USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > Newburyport > City Officers and the Annual Reports to the City Council of Newburyport 1880 > Part 3
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Numbers of young men keep in mind the day on which the "Scientific American" is due and are on the watch for it. The same paper is kept on file one week, but is never put away entirely ; a day seldom passes without calls for the back numbers, that articles once read may be gone over again. And the same may be said of the " Popular Science Monthly." of "Johnson's Atlas,' and the maps of Essex county, and Worcester's Dictionary. The benefit of the last three works is not confined to men, but ladies spend much time con- sulting them and sometimes bring lists of works to be looked out. Many in- telligent working people learn here, for the first time, where to find some- thing on subjects in which they feel an interest. It would add very much to the usefulness of the reading room if a few additional works of reference could be made easily accessible. There is need of a Universal Gazetteer. or some great encyclopædia. These are in the library alone, but they are very much needed in the room below
S. J. SPALDING, Treasurer.
December 3, 1880.
45
PUBLIC LIBRARY REPORTS.
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 18, 1880.
RECEIPTS.
Appropriated by City of Newburyport $1,000.00
Income, viz: From town of Newbury
146.00
66 Dog licenses 445.00
66 Fines 29.60
$1,611.60
EXPENDITURES.
Librarian's salary $1,000.00
George E. Donnell, services as janitor 84.16
H. T. Crofoot, binding 92.10
William H. Huse & Co., printing annual reports .. 110.00
L. Withington, examination of library, 1879, 1880 40.00
Gillett and Putney, expressing
7.15
Stationery
12.87
Supplies
12.57
Postage
14.68
Advertising, Blanks, &c
46.25
Piper & Sawyer, insurance
62.50
$1,482.28
Undrawn
129.32
SAWYER FUND. RECEIPTS.
Interest to Jan. 1, 1880, on City of Newburyport promissory note . . $112.50
July 1, 1880, 66 112.50
EXPENDITURES.
For books purchased
$215.52
Balance undrawn carried to new account .. ..
$9.48
BRADBURY FUND. RECEIPTS.
Balance from last year's account
$11.00
Interest from Institution for Savings to April 28, 1880 20.00
٠، 66 October 27, 1880 20.00
EXPENDITURES.
$40.11
For books purchased ... $39.97
Balance undrawn
.14
Examined and approved, A1.BERT CURRIER. ¿ COMMITTEE WILLIAM A. DAVIS. SON FINANCE.
$225.00
46
PUBLIC LIBRARY REPORTS.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY -- 1880.
BOOKS.
Vols.
Vols.
Bayley, R. A. 24
Commonwealth of Mass., Sec. of 4
Currier. Hon. Warren 35
Department of the Interior 3
Knox, J. J. U. S. Treasury Dep't 1
" Director of the Mint 4
Mass. Humane Society, 1
' Naval Observatory 2
Moseley, E. S. 33
Seymour, H. jr 1
Silloway, T. W 22
Welch, R.
3
PAMPHLETS.
Vols.
Vols
Bayley, R. A. 35
Butler, G. .. 2
Buffalo Young Men's Association 1
Currier, Hon. Warren 110
Cushing, L. B. .
1
Lick, James, Trust Fund
1
Library, Boston Public 5
Brookline
1
1
Congressional.
1
Toppan, R. N. 3
Dedham Public.
1
U. S. Bureau of Education 6
Haverhill 66
1
U.S. Naval Observatory. 1
Lawrence 66 5
Vassar College. 3
Milwaukee 66
1
Library, Newton Free Public ... 2 N. Y. Mercantile Asso'n 1 Peabody Institute .... 1 Providence Public .... 1
San Francisco Mercan- tile Association . 2
State
1
Taunton Public. 1
Chicago
Treasury Department.
6
Wilder, Hon. M. P. 1
Thorpe, Theo & others
1
" Treasury Department.
4
Vassar College
1
Smithsonian Institute 3
U. S. Coast Survey Office
1
47
PUBLIC LIBRARY REPORTS.
DONATIONS TO THE READING-ROOM-1880.
Newburyport Herald. William H. Huse & Co.
Boston Advertiser
Edward S. Toppan.
List of Prices and Sales at Boston Stock Exchange ... Pickering & Moseley. Unitarian Review
American Un. Asso'n.
Christian Register
New York Observer
John N. Pike.
Liverpool Post.
Ross & Schofield.
Record of American and Foreign Shipping. James Parker, N. Y.
Congressional Record, (Daily) . Hon. George B. Loring.
Semi-Weekly Germ M. C. Teel.
Home Missionary E. S. Moseley.
1
48
PUBLIC LIBRARY REPORTS.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS IN THE READING-ROOM-1880.
DAILIES.
Boston Advertiser,
Post,
Evening Journal,
Transcript,
Traveller,
Congressional Record,
Newburyport Herald,
New York Evening Post,
New York Journal of Commerce,
Graphic,
66 Herald,
66 Sun,
66
Tribune,
66 World,
London Times,
Liverpool Post. 1
.
WEEKLY, SEMI-WEEKLY, AND MONTHLY NEWSPAPERS.
Agriculturist,
American Naturalist,
Boston Commercial Bulletin,
New York Times,
Chicago Tribune,
Observer,
Cincinnati Enquirer, Danbury News,
Frank Leslie's Illustrated,
Harpers' Bazar,
Salem Gazette,
School Journal,
Scientific American,
Springfield Republican,
The Alta California.
MAGAZINES AND REVIEWS.
Appleton's Journal, Atlantic Monthly,
Ballou's
Blackwood's Magazine,
British Quarterly Review,
Contemporary Review, Edinburgh Magazine,
Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, Godey's Lady's Book,
Good Words, Harper's Monthly,
International Review, Lippincott's Magazine, Littell's Living Age,
Merrimac Valley Visitor, Nature,
Philadelphia Times, Punch, Religious Magazine,
Weekly,
Journal of Chemistry,
Literary World,
Baltimore Gazette,
Louisville Courier-Journal,
London Art Journal,
Quarterly Review, New Englander,
North American Review, National Review, Peterson's Magazine, Popular Monthly, Popular Science Monthly, Princeton Review, Scribner's Monthly, St. Nicholas, Sunday Magazine, Supplement to Popular Science, Westminster Review.
REPORT
OF THE
BOARD OF HEALTH.
GEORGE W. SNOW, (City Physician?) Chairman. HENRY M. CROSS
ELISHA P. DODGE
GEORGE H. STEVENS, Clerk. CHARLES H. DEROCHEMONT, Health Officer.
1880.
REPORT.
Under the general statutes of the commonwealth, until the year 1878, the selectmen of towns and the mayor and aldermen in cities, had exclusive control of all regulations in regard to matters affect- ing the public health ; but by Chapter 133 of the Acts of 1877, it was provided that in each of the cities of the commonwealth, ex- cept Boston, Boards of Health should be established, consisting of the city physician, and two persons not members of the city council. Where two persons are appointed by the mayor and aldermen the term of office is for two years. The Board thus constituted has all the powers and duties in regard to the public health, which were formerly exercised by the mayor and aldermen. under the general and special statutes and ordinances now in force.
The Board is required to organize on the first Monday in Febru- ary in each year, and they are allowed to choose a clerk not a mem- ber of the board, and to make such rules and regulations for their own government and for that of all subordinate officers in their de- partment as they may deem expedient.
They also have power to appoint such subordinate officers, agents, and assistants as they may deem necessary, and may fix their compen- sation, provided that the whole amount of such compensation shall not exceed the sum appropriated therefor by the city council. The Board is also required annually, in the month of January, to pre- sent to the city council a full and comprehensive statement of their doings during the preceding year, and a review of the sanitary con- dition of the city, and also, when required, an estimate in detail of the appropriation required by the department during the next finan- cial year.
The act establishing the Board of Health was accepted by the le- gal voters of Newburyport, November 6, 1877. Two annual re- ports have thus far been made.
52
REPORT OF BOARD OF HEALTH.
The Board in 1878 consisted of Warren Currier, chairman ; D. T. Woodwell and Dr. George W. Snow. In 1879 of Warren Cur- rier, Dr. George W. Snow, and H. M. Cross. In 1880 of Dr. George W. Snow, Henry M. Cross, and Elisha P. Dodge
At the close of this, the third annual report, will be found the statistics of deaths in Newburyport during 1880. The total number reported was 303 in 1879,-142 males, 161 females ; and 287 in 1880-138 males, 146 females, and three still born, sex unknown.
If a deduction is made, in accordance with the following state- ment, of deaths resulting from accident, old age, etc., it will ap- pear that the mortality from other causes has been thirty-two less in 1880 than in 1879.
1879.
1880.
Total number of deaths .303
287
Accidental.
6
12
Still born or premature birth 9
10
Old age 19 34
28 50
269
237
The actual mortality, based on a population of 13,600, shows a death rate of nearly twenty-one per thousand.
The nativity of those deceased during the year is as follows :
Newburyport 185
Massachusetts
26
Other states 32
Foreign countries 43
Unknown
1
287
Classified as follows :
Single
142
Male.
138
Married 74
Female
146
Widows 58
284
284
Seventy-nine bodies have been brought to this city for interment of persons who have died elsewhere.
There has probably been a slight increase in the population of the city, and the figures show a generally improved condition of health compared with 1879. A new system of classification of diseases has been adopted, and as it will be continued from year to year, comparative statements can be more readily noted and the increase or decrease of various causes of deaths more easily observed. It is fortunate that the new form was adopted for 1880, as water is
53
REPORT OF BOARD OF HEALTHI.
to be introduced into the city the present year, and it will be very interesting and important to note the comparative changes in those forms of disease which are known to be affected by questions of water supply and drainage.
. NUISANCES
1. PIG PENS. As in previous years, pig pens within the health limits have furnished by far the greatest number of complaints which have been brought to the attention of the Board, and this will always be the case while the keeping of swine is tolerated. The Board now wish to announce that they will not, during the year 1881, license the keeping of swine within the health limits, except in barn cellars or in connection with stables, and then only under conditions approved by the Board.
2. PRIVY VAULTS. There have been several complaints caused by over-flowing vaults, but in most cases the nuisance has been promptly abated by the parties responsible, as soon as notice was sent them by the Board.
During the past year the Board have made an arrangement which has permanently abated the nuisance arising from the clean- ing out of vaults by the old method, which has for time immemori- al offended the senses of sight and smell. A contract has been made with the Eagle Ordorless Apparatus Co., under which they are to have for three years the exclusive right to clean out the vaults and cess pools within the health limits of Newburyport. Before the expiration of the contract, we are of the opinion that it will be evidently for the interest of the city to own and operate the appa- ratus.
3. BONE BOILING, There have been continual complaints of the offensive odors arising from the works on Low street, and after giv- ing the owner every possible opportunity to so manage his business as to avoid the complaints, the Board is satisfied that it is not possible for the business so to be conducted in that locality as not to be a nuisance ; at the same time we have been anxious to put no un- neccessary hardship upon the proprietor, and have for this reason avoided any hasty or arbitrary action in the matter. The owner has now agreed to wholly abandon the business in that locality, on or before the first of April next, and we are confident that he will comply with his agreement, and that no further action of the Board will be needed.
8
54
REPORT OF BOARD OF HEALTH.
4. THE REMOVAL OF HOUSE OFFAL. The persons whose pig- geries have been the greatest source of complaint are those who have collected the greater part of the house offal. When they are no longer allowed to maintain their piggeries, their occupation as swill collectors will be gone. With this in view the Board have deemed it necessary to provide some method for the removal of house offal. In June, 1880, the Board contracted with Messrs. J. R. & F. H. Adams of Newbury, giving them the exclusive right to remove house offal within the health limits, requiring them to use a covered cart, and to make their collections regularly and to the satisfaction of the public. There have been numerous complaints of neglect by the contractors, but not as many lately as during the earlier months of the service. If the contract system cannot be made to operate sat- isfactorily it will be necessary for the work to be done by the city, as is already customary in many other places.
BURYING GROUNDS.
Since the organization of the Board we have had charge of the burying grounds on Old and New hills, and have expended the an- nual appropriation in keeping the premises in proper condition. For this purpose an annual appropriation of about $200 will be needed.
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.
A copy of Mr. Karl Castelhun's annual report will be found at the close of this report. These observations when properly kept and recorded for a term of years, become of great scientific value, as showing the effect of the weather upon health, and it is impor- tant that the record already begun and carried on for the past two years should be continued. The labor involved is so great that we cannot expect Mr. Castelhun to continue it without some compen- sation, and in our estimate of expenses for 1881, we shall include a small sum to be paid for this services.
BATHING HOUSES.
We renew the recommendation of former reports and quote from the report of last year :
" We feel obliged to again call the attention of the council to the urgent necessity of providing a public bathing house for the use of men and boys. Each season the number of pleasure boats on the river increases, and thus the opportunites for bathing in the river without being exposed to the public gaze decreases.
55
REPORT OF BOARD OF HEALTH.
". Dr. Bowditch of the National Board of Health recommends a daily bath as a sanitary measure for all classes of society, the poor as well as the rich, and there is no class of people who feel the need of a daily bath during the summer months, more than the people who work in our various factories. Surely if the council, by an or- dinance, make it a criminal offence to bathe from wharves or where exposed to public view, it can do no less than provide suitable ac- comodations for the men and boys who desire to keep their bodies in a healthful condition."
AGENT OF THE BOARD.
The Board have thus far not availed themselves of their right to appoint an agent, but the need of such an officer has been so appar- ent the last year that we can no longer carry on the business of the Board without an agent, whose duty it will be to personally inves- tigate all causes of complaint and report upon them to the Board.
CLOSING.
The regulations of the Board of Health are printed in the new city manual for 1880, to which all interested are referred.
The powers and duties of the Board under the laws, are extensive and in most cases positive, and their action final. We deeply feel the responsibilities resting upon us, and earnestly request the full support and co-operation of the citizens in doing all that can be done to maintain in the city, the conditions upon which good health are so largely dependant.
All citizens are hereby requested to inform the Board, in writing, of any thing which they may regard as a nuisance in any way det- rimental to the public health. All such communications should be addressed to the "Clerk of the Board of Health, City Hall," and will be considered as confidential. The Board will investigate every al- leged cause of complaint, and will see that the required action is taken in each case.
Respectfully submitted,
GEO. W. SNOW, E. P. DODGE, H. M. CROSS.
Newburyport, Jan. 3, 1881.
56
REPORT OF BOARD OF HEALTH.
STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF DEATHS IN NEWBURYPORT
SEX.
CAUSES OF DEATH.
Male. ...
Female ..
Total ..........
January . . . ...
February ..
March
April . ..
May ...
June. ...
July . ..
CLASS I .- Zymotic Diseases :
Scarletina
5
8
13
1
1
3
Diphtheria
7
5
12
Croup ..
4
2
6
1
1
Whooping Cough
1
1
1
Erysipelas.
3
2
5
1
1
1
1
Pueperal Fever
2
2
2
Typhoid
4
2
6
2
1
Dysentery ..
3
3
6
1
2
Cholera Infantum
3
5
8
1
Cholera Morbus.
2
2
1
Rheumatism and Pericarditis.
1
1
1
CLASS II .- Constitutional Diseases :
Dropsy.
1
7
8
2
1
1
1
Scrofnla.
1
1
51
7
6
4
4
2
5
Hydrocephalus.
4
4
1
CLASS III .- Local Diseases:
Apoplexy
8
2
10
1 1
"2
1
2
5
6
11
1
1
2
1
2
1
Epilepsy
2
1
3
2
Convulsions.
3
5
8
2
1
2
1
1
Brain Diseases.
5
3
8
1
2
1
Spinal Sclerosis
1
12
2
3
1
1
1
1
Bronchitis.
1
3
4
1
2
7
3
Congestion of the Lungs.
2
1
3
1
1
Emphysema.
1
1
1
Gastritis ..
2
2
1
Endogastritis.
1
1
Stomatitis
1
Peritonitis
1
1
1
Hepatitis .
1
Addison's Disease.
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
1
Cystitis.
1
2
1
4
1
1
.
.
CLASS IV. - Developmental Diseases :
Still-born ..
3
1
4
2
1
Infantile Debility.
1
2
2
1
Tedions Labor
1
1
1
1
1
8
20
28
5
1
3
-2
1
3
4
Atrophy and Debility
6
2
CLASS V .- Violent Deaths:
Debility from Fracture of Femur
1
1
Drowning-Accidental
2
2
Accidental .
6
6
1
Suicide-Hanging.
1
1
1
Prostration from Heat
1
1
1
UNKNOWN.
1
1
138
146
287
29
25
27
24 |17
24
25
1 1
Nervous Prostration
2
1
1
Heart Diseases
7
Pneumonia.
6
8
14
1
Hernia-strangulated
1
1
1
]
Albuminuria ..
1
Diabetes ..
1
1
1
Marasmus.
2
2
1
Abscess-part not stated.
1
Premature Birthi ..
2
2
3
2
Inanition ..
2
Rupture of Uterus
1
Old Age ..
1
1
1
Phthisis
27
24
1
.
... .
·
2
.
1
Cancer
Paralysis.
5
Bright's Disease.
1
8
1
57
REPORT OF BOARD OF HEALTH.
FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1880.
August ........
September ....
October
November .... ,
December .. . . .
Under 1 year ..
1.2 years ..
2-5 years.
5-10 years .....
10-15 years ...
15-20 years ....
20-30 years ..... | ₪
30-40 years ....
40-50 years ....
50-60 years ....
60-70 years ....
70-80 years ... .
80-90 years ....
90-100 and over
33
4
1
1
724
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
·
4
5
G
1
1
15
10
8
5
5
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
9
.
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
2
1
.11
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
1
7
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
.
1
..
1
1
1
1
1
1
4327
1
4
1
1
8
10
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
J
1
1
1
1
1
1
. . .
1
31
26
20
21
18
43
12 | 22
13
6
7
26
20
19
16
24
38
33
4
.
1
-
2
1
1
. .
1
2
1
1 1
24
3
4
1
1
7
11
0
1
1
2
.
13
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
...
1
1
4
21
1
.
.
1
.....
13
-
111
1
1 1
·
REPORT OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
FOR THE YEAR 1880.
To the Board of Health :
GENTLEMEN - I herewith present the results of the meteorological observations for the year 1880. According to the present custom the instruments were read off three times daily : at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m. The instruments in use were a barometer, thermome- ter, maximum and minimum thermometer, hygrometer, rain gauge, and wind vane. Besides, attention has been paid to the force of the wind, the appearance of the sky, to auroras and other phe- nomena.
I .- ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (BAROMETER).
The annual mean height of the barometer was 30.025 inches. The monthly means are :
January .
30.165
July 29.958
February 30.042
August
30.038
March
30.011
September. 29.995
April
29.950
October
30.053
May
30.016
November 30.178
June.
29.954
December 29.939
The highest pressure occurred on January 29,-30.800 ; the low- est on March 5,-29.133 ; giving a range of 1.677 inches. The monthly variations were, on an average, 1.024 inches ; the greatest for March (1.493), and, on an average, 1.251 inches for January, February, March, October, November, and December ; the smallest for July (0.516), and 0.798 inches, on an average, for April, May, June, July, August, and September ; showing that atmospheric dis-
59
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
turbances were more violent in the winter and spring months than in summer. A sudden fall of pressure is on record on the third of February : 0.847 inches within twelve hours and 1.245 inches within twenty-four hours. It occurred during the severest snow storm of the year, a furious gale from the northeast blowing all day.
Besides these irregular (accidental) oscillations of the barometer, continuous observations show another periodical one, viz : a fall of 0.042 inches from 7 a. m. to 2 p. m., and a rise again of 0.030 inches until 9 p. m. This oscillation is small, but most regular throughout the year.
II -TEMPERATURE (THERMOMETER).
Mean temperature for the year, 48.1º. Monthly means :
January .
33.1
July
69.7
February
30.5
August
67.6
March
32.3
September
63.5
April
45.8
October
.49.2
May
60.9
November
36.5
June
66.0
December
25.6
In July there was the highest, 97º, in February and December the lowest, -3º, a difference of 100°. The highest and lowest temperature, and the average daily range for every month, may be seen in the following table :
MONTH.
Max.
Min.
Av. Daily Range
MONTH.
Max.
Min.
Av. Daily Range
January
59
9
15.6
July .
97
50
20.5
February
64
-3
20.7
August
94
43
22.9
March
70
12
17.0
September
93
41
20.6
April .
73
22
22.2-
October
79
28
21.7
May
96
32
25.2
November
67
11
15.6
June
92
44
23.6
December
46
-3
14.0
It will be noticed that the average daily range for the spring and summer months was nearly six degrees larger than for the winter months. The month of May, especially, leads the rank in this re- spect ; the record of the eleventh shows a difference of 45ª in the maximum and minimum temperature, the greatest of the year. The average daily difference of 25^ was also the highest of any month.
A remarkable change of temperature was experienced on the twelfth of May. At 4:30 p. m. the thermometer stood at 64°,
60
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
during an easterly wind, which, suddenly shifting to a very moist south-wester, sent up the mercury within a few minutes to 84°.
III .- HUMIDITY (RELATIVE AND) ABSOLUTE. }}
The air always contains more or less water in gaseous form. Its- capacity for retaining the water increases with the increase of the temperature, that is, the actual amount of water (absolute humid- ity) contained in the air at 90° is greater than that at 40°, although in both cases the air may be saturated with moisture. The amount of humidity is expressed in percentage referring to the point of saturation, which is 100.
The following may better illustrate the difference between abso- lute and relative humidity : We find, for example, the relative hu- midity at one time to be 70 per cent at a temperature of 90° ; this means that the air contains only 70 per cent of that quantity of water which would be necessary to saturate it at a temperature of 90°. At another time we find a relative humidity again of 70 per cent but at a temperature of 40°. In the former case one cubic foot of air contains 10 1-2 grains of vapor, in the latter only 1 1-2 grains. Thus the relative humidity is the same at different tem- peratures, but the absolute humidity is smaller at the lower temper- ature.
"Dew point " is another term used so much in connection with relative humidity, that some explanation about it may be in place here. It signifies that temperature, to which the air, if not satura- ted with moisture, must be lowered so as to be just at the point of saturation, or in other words, an object of that temperature will cause the moisture to condense on its surface as "dew." The dew point therefore is but another direct means for measuring the hu- midity of the air. The smaller the relative humidity of the air, the lower will be its dew point and vice versa ; and the temperature of an air with a humidity of 100 per cent is also the temperature of its dew point.
The relative humidity forms an important, perhaps the most im- portant factor for the public health officers to deal with. We all experience the depressing influence of a sultry air. This state of the atmosphere, common during July and August, and well known as " dog day " weather is produced by a high temperature (80-90°)
.
61
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT.
with a high percentage of humidity. Just so are we familiar with that chilly air frequent in winter and spring ( March) against which hardly any clothing seems to offer protection. A very high relative humidity is also the cause of this state of weather, but combined with a low temperature (20°-35°). The prevalence of colds, coughs, bronchial and rheumatic affections at that season, is surely one of its effects.
The relative humidity is on a great measure dependent on the direction of the wind. For our section the easterly and southerly winds, sweeping over a large area of water will bring us more. moisture than the westerly, which the observations for the past year confirms :-
Wind.
N .. N. E E. S. E. S. S. W. WV. N. W.
Average annual,
rel. humidity. p. c.S 78.3 84.0
74.0 70.2
79.9 70.7
64.7 61.1
The mean annual relative humidity of the past year was 68.5 per cent ; the lowest, 13 per cent, occurred in February, wind N. W. ; each month had also at different times its maximum (100 per cent) April and May excepted (maximum 97 and 96 per cent). The mean absolute humidity was 3.2 grains in one cubic foot of air. The monthly means show an increase until July, 6.06 grains, and a decrease until December, 1.19 grains. The highest absolute hu- midity observed was 9.3 grains on the 4th of September. the lowest on the two last days of December, being less than 1-2 grain in 1 cubic foot, which correspondents to a dew point of about 20° be- low zero.
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