, to a smaller degree, by the earthquake of 1811-12, which did great damage at New Madrid, Big and Little Prairie and other points along the Mississippi. The land title matter was virtually settled by an act of con- gress in 1814, which confirmed all the concessions made in the French and Spanish days. The Indian disturbances were min- imized by President Madison's appointment of Lewis's partner, Gen. William Clark, as governor of Missouri, who assumed that post in 1813, a year after the creation of the Territory, and who held it during the entire period until the admission of Missouri as a state in 1821.
Just before the organization of the Territory, the region along the Missouri as far as the scattered little settlements extended, eighty or a hundred miles from its confluence with the Missis- sippi, and also a little farther westward, in the present Howard county, was harrassed by Indians. Bodies of rangers were formed and a line of stockades was built, into which the people of the surrounding territory would fly at the appearance of danger. Many whites, however, were killed outside of those defences. General Clark, the commander of the military forces in the department, was active in trying to prevent these attacks and in endeavoring to punish the offenders when they occurred, but
.
20
THE PROVINCE AND THE STATES.
as the number of men under his control was inadequate he was able to accomplish but little.
At the beginning of May, 1812, however, he gathered a large number of the leading men of the Sacs, Foxes, Shawanese, Dela- wares, Great and Little Osages, and other Indians at a coun- cil in St. Louis, and proceeded with them to Washington to consult President Madison and arrange for peace between them and the settlers in the war with England which all saw to be impending, and which was formally declared about the time they reached the capital. The mission was successful. Presents were distributed lavishly among these Indians, they returned to their tribes gratified at the treatment given to them by Clark and the government, and in most cases they carried out their pledges and maintained the peace.
Clark was the man for the situation in this most exposed part of the national frontier at this crisis. Forty-two years of age at the time he went to Washington with the Indian deputation in 1812, a soldier by profession, a younger brother of Gen. George Rogers Clark, the conqueror of the British at Kaskaskia and Vincennes, in the war of independence, and the winner of the region between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi, young Clark had seen some military service before he was appointed in 1803 by Jefferson as Lewis's partner in the exploring expedition of 1804-06 from the Mississippi to the Pacific. He was in the army afterward for a few years, was then successively Indian agent and brigadier general of the forces of upper Louisiana under Governor Lewis, held the latter post under Howard's governorship after Lewis's death, and won a reputation as an active, resourceful and diplo- matie officer, which reached Washington long before he himself did.
Madison offered Clark an assignment as brigadier general in the field in the war against England and urged him to take the command at Detroit, which was held by the aged Hull, but he declined, saying he could do better work for his country at St. Louis than lie could on the northern frontier. Probably he was correct. With Clark in command at Detroit the collapse which came under Hull would probably have been averted. But Clark had gained an experience among the Indians of the trans- Mississippi country which was of vital consequence to the nation in that crisis. His journey from the mouth of the Missouri to the mouth of the Columbia, supplemented by his service sub- sequently at St. Louis as Indian agent and as head of the Ter-
21
THE TERRITORY OF MISSOURI.
ritory's military force, had given him a closer acquaintance with all the important tribes between the big river and the Pacific than any other white man had before or since.
When Clark declined the command at Detroit, Madison appointed him governor of Missouri Territory, and he remained in that office until Missouri became a state in 1821, after which Monroe made him superintendent of Indian Affairs, with his headquarters at St. Louis, a post which he held until his death in 1838. Knowing frontiersman as well as Indian, grasping the forces which precipitated the irrepressible conflict of inter- ests between them, and sympathizing sincerely with each, he had the confidence of each to a larger degree than any other man in any similar position whom the country has seen. The intel- ligent supervision of the Red Head Chief, as the Indians affec- tionately called him, at St. Louis, did more during that third of a century's westward march of empire to preserve the peace between red men and white, and red men and red than could have been done by half a dozen regiments of troops on the frontier. For close on to forty years, William Clark was one of Missouri's and the West's foremost citizens.
Hurrying back from Washington in the early days of 1813, Governor Clark found St. Louis in hourly expectation of an attack by British and Indians, which might repeat on a far larger scale the atrocities of the Indian and British assault on that town in 1780. Tecumseh, the Shawanese, maddened at the crowding of his race westward by the settlers' advance, had, in 1810 and 1811, been appealing to the Indians of Illinois, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Alabama and Georgia to unite to sweep the whites into the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, and his red emis- saries and white agents of the British government had crossed the Mississipppi and carried his war belts among the red men. of the present Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota and the Dakotas. His plans had been baffled by the rashness of his brother the Prophet in provoking the attack by Harrison which resulted in the Indian defeat at Tippecanoe in the closing part of 1811, but the war between England and the United States which was declared in June, 1812, sent him and thousands of Indians over to the Brit- ish side; Fort Dearborn, on the site of the present Chicago, was captured and its garrison massacred, Hull was forced to surrender at Detroit; Fort Bellevue, on the Mississippi, was besieged several days by the Winnebagoes; an assault on St. Louis by the Sioux, Pottawatomies, Kickapoos, Winnebagoes
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