USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Wayland > Wayland, Massachusetts: a self study of a growing community > Part 1
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CAGE
Echow
1960
WAYLAND PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 4869 00060 0351
greater boston economic study committee
1
ASSOCIATES OF THE COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
economic base reports
wayland, massachusetts: a self study of a growing community
8
Page 7
TheTown Chien 2/15/62
How Much Wayland Has Grown
Just to give you some idea of how Wayland has grown: Since 1941:
-- The cost of government is 12 times what it was in 1941 ($2,971,831.81 all told vs. $247,995 then).
-Its assessed valuation is four times the 1941 total ($25,232, 147 in 1961; in '41, $5,677,084).
-- Population about tripled: 10,965 vs. 3505.
-- Tax rate about tripled: $86 now $30.10 then.
-- School costs 25 times as high
($1,568,383 last year; $63,496
then).
Fire and police protection up 15 times ($164,565 now, $11,188 then).
-- Highways quadrupled: $245, 856 now, $58,803 then.
-- Maturing debt 27 times what it was in 1941: $293,381 now, $11,000 then. -- Interest, 45 times as high: $132,470 now, $2929 then. -- General government
up 10 times: $130,420 vs. $12,893.
But then this is not the horse and buggy era any more. No longer the country but a suburb.
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CAGE
361.6 Gre
GREATER BOSTON ECONOMIC STUDY COMMITTEE
The Greater Boston Economic Study Committee (GBESC) was organized in 1957. The Committee presently has eighteen members - - fifteen are businessmen, one is a newspaper editor, and two are the deans of schools of business administration. To help guide the work of the Committee, a Research Advisory Committee was appointed. This group consists of leading scholars and experts in metropolitan affairs. In 1959 the GBESC became Associates of the Committee for Economic Development (CED). The GBESC feels that this association has helped to broaden its own metropolitan program and organization.
The GBESC has two objectives. One is the gathering, organi- zation, and circulation of basic economic data which will advance an understanding of the forces and trends operating in the metropolitan area. The other is to formulate policy recommendations which may both stimulate and advise leaders in metropolitan affairs.
This report was prepared by the Metropolitan Planning Com- mittee of the Wayland League of Women Voters. The authors alone are responsible for the content and conclusions of the report. The GBESC hopes that this and other economic base materials which it publishes will continue to serve the growing need for reliable informa- tion on the Boston metropolitan region.
greater boston economic study committee
PAUL E. CLARK, CHAIRMAN GRESC CHAIRMAN, JOHN HANCOCK MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
JOSEPH A. ERICKSON, VICE CHAIRMAN CRESC PRESIDENT IFEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF BOSTON
GERALD W. BLAKELEY, JR., PRESIDENT CABOT, CABOT & FORBES CO.
RAYMOND H. BLANCHARD, PRESIDENT (RETIRED) 8.15. GOODRICH FOOTWEAR AND FLOORING COMPANY ..
LLOYD DI BRACE, CHAIRMAN THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF BOSTON
ERWIN D. CANHAM, EDITORY THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
RICHARD P. CHAPMAN, PRESIDENT THE MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK OF BOSTON
H. VAN A. CLEVELAND, SECRETARY-TREASURER GRESC ASSOCIATE COUNSEL, JOHN HANCOCK MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
GEORGE H. ELLIS, CHAIRMAN, RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE GBESC VICE PRESIDENT, FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF BOSTON
ERNEST HENDERSON, PRESIDENT SHERATON CORPORATION OF AMERICA
RICHARD R. HIGGINS, PRESIDENT THE KENDALL COMPANY
HAROLD D. HODGKINSON, CHAIRMAN WM. FILENE'S SONS COMPANY
RALPH LOWELL, CHAIRMAN BOSTON SAFE DEPOSIT AND TRUST CO.
REVEREND W. SEAVEY JOYCE, S.J., DEAN COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BOSTON COLLEGE
SIDNEY R. RABB, CHAIRMAN STOP & SHOP, INC.
CARI: N. SCHMALZ, PRESIDENY R. H. STEARNS COMPANY
STANLEY F. TEELE, DEAN HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
ROBERT P. TIBOLT, PRESIDENT EASTERN GAS & FUEL ASSOCIATES
SAMUEL WAKEMAN, MANAGER SHIP BUILDING DIVISION BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY
ERSKINE N. WHITE, PRESIDENT NEW ENGLAND TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY
GREGORY B. WOLFE DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH GBESC
consultants
JAMES G. ROBERTS, EXECUTIVE VICE-PRESIDENT GREATER BOSTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
JOHN NIXON, DIRECTOR, AREA DEVELOPMENT DIVISION COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
research advisory committee
GEORGE H. ELLIS, CHAIRMAN VICE PRESIDENT, FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF BOSTON
RICHARD M. AIT, DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH NEW ENGLAND MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
REXBERT E. BIXLER ASSISTANT YO THE PRESIDENT NORTHEAST AIRLINES, INC.
DONALD M. GRAHAM, PLANNING ADMINISTRATOR BOSTON CITY REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
JOHN T. HOWARD, CHAIRMAN CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING DEPARTMENT M.I.T.
JAMES W. KELLEY, ASSOCIATE DEAN COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, BOSTON UNIVERSITY
WALTER E. KNIGHT, MANAGER RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, GREATER BOSTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
WILLIAMA A. W. KREBS, JR., VICE PRESIDENT ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC.
EDWARD J. LOGUE, DEVELOPMENT ADVISOR OFFICE OF THE MAYOR OF BOSTON
MARTIN MEYERSON, VICE PRESIDENT, ACTION DIRECTOR HARVARD UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR URBAN STUDIES
WILLIAM H. MIERNYK, DIRECTOR BUREAU OF BUSINESS & ECONOMIC RESEARCH, NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY
ROMNEY ROBINSON, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY
LLOYD RODWIN, PROFESSOR OF LAND ECONOMICS MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JOSEPH $, SLAVET, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY BOSTON MUNICIPAL RESEARCH BUREAU
BENJAMIN F, STACEY, VICE PRESIDENT THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF BOSTON
JOSEPH F. TURLEY, SPECIAL ADVISOR FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRS THE GILLETTE COMPANY
ROBERT C. WOOD, PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LYMAN H. ZIEGLER, MUNICIPAL CONSULTANT MASSACHUSETTS FEDERATION OF TAXPAYERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
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8 economic base report
wayland, massachusetts: a self study of a growing community by the committee on metropolitan planning wayland league of women voters
october 1960
greater boston economic study committee
ASSOCIATES OF THE COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
200 BERKELEY STREET, BOSTON 17, MASSACHUSETTS, LIBERTY 2-2146
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Wayland League of Women Voters could not have made this study without the help and cooperation of many people. Our special thanks go to the following:
The people of Wayland on whose responses to our questionnaire the material in this report rests; Professor Morris B. Lambie and his colleagues at Tufts University who offered helpful suggestions and also reviewed the statistical tabulations of this report; the Greater Boston Economic Study Committee whose Director and staff gave us valuable time and equally valuable advice during the execution of this study and its preparation for publication; Professor John T. Howard, Chairman of the Department of City and Regional Planning at Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, who furnished specialized help; George K. Lewis, Associate Professor of Geography at Boston Uni- versity, for assistance in phrasing some of the questions; Edward J. Anderson, Superintendent of Schools in Wayland, whose office mimeo- graphed our questionnaire and whose state-required census we volun- tarily took; and the Wayland Planning Board which introduced us by special letter to all the residents of the town as a responsible organization.
Members of the Wayland League of Women Voters contributed over 6,500 women-hours to ringing doorbells, tabulating, analyzing, writing, and typing this report. Special thanks go to Ruth Gerwig Jenkins who gave sustained experienced professional supervision to the statistical analysis of this study, and to my committee on Metro- politan Planning whose enterprise and devotion to this project under all kinds of pressure no chairman could forget or adequately reward.
Janet Dryer Page, Chairman Committee on Metropolitan Planning Wayland League of Women Voters
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Boston Public Library
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and other town leaders who worked on it decided against asking a di- rect question about metropolitan planning because it was felt the whole subject was too little understood or too misunderstood to have reliable meaning for statistical analysis. Yet the entire survey strikes at the heart of some of Greater Boston's most basic metropolitan planning issues. For example, the survey reports that 61 per cent of the citi- zens are willing to see municipal funds invested annually in the pre- servation of green space for recreation and wild life which will conserve the country atmosphere of the town. The ability of Greater Boston re- sidents to reach the green suburbs has always been a major advantage and attraction of the Boston Metropolitan Area. But the suburbaniza- tion of industry and the expansion of our expressway construction has already caused and threatens to continue serious erosion of this great economic asset.
Like their neighbors in most of the newer suburbs, Wayland's people are highly auto-oriented. The extremely limited mass trans - portation facilities which are available will not serve the needs of Way- land residents who commute to other cities and towns of the Greater Boston area for purposes of breadwinning, bread-buying, and the pur- chase of professional services. Ninety-seven per cent of Wayland families therefore have automobiles. Forty-nine per cent have two or more. Every day 86 per cent of Wayland's households send at least 2, 000 commuters to 72 different cities and towns. This contri- bution of traffic helps aggravate an already serious metropolitan traffic problem which no community can solve by itself.
There is much speculation by city planners, developers, and businessmen on the relative strength of a back-to-the-city movement in metropolitan Boston. Yet the 1960 census has shown that Boston alone lost over 100, 000 people in the last ten years. Guesses about where these people have gone, whether they will continue to go, return, or move farther out, cannot be made usefully in a milieu of changes whose nature is not understood.
This study of Wayland, Massachusetts, is an example of a first step toward minimizing the guesswork. The fact that it could happen in a town which has inherited governmental machinery designed to reflect the grass roots sentiment of the rural New England commu- nity demonstrates that even 18th century institutions can be maintained in a viable state by an alert and dynamic citizenry.
Gregory B. Wolfe Director of Research Greater Boston Economic Study Committee
WAYLAND, MASSACHUSETTS: A SELF STUDY OF A GROWING COMMUNITY
Introduction
In October, 1958, the League of Women Voters of Wayland began a study of regional planning as related to Wayland's needs and obligations in a growing metropolitan area. This study first focused on certain local problems in a regional context. Included were pub- lic and private transportation, fire and police protection, health services and utilities, and legislation governing cooperation among communities. League members were impressed by numerous ex- amples of the interdependence of communities in the Boston area; yet they learned that Boston is one of the large metropolitan areas in the United States still lacking comprehensive planning.
The principal fact became clear that Wayland, like many his- torically autonomous political units in the New England area, was in the path of an economic revolution, the degree and direction of which had not been gauged. Certain primary questions began to emerge. Where is the sharply increasing population coming from? What are
LOCATION MAP: FIGURE 1
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RAYNHAM
ATTLEBORO
TAUNTON
MIDDLE BOROUGH
City of Boston
MDC District Boundary
Boston Standard Metropolitan Area, U S Census 1960
GBESC Study Area
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GLOUCESTER (
WESTFORD
1
1
WILMINGTON
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LYNNFIELD
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SOUTH-
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1
ACAMBRIDGE
the major factors contributing to the town's growth? Do the new re- sidents come from nearby or do they represent broader demographic patterns ? Where do the residents of Wayland go to work and what types of transportation do they use? An understanding of the inter- dependence of Wayland with its surrounding towns seemed to evolve from such questions as where its residents shop, seek recreation, and find professional services. Encompassing all these questions was the larger question which goes to the heart of regional planning: To what extent is a fringe suburb tied to its metropolitan area ? And what influence does the core city of Boston have upon Wayland ?
In October, 1959, 200 members of Wayland's League of Women Voters set out to ring all local doorbells. They carried a questionnaire prepared by local League members designed to find answers to the above questions and to gather some other data of par- ticular interest to the town's planning board. As a public service, they also took the state-required school census. An explanatory letter to all households from the Town Planning Board preceded the calling.
Response of the townspeople to the survey was excellent. The data in this report is based on information from 2, 211 house- holds, representing 8, 769 persons. This is 86 per cent of the town's estimated population. Collation, population analysis, and drafting
2
of the report was done entirely by the League of Women Voters and consumed over 6, 500 woman-hours.
A. Biography of Wayland
Local government in New England has developed primarily in the town rather than in the county or township as in other regions of the United States. As a result, town boundaries have, with the passage of time, become stronger rather than weaker lines of sepa- ration. Once established, towns have not federated into large units despite the pressures of metropolitan growth. As a rule, they have neither been annexed nor been able to annex adjoining territory. Nevertheless, the nature of old New England towns in Greater Boston is being radically changed, This change, however, has come not as the result of increases in physical size but as a consequence of the pressures created by the influx of new citizens seeking country living.
Wayland, Massachusetts, is such a town. It is located 17 miles west of Boston. As the town grew, two centers of population and activity developed, The northern center is on U. S, Route 20, the old Boston Post Road which has served since before the Revolu- tionary War as a main east-west highway of the state. The southern center, locally called Cochituate after the town's largest lake, has its own Post Office and telephone exchange. The eastern extension of Boston's Commonwealth Avenue is its main link to the rest of the
3
metropolitan area.
First settled in the 17th Century, Wayland was originally a farming community. During the 19th Century a shoe manufacturing industry developed in the southern part of town, but all vestiges of this have disappeared as have most of the farms.
In the early part of this century, the lakes and ponds which dot the town attracted a summer population who built small cottages on small plots of land, there being no zoning laws prior to 1934. The Sudbury River, an old meandering stream whose flood plain is noted as one of the main stopping places for migratory birds in the New England fly-way, passes through the town. There are now two small shopping centers, several churches, various women's, fra- ternal, and social organizations and two public golf courses but no other commercial recreational facilities. Wayland's public school system has recently received national recognition.
Though a large electronics company has located a research laboratory in the town, Wayland is primarily a residential community. There are few multiple dwellings, but there is a wide range in size and value of single residences. Zoning laws passed in 1953 restrict lot sizes from a minimum of 20, 000 square feet in some sections up to 60, 000 square feet in others. Thus zoning ordinances, to a large extent, control population growth and land use. (Figure 2)
4
Here then is a typical old New England town which for the first time in 1960 found itself included in the U. S. Census as part of Metro- politan Boston. Like many places, Wayland is beginning to reconsider its insularity and look closely, if defensively, at its metropolitan environment.
B. Population
Wayland, Massachusetts, was settled in 1638, less than two decades after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, and was established five years after the Revolutionary War as a politically independent town. By the year 1800, 832 people were living in the town. For a century and a quarter Wayland experienced slow but steady growth, and in 1925 the population stood at about 2, 200. During the same 125 years, the population of Greater Boston had increased almost 15 times in contrast to Wayland's which had less than trebled. This reflected the fact that most of the people were concentrated in the inlying cities and towns where the population had increased 40 times over.
The coming of the automobile and improved roads in the 1920's put Wayland within reach of people hungry for a home set among wooded hills, water, and open land rather than in the clutter and con- gestion of the city. Thus the process of colonization of Wayland by former city dwellers began and continued through the Depression and the Second World War. But the full effect of the new migration was
5
not felt until after the War. From 1950 to 1960 Wayland more than doubled its population as it grew from 4, 400 to 10, 200. In a single decade, Wayland gained one and a half times as many people as it had in the preceding one hundred and fifty years.
Rapid growth of population is not peculiar to Wayland; many of the towns surrounding Boston seem to be threatened with inunda - tion by new arrivals. As these hinterlands have become suburban, burgeoning population superimposed on existing social and admini- strative structure has caused a series of problems which have be- come, in ten short years, as much a part of the suburban tradition as the backyard cookout. The problems brought on by population growth -- the erosion of green space, growing traffic congestion, and increasing property taxes -- face all suburbs. For this reason, a study of Wayland is, to a considerable degree, a case study of many of the "new" suburbs of the Greater Boston area.
C. Character of the Growth
Of every ten adults in Wayland, nine migrated there, and seven have come to the town within the last ten years. Less than 1 per cent of all adults were born and reared locally. The extremely rapid growth of Wayland -- high even among the suburbs of Boston- - reflects the migration of people out of the inlying cities and towns, 1 as 40 per cent of Wayland's adults grew up somewhere in MDC Boston.
)
1See Figure 1.
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ZONING MAP - TOWN OF WAYLAND FIGURE 2
LEGEND ·
20,000 Sq Ft
Residence
120' Frontage
Residence
150' Frontage
Residence
180' Frontage
Residence
60,000 Sq Ft 210' Frontage
Business A
Business B
Limited Commercial
Roadside Business
Flood Plain
Town Property
Shopping Centers
N
R: 126
R Rt 27
Rt 20
Rt 126
Rt 27
Rt 30
..
MASS TURNPIKE
esc-
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
feet
30,000 Sq Ft
40,000 Sq Ft
(
The remaining 60 per cent is divided about equally between persons who grew up elsewhere in New England and elsewhere in the rest of the United States, this latter group coming mainiy from the Eastern Seaboard between New York and Washington, D. C. Though migrants from foreign lands were few in number, it is interesting to note that 37 foreign countries are represented in Wayland's population.
Wayland follows the suburban characteristic of being well above average in household size for the Boston area as a whole. On
the average there are 3. 96 persons per household with the result that adults account for just over one half of Wayland's total popula - tion. This average figure, however masks a considerable variation in family size. There are, for example, as many families in Way- land with no children as there are with three or more. The high pro- portion of young people -- almost half -- is important because of its special significance for education costs which account for one half of the town's total budget.
D. Attitudes Toward the Town : Reasons for Growth
The appeal of country living ranked first among reasons for settling in Wayland. (See Table 1) The mention of such associated factors as large lots, small town or suburban living, and nearness to water emphasized the compelling qualities of nonurban residence. Next to "country living, " the most frequently mentioned reasons for
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moving to Wayland were nearness to work and suitable housing. Thus the major reasons for moving to Wayland were the same ones which would probably be given by those moving to any suburb.
Table 1 - Reasons for Coming to Wayland
Percent of all Adults Who Grew up in
Reason
MDC Boston and elsewhere (4000 adults)
MDC Boston (1788 adults)
Outside MDC Boston (2212 adults)
Within commuting distance of work
28
17
37
Suitable housing
20
21
20
Lot/land spacious, attractive
7
9
6
Country living/to leave city
29
33
25
Suburban/ small town
3
3
2
Summered in town/near water
3
3
2
Like town, area, people
12
13
12
Schools
4
3
4
Zoning, town gov't, taxes
1
2
2
Near Boston
2
1
2
Near transportation/other places
3
2
3
Marriage/influence family, friends
8
9
8
Other personal reasons
or uncertain
1
1
1
No reason
2
3
1
=
+
Note: The columns do not sum to 100 per cent because about 75 per cent of all adults gave more than one answer. Excluded from the table are 390 households that did not move into the area and 264 house- holds which gave no answer to the question.
E. Attitudes Toward the Metropolis : The Magnetic Field
Just over 40 per cent of those answering stated that Wayland's nearness to Boston was a factor in the decision to locate in Wayland,
8
1
(See Table 2). Among those who said they were not influenced by proxi - mity to Boston, over half said nearness to employment influenced their decision. Many of these jobs are within MDC Boston or exist because of the core city of Boston.
Table 2 - Did the prospect of living near Boston influence your decision
to live in Wayland ?
Note: Two hundred sixty-three households in which one or more mem- bers grew up in Wayland are excluded from the table.
Total Households
Answer
Number
Percent
Yes
780
42
No
1059*
58
Total
1839
100
No answer
109
-
*Included are 109 households having commuters to Boston.
Tabulation of Reasons Given by persons who answered "yes."
Number Citing Reason (multiple responses included)
Positive influence
Business
438
Recreation/entertainment
41
Education/culture
79
Family /friends /home
48
Like Boston/city advantages
58
Medical services
8
Good routes /transportation
90
Shopping
32
Total answers
794
Total households answering
688
Negative influence/no answer
92
9
Table 2 - Did the prospect of living near Boston influence your decision
to live in Wayland ? (Continued)
Tabulation of Reasons for Living in Wayland Given by Persons Who
Answered " no. "
Number Citing Reason (multiple responses included)
Nearness to
Business
479
Shopping / schools /churches/ services 19
Family /friends /home
82
Another town
43
Suitable housing /lot
26
Good routes /convenient location
32
Country living /water
109
Liked town/area
26
'Nearness" not a factor
42
Total answers
858
Total households answering
803
No answer
256
F. Attitudes Toward the Town : Will They Stay ?
There is a high level of satisfaction with the town among Way- land residents. (See Table 3) When asked where they would try to find another residence if they had to leave their present one, nearly half of those responding said they would try to relocate in Wayland. Two-thirds said that they would try to relocate in Wayland or in one of the surrounding communities. One out of six did not answer, many considering themselves so permanent it was impossible to answer. One adult in five now living in town has lived elsewhere in Wayland
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