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Gc 974.402 W89f 1781033
M. L.
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01068 4782
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019
https://archive.org/details/storyofworcester00farn
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THE STORY OF WORCESTER
MASSACHUSETTS
ALBERT FARNSWORTH, PH.D. Master in History, Worcester Academy
GEORGE B. O'FLYNN, M. A. Assistant Principal, Providence Street Junior High School Worcester, Massachusetts
WORCESTER THE DAVIS PRESS, INC. I934
THE STORY OF WORCESTER
1761033
THE STORY OF WORCESTER
F 84499 .28
Farnsworth, Albert. The story of Worcester, Massachusetts (by, Albert Farns- worth ... and] George B. O'Flynn ... Worcester (Mass.] The Davis press, inc., 1931.
4 p. I., [11]-214 p. illus., diagrs. 191cm.
CHCLP CARD
Check Twice onder
1. Worcester, Mass .- Hist. I. O'Flynn, George B., joint author.
31-1939
Library of Congress
F74. WOF24
Copy 2.
F 2225 Copyright A 7013S
[3] 071.48
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F54499.28
Copyright, 1934 By THE DAVIS PRESS, INC. All rights reserved
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DEDICATED TO THE BOYS AND GIRLS OF WORCESTER
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FOREWORD
W HERE should the study of history begin? In the mists of Oriental nations, learning of the "glory that was Athens and the grandeur that was Rome," of Attila and Ghengis Khan, Charlemagne and Victoria, of shadowy forms that grope through the dark corridors of the past, of names and dates and places far removed in time and space? Where does the natural interest of people lie? In their own community, where past and present are woven in an ordered pattern and where tangible evidence of the past abounds, is the answer to the question. Beginning with local history the threads should be woven into the larger pattern of national history. After all, the figures of the ancient and medieval worlds or of countries far removed are but dim and vague unreali- ties; but local figures and events centering about familiar localities are real, vital, and interesting. It is easy for us to recreate in our minds figures with familiar names who lived in familiar environment.
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD
CHAPTER I
IN THE BEGINNING .
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The Making of New England-Looking Backward- Ice Sheets-The Story in Stone.
The Plateau of Central Massachusetts-Rivers and Brooks-Forests and Animal Life-Natural Beauty. The Indians-The Nipmuck Country-Villages. The White Man-Daniel Gookin and John Eliot- Sagamore John-The Praying Indians -- Present Evidences of the Indians-Indian Names.
.CHAPTER II
THE FIRST AND SECOND ATTEMPTS AT SETTLEMENT "Mother Towns"-The First Town Incorporated. Procedure of Founding a Town-Rewarding of Public Servants and Institutions-The First Grants of Land.
Importance of the Site of the New Town.
Petitions to General Court-Appointment of Com- mittee by Court-Drafting of Plans for Settlement. First White Settler in Worcester-Other Settlers in 1673-The Building of a Town-King Philip's War-Danger to Settlers.
Soldiers at Quinsigamond-Surrender of Sagamore John-Treatment of Indians.
Notice to Proprietors-Second Settlement Under Way-Division of Township-Officers Appointed -Assignment of Land-Protection from Indians- Name of Worcester Authorized-Reason for Name -Ancestry of Daniel Henchman.
Samuel Lenorson-Indian Raids-Hannah Dustin- Farms Abandoned-Diggory Sargent.
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STORY OF WORCESTER CHAPTER III
PERMANENT SETTLEMENT
Effect of Queen Anne's War-Interest in Planta- tion-Jonas and Gershom Rice's Purchase-New Petitions to General Court-New Grants Made- Date of Final Settlement-Forts.
Coming of Scotch-Irish-Destruction of Their Meet- ing House-Matthew Thornton.
Incorporation of the Town-First Town Meeting.
New County of Worcester-Shire Town.
Pen-picture of the New Town-Lovell's War- Other Wars.
First White Child Born in Worcester-The Acadians. Early Church History-The First Church-Unitarians -Baptists-Catholics-Father Fitton-St. John's Church.
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CHAPTER IV
WORCESTER IN CANDLE DAYS .
"Prettiest Inland Town in America"-Homes of Well-known Men.
Occupations and Professions-Old-fashioned Farm Implements-New England Farm-The Village Store -- An Advertisement-Early Prices-Important Stores.
The Blacksmith Shop-Men of the Anvil. Worcester of 2000 People-Taverns.
"Goin' to Meetin' "-Churches and Clergymen- Puritan Idea of Church and State-Provision for Education-The First Schoolmaster, Jonas Rice -- Our Most Distinguished Schoolmaster.
Scope of Colonial Education-Dr. Elijah Dix-Dr. John Green.
CHAPTER V
WORCESTER IN THE REVOLUTION
Causes of Revolution-Colonists Ripe for Secession -Orators-Stamp Act-Differences of Opinion Among Leading Men-Tory Fort-Meeting of March 7, 1774-Episode of Clark Chandler.
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CONTENTS
The Patriots-Prominent Figures-American Politi- cal Society-Nathan Baldwin.
Secret Preparations for War-The Minute Men- Timothy Bigelow-March to Concord-Bunker Hill.
British Captives in Worcester-Expedition to Quebec-Declaration of Independence-Isaiah Thomas-Worcester's Contributions to Conti- nental Army-Battles-Treaty of Paris.
CHAPTER VI
THE EMBATTLED FARMERS
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Articles of Confederation-Foreign Attitude Toward Us - Domestic Difficulties - 1786-1787 Trying Period-Situation in Worcester.
The Crisis of 1786-Daniel Shays in Worcester- Washington Chagrined-The Rebellion-Griev- ance of Rebels Remedied.
CHAPTER VII
ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO
Washington's Tour of New England-His Arrival in Worcester-200th Anniversary.
Worcester's Attitude Toward the War of 1812- Importance of Treaty of Ghent to New England. Transportation Changes-Importance of Worcester. Factors Responsible for Growth of Worcester- Building of Blackstone Canal-Lady Carrington. The Stage Driver-Genery Twichell-"The Un- rivalled Express Rider."
Boston and Worcester Railroad-First Train-Loco- motives-"The Lion."
Worcester's "Golden Age"-Talented Sons-Worces- ter of 1829-The Common of that Day.
"Nobility Hill"-Old Worcester Gardens. Fifteen Streets-The Oldest Highway-Names of Streets.
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STORY OF WORCESTER CHAPTER VIII
THE CIVIL WAR
Anti-slavery Sentiment in Worcester-Early Evi- dence of This Sentiment-Anti-slavery Leaders- Whig Convention-Judge Allen-Free Soil Party Born-The New Republican Party Formed in Worcester in 1854.
The "Underground Railroad"-The Butman Riot- Formation of the New England Emigrant Aid Society-Eli Thayer.
The Civil War-Worcester Companies in Service- Charles Devens-Willie Grout-Tom O'Neil- George H. Ward-Activities on the "Home Front."
Business Stimulation-Lee's Surrender-Celebra- tions.
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CHAPTER IX
A CITY OF DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES
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Worcester's Importance as a Manufacturing City- Periods of Industrial Development.
John Wing's Saw and Grist Mills-Other Mills- Early Manufacturers-Variety of Products.
Mill Streams.
Effect of the Passage of the Embargo Act.
Effect of the Introduction of Railroads. Wire and Ichabod Washburn.
"Age of Electricity"-Invention of Telephone- Carriages and Railroad Cars-Envelopes- Looms-Metal-working Tools-Other Industries- Inventors and Inventions.
CHAPTER X
OUR CITY GOVERNMENT
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Worcester Incorporated as a Town-Legislative Act Incorporating as a City-First City Government- First Mayor-The Charter-Form of Government -Mayor and Legislative Body-School Committee.
Other Administrative Officers. Chart Showing Expenditure of City's Money.
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CONTENTS CHAPTER XI
THE TURN OF THE CENTURY . 147
Racial Stocks-Changes from 1800 to 1900.
From the Horse-car to the Trolley-car-Electric Light and Telephones-Recreation-Celebrations. Attitude Toward Dress-Development of Sanita- tion and Hygiene-Music-Events Leading Up to Spanish American War.
Blowing Up of Battleship Maine-Declaration of War, April 19, 1898.
President's Call for Troops - Worcester in the Spanish-American War-Hardships-Dysentery and Malaria-Home Coming of Worcester's Soldiers. A Worcester Hero-Lieut. Edmund Benchley.
Peace Treaty Between Spain and United States- Terms-Attitude of Senator Hoar and Anti- imperialists-United States a World Power.
CHAPTER XII
HISTORY IN BRONZE AND STONE .
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Milestones and Other Markers-Well-known Names and Events.
Bronze Star on City Hall Plaza.
The Site of the First Schoolhouse-First Court House-Washington Memorials.
Hoar Statue-Bigelow Monument-Marker at Elm Park-Rogers-Kennedy Memorial.
Soldiers' Monument on Common-General Devens Statue-Cannon at State Armory-Spanish War Memorial.
Municipal Memorial Auditorium.
CHAPTER XIII
WORCESTER IN THE WORLD WAR
Underlying Causes-The Spark-Why United States Entered the War.
The Worcester Companies-Yankee Division- Heroism of Homer J. Wheaton, Henry R. Knight,
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STORY OF WORCESTER
Chaplain Walton S. Danker-Major Thomas F. Foley-St. Mihiel and the Heroism of Willard S. Smith and Ralph E. Donnelly-Meuse-Argonne Offensive-The Artillery-Worcester Soldiers- The "Gold Stars."
The Navy-Heroic Deed of James A. McGourty. The Aviation Corps-Lieut. Warren T. Hobbs.
The Medical Corps-Major Howard W. Beal.
Col. John F. J. Herbert-Distinguished Service Crosses.
On the Home Front-Liberty Loans-Red Cross- Public Schools-Parochial Schools-Holy Cross- Worcester Polytechnic Institute-Clark College- Assumption College-State Normal School. The Armistice-Death of Chaplain Davitt.
CHAPTER XIV
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MODERN WORCESTER
Lord Jeffrey Amherst's Impression of Worcester- Timothy Dwight-Charles Dickens-Present-day Impression of Worcester.
Area and Population-Foreign Born.
The Common-Public Parks and Recreation Spots. The First School Opened-Four District School Dames-Support of Schools-Control of Schools- Centre District-Ash Street School-Both Sexes in One School-The First High School Building- Other High School Courses of Instruction.
Medical Inspection in Schools-First School in the United States for Adult Women-The Junior High School Movement.
The Art Museum and Art Education-Music Festi- val and Music Education-The American Anti- quarian Society-The Worcester Historical Society -Natural History Society.
Colleges-Clark-Holy Cross-Worcester Polytechnic Institute-Assumption-State Teachers' College. Worcester Academy-Bancroft School.
Parochial Schools -Industrial Education - Trade Schools-Public Library-Opportunities for Self- Culture.
APPENDIX
BIOGRAPHIES
207
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Map of First Settlement .
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Indian Spring, Packachoag Hill
24
Site of Lenorson House 40
50
Old South Meetinghouse (1763-1887)
52
Isaiah Thomas
57
Christ Church
60
The Salisbury Mansion 80
The Paine Homestead, Lincoln Street
84
Isaiah Thomas's House
88
Sign on Old Salisbury Mansion
90
Daniel Waldo Fire Bucket
91
The Trumbull House
96
The Exchange Coffee House .
99
Terminus of Blackstone Canal
100
Packet Boat Lady Carrington
101
Central Hotel
102
The Unrivalled Express Rider
103
The Locomotive "Lion"
104
Boston and Worcester R. R. Station
105
Map of Worcester, 1829
109
View of Worcester in 1838
112
Court Hill, 1851
124
Dale Hospital, 1865
126
Main Street in 1865
144
The City Seal .
146
Chart of Expenditures for 1932
149
College Regatta
161
The Hoar and Devens Statues
164
Worcester Memorial Auditorium
186
World War Memorial .
188
Chart of Foreign-born Nationalities
194
Providence Street Junior High School
197
Worcester Historical Society
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
FOR the use of the illustrations which make this book complete, the authors are indebted to institutions whose publications perpetu- ate local history: The Worcester Academy, "The Worcester Academy-its Locations and its Principals"; Worcester County Institution for Savings, "One Hundredth Birthday"; Worcester Mutual Fire Insur- ance Company, "One Hundred Years of Service"; Worcester Bank & Trust Com- pany, "Some Historic Houses of Worcester," "Historic Events of Worcester"; The Com- monwealth Press, "Old Landmarks and Historic Spots of Worcester"; Little, Brown & Co., "The Story of Worcester." Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made.
THE AUTHORS
Tals drawing is designed to Illustrate the relative positions of home-lots. The number on the map corresponding with the one set against the name below will indicate the location occupied by that person.
1 Gershom Eams. 16 Maj .- Gen. Daniel Gookin.
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17-24
Thomas Hall.
2 Samuel Brigham.
18 Thomas Grover.
8 John Provender.
19 John Paul.
4 Joseph Waight.
20 Joel Jenkins.
5 John Shaw.
21 .Joseph Beamis.
7 John Curtis.
23 Michael Fleg.
8 Dr. Leonard Hoarr.
25 Benjamin Crane.
9 Capt. Duniel Henchinan.
10 Ephraim Curtis.
11 Thomas Brown.
27 Benjamin Web.
12 Jacob DanA.
29 Phinehas Upham.
13 Richard Dana.
29 Philip Atwood.
14 Symou Meylin.
80 Trial Newberry.
15 Samuel Gookin.
31 Minister's lot.
S. W. by W. 1920 Rods
Mill Bbook
7/H
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TATAESSEN
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N. W. W. Westerly
Halfway
River
Mill Brook
1920 Rada
Now
Part of
Auburn
W. & W.
Li
S.
South
Presant
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PLAN OF WORCESTER 1673 TO 1675.
Drawn by E. B. Crane.
THE FIRST SETTLEMENT The village of Quinsigamond (subsequently named Worcester), destroyed by the Indians in 1675
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Country Road
Connecticut Roade
24
Nuny promodisuino
20
(Road
e
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26 Capt. Thomas Prentice.
6
8 John Fuy.
22 Joshua Bigelow.
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THE STORY OF WORCESTER
CHAPTER I
IN THE BEGINNING
A GES ago all New England lay deep beneath the sea. Vast geological periods elapsed before land appeared. In the course of time moun- tains of Alpine height and grandeur covered most of what is now New England. Gradually the ice, snow, and rain wore away these mountains until now only their stumps remain, leaving such landmarks as Mt. Wachusett and Asnebumskit, to recall their former magnificence.
Time rolled on. Then some twenty-five thousand years ago the ice sheet descended upon New England and all the land was buried beneath vast fields of ice several thou- sand feet in thickness. This sea of ice is known as the Labrador Ice Sheet. It endured for a long time, ever moving over the surface of the land and grinding the rocks below it. Through the ages the rains fell upon the glacier; the
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STORY OF WORCESTER
sun melted it. Rock-shod, the retreating glacier pushed huge boulders along its bottom and served as a mighty agency in transforming the land. It remade mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, and hills. Our own Bancroft, Newton, and Hancock hills were deposited by the glacier. Every mountain, hill and valley, every river and lake, every bed of clay and bank of sand, every boulder and rounded pebble of Worcester county, records the story of countless centuries of change wrought by the giant hands of nature.
The beautiful hills among which Worcester nestles mask the fact that central Massachu- setts is a plateau, with a general height of from one thousand to eleven hundred feet above sea level. On the west it is bounded by the Wil- braham mountains and the Pelham hills; on the east, by an imaginary line running roughly through Westboro, Northboro, Leominster, Lunenburg, and Townsend. On the south this plateau is trenched by the Blackstone and French rivers; on the west, by the Miller's, Ware, Swift, and Quinebaug rivers; and on the east by the Nashua river.1 Nearly all these rivers have their source near the base of Mt. Wachusett, which rises dome-like in the
"Geography of Worcester," by Joseph H. Perry.
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IN THE BEGINNING
center of a lofty range of hills. Worcester is drained by the Blackstone river, so named from the first white settler upon its banks. Kettle, Tatnuck, Mill, and Beaver brooks are important tributaries. Worcester lies near the eastern edge of this plateau, in the broad valley which is five hundred feet above sea level, and bounded on the east by the Mill- stone and Packachoag ridges, on the west by the Leicester hills.
As the ice sheet slowly retreated, the land was gradually carpeted with vegetation. Vast forests crept over the surface. Pine, chestnut, walnut, oak, birch, ash, elm, and buttonwood trees were abundant. All early travelers through this region report that the country- side was heavily forested. Many of the trees attained great size, and even as late as the beginning of the nineteenth century only a small part of the land had been cleared.
Animal life abounded. Wolves prowled over the hills; so numerous were they that bounties of forty shillings were voted by the early Worcester town meetings for every wolf killed within the limits of the town. Bears and wildcats were common; beavers had con- structed dams near what is now Washington Square. Venomous copperheads and rattle-
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INDIAN SPRING, PACKACHOAG HILL
Here on this hill was the largest Indian settlement in what is now Worcester. The view shows the Indian spring in the center background.
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IN THE BEGINNING
snakes glided silently into the forest depths. For many years Worcester paid bounties on each rattlesnake killed.
Streams and lakes were well stocked with salmon, pickerel, perch, bass, and trout. Flocks of wild pigeons, ducks, quail, partridge, and turkey were startled from their nests by the pioneers as they built their rude cabins.
The primeval forces of nature and genera- tions of animal and human energy created for Worcester a situation of great natural beauty. The mingling of hills and valleys, meadows and woodlands, wild glens and chasms, brooks and cascades, and far-off mountains rising in serried ridges, combine to make the scenery of Worcester county as beautiful as is to be found in a like area anywhere in the United States. Packachoag, Sagatabscot, Chandler, Newton, Green, Hancock, and Bancroft hills are com- manding eminences about the city of Worces- ter, and within the county there are hundreds of lakes and ponds. It was a smiling country which beckoned the Indian.
The country of the Nipmoogs or Nipmuck Indians was of a very uncertain extent. It was a general name for an ill-defined tract of land between the Merrimac and Connecticut rivers, the bounds of which were probably never
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STORY OF WORCESTER
understood by anybody. But it is certain, however, that the wilderness lying between Concord and Springfield was originally in- habited by the Nipmuck Indians, and early maps of Massachusetts show that the central part is called the "Nipmuck Country."
It has been estimated that the total number of Indians in Massachusetts when the white man settled was about ten thousand, but the Nipmuck country was only thinly settled. There were about three hundred Indians in what is now Worcester, though there were Indian villages in Grafton, Uxbridge, Douglas, Dudley, Oxford, Lancaster, and Woodstock, Connecticut: The latter town was then in Worcester county.
The principal seat of the Nipmucks in Worcester was on Packachoag Hill, the present site of Holy Cross College. The Packachoag village consisted of about twenty families. There were villages also upon the Tatnuck hills, upon Wigwam Hill overlooking Lake Quinsigamond, and upon Mt. Asnebumskit. Once a powerful and numerous tribe, the Nip- mucks had been conquered by and paid tribute to their fierce and warlike neighbors, the Massachusetts Indians; as a result they spent their days in hunting and fishing, and raising
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IN THE BEGINNING
corn and squash. They were skilled in the art of pottery.
When the white man first settled in Worces- ter, the Indians were friendly. As early as 1673., Daniel Gookin and John Eliot, "the apostle to the Indians, " had visited the Indian village on Packachoag Hill. Never had the Indians better friends' than these two men and the General Court of Massachusetts had appointed Daniel Gookin, one of the founders of Worces- ter, Superintendent of Measures for the civil- ization and government of the Indians.
These devoted men then began the work of governing and instructing the Indians in the Christian religion. On September 17, 1674, they visited the settlement on Packachoag Hill and were kindly entertained by Sagamore John. John Eliot preached to them and the religious exercises were closed with the singing of a psalm and the offering of prayer. Many of the Indians became converts to the Christian religion and others placed themselves under its influence. These "praying Indians" were of invaluable help to the whites in the terrible Indian wars which followed. Without their aid it is doubtful if any of the interior settlements would have survived. Whatever the permanent value of the work of John Eliot and Daniel
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STORY OF WORCESTER
Gookin, it is certain they delayed the passing of a doomed race. John Eliot gave a life of devoted service to the Indians. He was a graduate of Cambridge University, England, and at the time of his visit to Worcester was the respected pastor of the church in Roxbury. He established Indian schools and trained the more prominent Indians to serve as mis- sionaries and teachers. The first edition of the Bible which he translated into the Indian language was printed in 1661-1663. Of the twenty-five hundred copies printed only a few survive. One copy is treasured by the Ameri- can Antiquarian Society.
At the same time John Eliot was increasing the number of "praying Indians," Daniel Gookin was negotiating with the Indians for the purchase of their lands. On July 13, 1674, he bought from them a tract of land eight miles square for which he paid twelve pounds of the lawful money of New England. In considera- tion of good faith two coats and four yards of trucking cloth valued at twenty-six shillings were accepted by Sagamore John of Packa- choag and Sagamore Solomon of Tataessit. The final payment was discharged August 20, 1674. By the terms of the agreement the rights of the native chiefs to all broken-up land,
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IN THE BEGINNING
woods, rivers, ponds, swamps, and meadows lying within eight miles square were sold to Daniel Gookin.
Little evidence remains of the once wide- spread occupation of Worcester county by the Indians. Even the exact location of their villages is somewhat uncertain. Their trails have been lost. Their frail structures have dis- appeared. The only tangible evidences that the Indians once roamed over these hills are stone implements, arrowheads, tomahawks, and bits of broken pottery found in the soil. Some fine specimens of these treasures may be found in the carefully arranged collections of the Worcester Historical Society. But better mementoes of these Redmen are the beautiful and euphonious Indian names of many of our hills, streams, and lakes. Tatnuck, Packa- choag, Wachusett, Asnebumskit, and Quinsig- amond are attractive and dignified terms which they applied to the hills and streams they loved so well. They enrich our language; they are enduring memorials.
CHAPTER II
THE FIRST AND SECOND ATTEMPTS AT SETTLEMENT
N EARLY all the seacoast towns of New England were directly settled from Old Eng- land, and became in turn the "mother towns" of settlements of the interior. Long before there were any attempts to found settlements in Worcester county, Concord, Sudbury, Marl- borough, Springfield, and Hartford had been settled. The first town incorporated in Worces- ter county was Lancaster in 1653. Mendon was founded in 1667, Brookfield in 1673, and ever the swelling population moved westward.
The power to found new towns was vested in the General Court. The usual procedure was as follows: a group of people organized with the object of establishing a plantation and then obtained the land selected by the dual formality of purchase from the Indians and a grant from the General Court. Tracts of land six or eight miles square were freely granted by the General Court to prospective settlers, provided sixty families settled thereon within
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31
ATTEMPTS AT SETTLEMENT
a limited time. It was also the policy of the General Court to reward public servants and to aid institutions devoted to the welfare of the public with grants of land. The first grant of land in what is now Worcester was made in 1657 to Increase Nowell of Charlestown, Secretary of the Commonwealth. Five years later, one thousand acres were granted to the church at Malden for the use of the Ministry. In 1664 two hundred and fifty acres were assigned to Ensign Thomas Noyes of Sudbury. All these grants were on the westerly side of Lake Quinsigamond.
This was an attractive region for a new town. Hunters had reported the existence of good chestnut trees and meadow land. Min- eral wealth was supposed to exist. It was on the direct route between Boston and Spring- field and about half way between the two towns. It was thinly settled by friendly Indians.
The church at Malden, however, made no attempt to establish a settlement. The grant was voided. Increase Nowell's rights were purchased by John Haynes, Josiah Haynes, and Thomas Noyes, all of Sudbury, and Nathaniel Treadway of Watertown. They petitioned the Court for the appointment of a
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STORY OF WORCESTER
committee to view the region near Lake Quinsigamond, and to determine if there be "a meet place for a plantation." Thomas Noyes, a member of the committee, died shortly afterwards and no action was taken.
It was not until 1667 that another com- mittee, consisting of Daniel Gookin, Edward Johnson, Samuel Gardiner, and Andrew Bel- char, was appointed "to make a true report whether it be capable of making a village and what number of families may be accommo- dated. And if they find it fit for a plantation then to offer some meet expedient how the same may be settled and improved for the public good." On October 20, 1668, a report was made to the General Court. It was rec- ommended that the "honored Court will be pleased to reserve it for a town, being con- veniently situated, and well watered with ponds and brooks, and lying near midway between Boston and Springfield, and about one day's journey from either." "With proper industry this tract of very good chestnut tree land, broad meadows and upland might sup- port sixty families." The General Court ap- pointed Daniel Gookin, Thomas Prentice, Daniel Henchman, and Richard Beers a com- mittee to carry the recommendation into
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