USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Boxborough > Boxborough: a New England town and its people > Part 4
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Rev. John Wood supplied the pulpit from Oct. 26, 1873. until Feb. 28, 1875. He was possessed of good preaching ability and quite a number of persons were brought into the church in connection with his labors. He was a resident of Wellesley, Mass., at this time, and came to his charge each week. He is more than eighty years of age and is living in Fitchburg, Mass., at the present time.
After the close of Mr. Wood's pastorate the church was supplied by Revs. Wood, Robie, Wells and others until the first of April, 1876, when Rev. Nathan Thompson began his labors in Boxborough, continuing them until August, 1881. During his pastorate, in 1880, the church was thoroughly repaired, a vestry placed beneath audience-room, and the whole fitted up neatly and conveniently, so that, at the present time, it is well adapted to the wants of the people. Mr. Thompson took an active interest in town affairs - the Lyceum, the Far- mer's Club, the schools, of which he was superintendent. He was a man of lovely character and very popular as a townsman. Previous to coming to Boxborough he had been a home
47
The First Parish.
missionary in Colorado for ten years, and he left the church here to become principal of Lawrence Academy. Groton. Mass. From Groton, he went to Elgin, III., where he remained several years as principal of an academy, but at the present time is residing with his family in Baltimore, Md.
Nov. 6, 1881, a call was extended to Rev. William Leonard, who labored with the church until April, 1884, when he removed to Barnstable, Mass. He was of English parentage. I quote a sentence from his centennial speech which seems to be characteristic of the man: "I preach what I believe and believe what I preach, and no man shall deprive me of this liberty."
Rev. George Dustan, of Peterboro, N. H., came to the church Dec. 1, 1884, and severed his connection with it the last of February, 1887, to take charge of the Orphan Asylum. Hartford, Conn. He had been pastor of the church in Peter- boro for a period of twenty-five years. He was interested in town affairs, superintendent of schools, a member of the Grange and a very good preacher.
Rev. George A. Perkins, the present pastor, began his labors with the church in Boxborough April 1, 1887. Mr. Perkins was a missionary in Turkey for a number of years. He is a faithful pastor and preacher.
The First Parish continued their Sabbath services a part of the time for several years after the division of 1829, and then they were discontinued, and the organization finally became extinct. Other things of public interest, as the store, post-office, blacksmith and wagon-shop, etc .. have disappeared from their wonted places on the hill, but the church, though in a different location, -- through the earnest, continued efforts of her members, -still lives. Orthodox and Universalist meet and part and take each other by the hand. vet the old differences seem not wholly forgotten, the old scars not entirely obliterated. Time may accomplish what willing hearts cannot, and in the not far distant future the Universal Church, within whose fold all may work together in the ser- vice of our common Lord, haply shall spread its joyful wings
48
Boxborough : a New England Town and its People.
over all these peaceful hills and valleys. " May the Lord hasten it in His time."
In passing we would make mention of the Methodist Church, which was situated in the south-west part of the town something like eighty years ago, and which existed until 1843. I say in the south-west part of the town, but the building - although the intention was to build on Harvard ground - was really erected on the boundary line between Boxborough and Harvard, owing to uncertainty with regard to the exact location of said boundary. It was a small building painted red, and contiguous to it was a noble spreading oak. An amusing anecdote of this old house of worship is related by one of the older residents, who remembers the building well. A wayfarer passing along the Boxborough highway one after- noon inquired of a citizen whom he met the way to the old meeting-house. "O, go right along until you come to a little red house tied to an oak tree : that's the Methodist church," replied the person accosted, with more celerity than reverence. Although there was more or less Wesleyan preaching for several years, there was no preaching by appointment of the Conference after 1843. Some of the members transferred their church relationship to Harvard, others to the Congregational church in Boxborough, and others to surrounding towns ; and finally, some years later, the church building was burned. The old oak still stands to maik the spot.
There are two organizations in which the farmers are banded together for improvement, and discussion of matters of interest, - the Farmer's Club and the Grange. The Farmer's Club has had its existence for something less than twenty years ; the Grange has been organized only four years, yet it seems to be in successful operation and doing a good work.
We quote a few items, interesting by comparison with the present time, from " Statistical Information relating to certain Branches of Industry in Massachusetts for 1855," by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Francis De Witt ; " Box- borough - Value of Railroad cars, etc., m'd .. $500; cap .. $1000. Boots of all kinds m'd 250 pairs : shoes of all kinds
49
Centennial and Town Officers.
in'd. . 4,600 pairs : value of boots and shoes. $4000. Char- coal m'd .. 3.500 bush .: val. of same. $525. Butter, 13,640. lbs. : val. of butter, $3,410. Hops, 14 1-2 acres ; hops per aere, 700 lbs. : val., $2556. Cranberries, 21 aeres : val., $512." A report of this kind of the present date would probably con- tain few or none of these items. No business except that of ordinary farming has obtained a foothold for a number of years. A city gentleman was recently excusing himself to one of our citizens on whom he made a business call for his lack of the knowledge of grammar. "I have a good business education: but I do not know much about grammar," said he. " The people of Boxborough might as well study grammar as not : there is nothing else to do," replied the host. Perhaps this anecdote somewhat exaggerates the situation, but we can gain an idea from it.
Boxborough celebrated her centennial anniversary, Feb. 24. 1883, " in the old meeting-house on the hill." The exercises throughout day and evening were interesting and enjoyable. Mr. F. P. Knowlton of Littleton gave an address, " Reminis- cences," Rev. Nathan Thompson, a former pastor in the town, delivered the " Historical Address," and Mrs. G. F. Conant the .. Centennial Poem." Mrs. M. E. Burroughs contributed the " Closing Hymn." After-dinner speeches, full of the " early days " by present and former townsmen, with readings by Mr. F. H. Pope of Leominster, and music, made up the programme. An account of the proceedings of this "day of ennobling retrospection and glad reunion " was afterwards published in pamphlet form, by the town.
The following are the town officers for the present year, 1891 : Mr. A. Littlefield. N. E. Whitcomb, J. H. Whitcomb, Selectmen and Assessors : D. W. Cobleigh, Treasurer ; George F. Keyes, Town Clerk : J. F. Hayward, Auditor: W. H. Fur- bush, N. E. Whitcomb, J. Warren Hayward. Road Commis- sioners : C. H. Blanchard, Lewis W. Richardson, Frank Whit- comb. A. M. Whitcomb, S. P. Dodge, S. B. Hager, School Committee : Frank A. Patch, Superintendent of Schools : C. T. Wetherbee, Constable and Collector.
50
Borborough : a New England Town and its People.
CHAPTER VI.
GEOLOGY - FLORA - FAUNA.
GEOLOGY.
AN interesting landscape feature of the town is Ridge Hill, an elevation of land very steep and narrow which extends about one half mile in a nearly direct line through lands of Messrs. N. Wetherbee, S. Hoar, B. S. Hager, and J. H. Orendorff, and finally merges itself in the adjoining hills. It is flanked on one side for a short distance by Muddy Pond and on the other by Beaver Brook. The soil is of coarse gravel and supports a growth of all kinds of trees, the whole ridge, with the exception of a few acres, being woodland. A narrow road or cart-path runs along the crest - which resembles a railroad bed - almost the entire length of the elevation.
As we wander through the fields, over the hills and along the valleys, and place our feet upon one rocky stratum and another, we are led to exclaim (with the disciple of old and with all reverence), "What manner of stones are here?" Whence came this formation ? How far extend? Of what consist? Go into the cave or the quarry. Stand beneath the rocky dome, and while wondering at the work of man gaze with awe upon the creation of God.
Scientists teach that the earth was once a ball of gaseous matter changed by cooling and contraction first to a liquid form. then by continued cooling and contraction forming a thin granite crust. The melted interior broke through this crust and spread over the surface. This cooled and the crust increased in thickness, so that the melted interior broke through only in thin places. Particles of the surrounding atmosphere fell upon
51
Rocks and Minerals.
the crust. Steam was condensed and formed clouds ; clouds were consolidated and deluged the earth with torrents of rain. The melted interior surface cooled still farther and formed a solid crust. Under the influence of chemical action disintegra- tion took place. The cooling earth became smaller, the crust wrinkled and folded and our mountain ranges appeared. Water washed off partieles of these prominences and deposited them in layers on the bed of the oceans, and thus secondary rocks were formed. We find strata of these rocks on the earth's surface extending thousands of feet in thickness. As the earth still farther cooled, the crumpled, outer crust broke, and those once horizontal strata were upheaved and inclined at all angles, finally rising above the surface of the sea. The rocky ledges of our hills, the rough jutting crags in our pastures, our now unused quarries, are doubtless of these and subsequent forma- tions.
The rocks of Boxborough are mainly limestone with its vary- ing shades and degrees of texture : gneiss : common, scienitic and other coarse granites. Limestone is found in quite large quan- tities in the northeast part of the town toward Littleton, and some years ago the business of lime-burning was made quite prominent. The old kiln and quarry may still be seen upon the D. W. Cobleigh farm.
Magnesian limestone, found here, is used in the manufacture of Epsom salts or sulphate of magnesia.
Quartz, the most common mineral of our rocks and abound- ing in those of all ages, is the hardest of minerals. its durability being its greatest quality. Some fine specimens have been found in this neighborhood. of various kinds and colors. The smooth, uniformly colored stones of the pebble-bank, white, brown, yellow or black, are mostly quartz. Erosion wears out the softer materials and leaves the hard quartz constituents behind.
Feldspar or Othoclase, a very common mineral found in granite, is also abundant. It is the most common of the sili- cates. Our varieties are white, gray, and Hesh-red in color. Green is also common. It is easily mistaken for quartz. and
52
Boxborough : a New England Town and its People.
although not quite so hard a mineral, is yet too hard to be scratched with a knife. It breaks with a bright even surface -- brilliant in the sunshine - in one direction, and also in another direction at right angles with it but not so easily, while quartz has no cleavage. Crystallized feldspar occurs in gneiss.
Mica is observable in greater or less degree in many of our rocks - this mineral together with quartz and feldspar consti- tuting common granite. It has a pearly lustre, and varies in color, our varieties comprising white, black, and gray. It has cleavage in laminae or plates, is elastic, tough and infusible. Very large plates are found in N. H., and in Siberia plates have been discovered over one yard in length. Mica, like feldspar, contains the elements of silica and alumina ; the light- colored variety has besides these, potash ; and the black kind contains magnesia and iron.
Black hornblende abounds in the sienitic granites and other rocks. It resembles mica, but is a very brittle mineral and cannot be split into leaves or scales with a knife point. It makes tough rocks, and therefore the first part of the name. horn ; these heavy rocks look sometimes like an ore of iron and from this fact comes the second syllable, blende, a German word meaning blind or deceitful. This mineral contains, besides silica, iron, magnesia and lime.
Actinolite. a green variety of hornblende, is found in the magnesian rocks.
Radiated Actinolite, olive green, consisting of collections of coarse acicular fibers, also makes its appearance in the limestone; and Asbestus, resembling the radiated, but with more delicate fibers, may be found in the same kind of rocks.
Purple Scapolite, resembling feldspar, but with a slight fibrous appearance on cleavage surface, is especially common in granular limestone. Some fine crystals are discoverable in Boxborough. It occurs massive, as well.
Boltonite, from the limestone formation, of a greenish color. is a variety of Chrysolite.
Flora. 53
Apatite, occurring in gneiss and granular limestone, has usually green, yellowish-green, bluish-green or grayish-green, crystals ; some fine specimens are found in this locality.
Garnets, cinnamon-colored crystals, transparent, occur in gneiss and limestone.
Crystaline Augite occurs in Calcite Spar ; specks of Serpen- tine, and Calcareous Spar, wine-yellow, in limestone.
Spinel, Petalite and other minerals are also found.
FLORA,
There are about 70 natural orders represented in the flora of this town, the most important being the pine family (coniferae).
White Pine ( Pinus strobus), with its awl-shaped leaves and long, cylindrical hanging cones, is the largest.
Northern Pitch Pine ( Pinus rigida), a stout tree with dark green leaves and clustered ovate-conical cones, grows on sandy soil.
Black or Double Spruce (Abies nigra) is common in the woods and swamps.
Hemlock Spruce (Abies Canadensis), - a large tree with coarse wood, - with its gracefully spreading branches is found on the hills.
Hackmatack, Tamarack or Bald Spruce ( Larix Americana ), a slender tree with short pale leaves and small cones, is also a native of the swamps.
Red Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), is comparatively rare.
Juniper (Juniperus communis) is common in rocky pastures.
Of the deciduous trees, the maple, a fast grower, with its leafless branches in winter, full green foliage in summer and gorgeous autumn tints. is a favorite. We have three varieties :
White or Silver Maple (Acer dasycarpum), a handsome tree of the lowlands, with greenish apetalous flowers in earliest spring, grows most commonly along the banks of streams.
Red or Swamp Maple (Acer Rubrum) has later scarlet. crimson or yellow blossoms and is found in low grounds.
.
54
Boxborough : a New England Town and its People.
Rock or Sugar Maple ( Acer saccharinum), valuable for wood, timber and the sugar of its sap, the largest of the species, here mainly takes the place of an ornamental shade tree.
Sweet, Black or Cherry Birch ( Betula lenta) has fine grained valuable wood, spicy, aromatic leaves and bark, and is seen everywhere.
American White Birch ( Betula populifolia), a graceful tree, the smallest of the birches, has glossy, triangular leaves and prefers sterile soil.
Paper or Canoe Birch (Betula papyracea) is not very common.
Yellow or Gray Birch ( Betula lutea) is frequently seen with its silvery bark.
White Oak ( Quercus alba), a large tree, -its edible fruit produced annually and usually sweet-tasted, - flourishes in rich soil.
Yellow or Gray Oak (Quercus prinus) inhabits the same localities as the former.
Red Oak (Quercus rubra), with its coarse, reddish wood, is abundant.
Chestnut Oak ( Quercus prinus) occasionally greets the eye.
Black Scrub and Swamp Oak (Quercus ilicifolia and palustris) are other varieties.
Elms ( Ulmus Americana and racemosa), well-known, large, majestic trees, are used for shade in many places and common everywhere.
Chestnut (Castanea Americana), an inhabitant of the hills and the woods, furnishes delicious nuts.
Butternut or White Walnut (Juglans cinerea), a medium- sized tree with rich oblong nuts, grows wild, also under culti- vation.
Hickory (Carya alba and porcina), furnishes, the first, fine nuts ; the second, those of an inferior quality. The first species is rare.
Basswood ( Tilia Americana) is represented by a few scat- tered specimens.
55
Trees and Shrubs.
White and Red Ash ( Frarinus Americana and pubescens ) rear their ash-gray branches and smooth stalks in the fields and roadsides.
Poplar or Aspen ( Populus tremuloides and grandident. are common to the woodlands.
Cherry ( Prunus serotina and Virginiana,) wild black and choke cherry, have flowers in racemes and small fruits ripening in summer and autumn.
Mountain AAsh ( Pyrus Americana ) is planted for ornament.
A few trees which have been introduced from Europe, Asia or elsewhere, may be added, as : Locust ( Robinia Pseu- dacacia), Horse Chestnut ( Esculus Hippocastanum ), Balm of Gilead ( Populus candicans ), Thorn (Crategus tomentosa ). Quince (Cydonia vulgaris), Pear ( Pyrus communis), Apple ( Pyrus malus ), Peach ( Prunus Persica), Plum ( Prunus du- mestica), Cherry (Prunus cerasus and arium). Mulberry ( Morus alba ), Lombardy Poplar ( Populus dilatata). White Poplar (Populus alba), Catalpa ( Catalpa bignonioides ) and Apricot ( Prunus Armeniaca).
Hornbeam (Carpinus Americana ) resembling Beech, with very hard wood, is rarely found.
Leverwood ( Ostrya Virginica) has birch-like leaves and grows on Ridge Hill.
Beech ( Fagus ferruginea) is occasionally seen with its close, smooth, light-gray bark.
Of shrubs may be mentioned :-
Shad-bush (Alemanchier Canadensis), so called because it covers itself with white blossoms just when the shad appear in the rivers.
Hardhack and Meadow Sweet (Spira tomentosa and salici- folia ) with their red and white blossoms abound by roadsides and in old pastures.
High and low Blackberry ( Rubus villosas and Canadensis) flourish along. thickets and fence-rows.
Raspberry ( Rubus strigosus and occidentalis) is common along field borders.
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Borborough : a New England Town and its People:
Cornel or Dogwood ( Cornus) grows from twelve to thirty feet in height and gladdens the eye with its profusion of creamy blossoms. Several species.
Arrow-wood (Virburnum) has several species : Sheep- berry ( V. Lentago), Withe-rod (V. nudum), and Dockmackie ( I. acerifolium).
Under the Heath family ( Ericaceae) are : The Kalmias ( Latifolia and angustifolia) Mountain and Sheep Laurel; the former with beautiful glossy leaves and rose or white flowers. the latter with crimson purple blossoms in our pastures : Azalea ( Viscosa), very fragrant, with lovely white or rosy- tinged clammy flowers in summer: Rhodora ( Canadensis) with rose-pink flowers appearing before the leaves in spring : Blueberry ( Vaccinium Pensylranicum, Canadense and corym- bosum), the dwarf the earliest to ripen, and the swamp berry common to low grounds : Huckleberry ( Gaylussacia frondosa and resinosa ) with black and blue fruit flourishing in pastures : and the Cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon) which is found in the meadows.
Sumach ( Rhus) has three varieties, - Poison Ivy ( R. Tori- codendron) a pestiferous plant, climbing by rootlets over walks and rocks or ascending trees ; Poison Dogwood ( R. renenata) a virulent shrub in swampy ground and Smooth Sumach ( R. Glabra) the common variety in old pastures.
Alder (Alnus incana) finds a place by roadsides and streams.
Willow (Salis), several species, is abundant everywhere.
Sweet Fern ( Comptonia asplenifolia) resembles a fern and is aromatic.
Witch Hazel ( Hamamelis Virginica) flowers late in autumn, just as the leaves are about to fall.
Elder (Sambucus Canadensis and pubens) has black and red fruit, and white fragrant blossoms.
Button Bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) ornaments the borders of ponds and streams, and has fragrant heads of white flowers in summer and autumn.
Barberry ( Berberis vulgaris) with many-flowered yellow racemes and red oblong berries ; Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) pale
57
Herbaceous Plants.
violet and white ; Currant ( Ribes rubrum and aureum ) : Goose- berry ( Ribex Grossularia and hertellum) : Rose ( Rosa ) includ- ing exotics, many species : Fever or Spice Bush ( Lindera Benzoin ) ; Hazel-nut (Carylus Americana) ; Sassafras ( S. officinale) : Grape Vines (Vitis) wild and cultivated : Woodbine or Virginia-Creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia ) : Andromeda (ligustrina) ; Bush Honeysuckle ( Diervilla trifida) : Choke Berry (Pyrus arbutifolia) ; Bittersweet ( Celastrus scandens ), and others, are native here.
The following herbaceous plants are indigenous : Violet (Viola), yellow, white, pansy and blue, many species : Yellow Bellwort ( Urularia), several of the species with drooping yellow flowers in spring; Wake Robin (Trillium cernuum, ) with pure white petals also in spring ; Solomon's Seal ( Poly- gonatum biflorum), peduneles two flowered; Blood-root (Sanguinaria Canadensis), with beautiful white blossoms ; Anemony or Wind Flower (Anemone), several varieties with frail white or purple tinted flowers ; Bluets ( Houstonia carulea, ) with light blue or white yellowish eyed corolla; Saxifrage (Saxifraga Virginiensis), blooming on ledges in early spring ; Wild Columbine (Aquilegia Canadensis). with its nodding scarlet and yellow flowers, also making its home on the rocks ; Jack-in-the-pulpit (Ariswma triphyllum), rearing its sturdy form in moist places ; Water Lily (Nymphoa odorata), very fragrant, growing abundantly in Muddy Pond and other waters ; Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis), by brooksides. with brilliant deep red flowers in erect racemes ; Golden Rod (Solidago) many species, Gentian (Gentiana crinita) and Asters, too numerous to mention, the last flowers to bid us farewell in the autumn .*
* Herbaceous Plants according to families.
A dash - after the Latin name signifies many species.
Anemony (Ancmone) several species. Virgin's Bower (Clematis) . Meadow Rue (Thalic- trum). Crowfoot, Buttercup (Ranunculus -). Yellow Pond Lily (Nuphar Advena).
Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea). Celandine (Chelidonium [majus). Bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis). Pale Corydalis (Corydalis glauca). Mustard (Brassica-). Horse-radish (Nasturtium). Shepherd's Purse (Capsella). Violet (Viola -). Round-leaved Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia). Frostweed (Helianthemum Canadense). St. John's-wort (Hypericum -). Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). Mouse-ear Chickweed (Cerastium viscosum). Common Starwort (Stellaria media). Sand Spurrey (Spergularia rubra).
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Boxborough : a New England Town and its People.
There are about 160 species in the Sedge Family (Cyper- acea), and many of these grow in our low meadows and half- reclaimed bogs.
The Grass Family ( Graminec), a numerous one, has, among others, the following representatives : Red Top, White Top, Blue Joint, Orchard, Meadow, Spear, Wire, Fowl- Meadow, Common Chess, Meadow-soft, Herd's, Crab or Finger, Barn, Witch, June, Hassock, Cut, Broad-leaved Panic, and Tickle Grass.
Purslane (Portulaca oleracca). Mallow (MMalva rotundifolia). Indian Mallow (Abutilon- Avicennae). Marsh Marigold (Caltha). Gold-thread (Coptis). Columbine (Aquilegia Can- adensis.) Water or Pond Lily (Nymphea). Wood-sorrel (Oxalis stricta). Spotted Cranes- bill (Geranium maculatum). Jewel-weed (Impatieus pallida). Fringed Polygala (Polygala paucifolia). Lupine (Lupinus perennis). Sweet Clover (Melilotus alba). Trefoil (Trifo- lium-). Ground Nut. (Apios tuberosa). Hog-peanut (Amphicarpaa monoica). False Indigo (Baptisia). Wild Senna (Cassia Marilandica). Cinquefoil (Potentilla-). Straw- berry (Fragaria vesca). White Avens (Geum Virginianum.) Agrimony (Agrimonia Eupatoria). Saxifrage (Saxifraga Virginiensis and Pennsylvanica). Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium and coloratum). Evening Primrose (Œnothera-). Carrot (Daucus Carota). Caraway. (Carum Carvi). Cleavers (Galium asprellum). Bunch Berry (Cornus Canadensis). Partridge Berry (Mitchella repens). Bluets (Houstonia
cærulea) .
Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus).
Thistle
(Cirsium-).
Burdock (Lappa
officinalis). Roman Wormwood (Ambrosia artemisiafolia). Common Wormwood (A. Absinthium). Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). Immortelle (Autennaria margaritacea). Everlasting (Gnaphalium-) Thoroughwort (Eupatorium perfoliatum and purpureum). Golden Ragwort (Senecio aurens). Golden Rod (Solidago-). Starwort (Aster-). Yarrow (Achillea Millefolium) . Mayweed (Maruta Cotula). Oxeye Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) . Ox-eye (Heliopsis). Bur-Marigold (Bidens frondosa and chrysanthemoides). Chicory (Cichorium Intybus). Hawkbit (Leontodon autumnale). Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens- leonis). Wild Lettuce (Lactuca Canadensis). Blue Lettuce (Mulgedium leucophaum). Lobelia (Lobelia-). Marsh Bellflower (Campanula aparinoides). Venus's Looking-glass (Specularia perfoliata). Asparagus (officinalis). Checkerberry (Gaultheria procumbens). Wintergreen (Pyrola elliptica). Pipsissewa (Chimaphila umbellata). Plantain (Plantago major). Loosestrife (Lysimachia-). Mullein (Verbascum Thapsus). Speedwell (Veron- ica officinalis). Cow wheat (Melampyrum americanum). Foxglove (Gerardia pedicularia) . Balmony (Chelone glabra). Wood Betony (Pedicularis Canadensis). Penstemon (Yupbes- cens). Painted Cup (Castilleia coccinea). Spearmint (Mentha viridis). Heal-all (Brunella vulgaris). Motherwort (Leonurus Cardiaca.) Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). Bracted Bindweed (Calystegia sepium). Bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara.) Fringed Gentian (Gentiana crinita). Milkweed (Asclepias-). Dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium). Garget (Phytolacca decandra). Pigweed (Amarantus retroflexus). Knotweed (Polygo- num-). Rhubarb (Rheum Rhaponticum). Dock, Sorrel (Rumex-). Nettle (Urtica-). Hop (Humulus Lupulus). Water Arum (Calla palustris). Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus fætidus). Sweet Flag (Acorus Calamus). Cat-tail Flag (Typha latifolia). Arrow-head (Sagittaria variabilis). Pickerel-weed (Pontederia cordata). Orchis (Habenaria fimbriata and psycodes). Ladies' Tresses (Spiranthes cernua). Rattlesnake Plantain (Goodyera repens). 'Arethusa bulbosa. Calopogon pulchellus. Pogonia. Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium acaule). Star-grass (Hypoxys erecta). Blue Flag (Iris versicolor). Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium Bermudiana). Greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia). Nodding Trillium (cernuum). Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata and sessilifolia). · False Solomon's Seal (Smilacina bifolia and racemosa). Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum biflorum). Lily (Lilium Philadelphicum and Canadense). Rush (Juncus effusus.)
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