USA > Massachusetts > Worcester County > Historic homes and institutions and genealogical and personal memoirs of Worcester county, Massachusetts, with a history of Worcester society of antiquity, Vol. III > Part 32
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(V) Seth Fairbanks, son of Jonathan Fairbanks (4), was born at Lancaster, December 7, 1755. Ile settled in that part of Lancaster that became later the town of West Boylston. He was a soldier in the revolution, in a Lancaster company on the Lex- ington Alarm, April 19, 1775, and again in the com- pany of Captain Fortunatus Eager in 1777. He died December 31, 1833. He married Relief Sawyer, daughter of Amos Sawyer, March 5, 1778; she was born December 1, 1758, and died June 10, 1839.
Their children were: Amos, born September 25, 1779: Lucy, born March 12, 1782, married Luther Taylor and had two children-Miranda E. Taylor, married, October 14, 1830, Justus Kittridge ; Eunice Sophia, married Lewis Toombs, April, 1834; he died February 7, 1851 ; married (second), July 2, 1861, John Lynch. Cynthia, born July 10, 1784; Sally, born June 13, 1786, married Eleazer Johnson, December 20, 1810. Lydia, born September 19, 1788, married Henry Keyes Holt, of West Boylston, No- vember 16, 1813; he died September 8, 1828, aged forty years; married ( second) Nathaniel Daven- port, September 25. 1844: he had two children- Henry Fairbanks Holt, born November 25, 1816; Lucius Keyes Holt, married, October 10, 1843, Re- becca Frost. Isaac, born December 5, 1790. Eunice, born May 5, 1793, married, November 30, 1826, Lemuel Nichols, of Brookline, New Hampshire. Aretas, born March II. 1797. Seth, born October 6. 1799. Asa, born November 11, 1802, resided in Springfield, Massachusetts.
(VI) Seth Fairbanks, Jr., son of Seth Fair- banks (5), was born in West Boylston. Massachu- setts, October 6, 1799. He settled in Sterling, an adjacent town, until 1837. when he removed to Lancaster, where he died November 9. 1843. He was a carpenter. In politics he was a Whig. He married, December 25. 1828, Nancy Nichols, who died in Westboro, March 12, 1888, aged seventy-nine years, three months and fourteen days. The chil- dren of Seth and Nancy Fairbanks were: Lyman Nichols, born August 12, 1830, see forward; Lucy Dodge, born October 6, 1833, married Frank C. Gill, of Hartland, Vermont, a dentist, and she died at Worcester, June 17, 1876. Nancy Nichols, born June 3, 1836, married, in Fitchburg, June 4, 1854, Solon Oscar Richardson, who was born July 3, 1828, and died March 31, 1872; she married ( second) Julius K. Gates, of Ashby, where she resided after- wards. Ellen Ward, born February, 1839, married, in Fitchburg, James E. Clarke, foreman in the Put- nam foundry, and they have two children-Herbert Ellsworth Clarke, born August 26, 1661 ; Ray Clarke, born December, 1880.
(VII) Lyman Nichols Fairbanks, son of Seth Fairbanks, Jr. (6), was born in Sterling, Massachu- setts, August 12, 1830. He was educated in the district schools and then served an apprenticeship in the carpenter's trade under his father. He worked some at his trade all his life, but more of his time was given to farming. He sailed for California January I, 1849, before he was of age, going by the Cape Horn route and arriving June 8, 1850. He worked at his trade and at prospecting for about two years, and returned to Fitchburg, February, 1852. He lived in a house in Fitchburg built by him- self before his marriage until November 3, 1854, when he removed to a farm owned by his uncle then called the Prospect farm, now the site of the Burbank Hospital, Fitchburg. He removed to West- boro, where he bought a farm in October, 1870, and where he resided until February 27, 1889. when he returned to Fitchburg to the farm on which he had formerly lived and remained there five years, At the end of this period he sold the property to the city of Fitchburg for the Burbank Hospital and re- turned to Westboro, where his son was conducting the farm he had owned there. He has not taken up the cares of business again. Ile resides with his son in Westboro. Mr. Fairbanks is a Republican in politics and has served for a number of years as road commissioner of Westboro. He attended
Baptist Church.
He married, 1853. Eliza Ann Hutchinson, daugh- ter of Silas and Eliza (Lowe) Hutchinson, of Lun-
i
LITER!
SAMUEL FOWLER
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enburg. The children of Lyman Nichols and Eliza Ann Fairbanks are : Lyman Nichols, born at Fitchburg, August 13, 1854, died at Westboro, June 18, 1880. Eliza Ann, born at Fitchburg, September 20, 1856, married at Westboro, June 15, 1882, Charles Henry Hersen, son of Greenlief and Ellen Maria ( Bullard) Hersen, he was born at Milford, Massa- chusetts, August 9, 1854, resides at Westboro, and their children are: Elbert Wood Hersen, born May 30, 1883; Freddie Hersen, born June 17, 1884, died August 21, same year; Laura Anne, born April 10, 1887; Ilelen Lila Hersen, born February 4, 1892. Isaac Hutchinson, born at Fitchburg, April 10, 1862, see forward. Nellie Norton, born at Lunenburg, April 1, 1864. Ilenry Allen, see forward.
(VIII) Isaac Hutchinson Fairbanks, son of Ly- man Nichols Fairbanks (7), was born at Fitchburg, Massachusetts, April 10, 1862. He succeeded his father on the homestead at Westboro and has car- ried it on for many years. He married at Westboro, November 1, 1888, Cecilia E. Pineo, daughter of Elijah and Lieuvanna (Schofield) Pineo. Their children, all born at Westboro, are: Lyman Pineo, born October 4, 1889, died May 10, 1890; Isaac Archester, born October 10, 1890; Edith Gertrude, born March 17, 1893; Poland Otis, born June 15, 1895; Anna.
(VIII) Henry Allen Fairbanks, son of Lyman Nichols Fairbanks (7), was born at Fitchburg, Mas- sachusetts, December 1, 1868, died January 19, 1903. Ile resided at Westboro, Massachusetts, and then at Helena and Berkeley, California, and at present is living in Grass Valley, where he works in a quartz mill. He married, October 1, 1892, Martha Louise Hannes, daughter of John and Drusilla ( Shadden ) Hannes, of Soquel, California. She was born October 15, 1861. Their children are: Gladys, born August 2, 1893, at San Jose, California ; Lyman Nichols, born February 11, 1897, in Grass Valley, California.
SAMUEL FOWLER. Philip Fowler (1), the immigrant ancestor of Samuel Fowler, of North- bridge, Massachusetts, came from England in the ship "John and Mary," sailing March 24, 1633. He lived in Marlboro, Wiltshire, England, where pre- sumably he was born. The master of the ship, Cap- tain Robert Sayres, was delayed by the king's of- ficer but was finally allowed to sail upon his giving a bond of a hundred pounds to guarantee that service of the Church of England should be said on board ship daily, and attended by the passengers, and that his passengers should take the oath of al- legiance and supremacy. The "Mary and John" ar- rived in New England, May, 1634, and Fowler with others settled at Ipswich, Massachusetts. His home lot there was recently and may be at present owned by a lineal descendant. He was a cloth worker by trade. He was admitted a freeman, September 3, 1634. He deposed in court, February 28, 1671, that his age was above eighty years. Therefore he was probably born about 1585-90. He had a grant of land, January 5, 1634-35, and more January 26, of the same year. He drew and purchased numerous lots afterward. He served on the jury March 29, 1642, on the grand jury September 29, 1657, was highway surveyor 1649-55-56-57, surveyor of fences 1662. In 1651 he adopted Philip, the son of his deceased son Joseph and wife Martha. He served on many special committees for the town of Ips- wich.
His first wife Mary died August 30, 1659. She was probably Mary Winslow, sister of Samuel Winslow, a grantee with Bradstreet, Dudley and others, of Colchester, in 1638, and an early settler iii-8
of Salisbury. Winslow was admitted a freeman May 22, 1639, was deputy to the general court 1642- 45-53. He died June 2, 1663. Philip Fowler mar- ried (second), Mary Norton, widow of George Nor- ton, who came with the fleet of Iligginson from London, April, 1629, a carpenter, who built the old first church (preserved by the Essex Institute) at Salem, 1634, for one hundred pounds. 1-Ic died June 24, 1679, in Ipswich, and administration was granted to his grandson, Philip Fowler, September, 1679. He deeded to this Philip, house and land, December 23; 1668, and probably had no consider- able amount of property to dispose of at his death. His widow died about 1694. Children of Philip and Mary Fowler were: 1. Margaret, baptized March 25, 1615, in England, married, July 28, 1633, Christo- pher Osgood. 2. Mary, married William Chandler, ancestor of the Worcester county Chandlers, and lived at Newbury. 3. Samuel, see forward. 4. Esther, married (first) Jothniel Bird, and (sec- ond) Robert Collins. 5. Joseph, born 1629, mar- ried Martha Kimball. 6. Thomas, born 1636, in Ips- wich, married Hannah Jordan.
(II) Samuel Fowler, son of. Philip Fowler (1), was born in England, in 1618, and he came to Ipswich with his parents. He died at Salisbury, Massachusetts, January 17, 1710-II. He was a ship- wright by trade, and was early at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. His four children were named in the will of Samuel Winslow, of Salisbury, ( Mary and Sarah, Samuel and William) August 17, 1665. He bought land, October 12, 1668, of Robert Ring. He bought more, March 6, 1668-69, and December 22, 1669, in Salisbury, and March 13, 1673, thirty acres in Amesbury of Joseph Peaslee, of Haverhill. He married (second) Margaret Morgan, widow of Robert Morgan, of Beverly. In 1675 Samuel Fowler was brought before the court for traveling on Sun- day. He was perhaps a Quaker late in life, as some of his sons and many of his descendants were. The children : I. William, married Elizabeth -, who administered his estate at Portsmouth, New Hamp- shire, 1707. 2. Mary, married Richard Goodwin, November 14, 1677; she was then of Portsmouth ; he was a shipwright of Amesbury. 3. Sarah. 4. Samuel, see forward.
(III) Samuel Fowler, son of Samuel Fowler (2), was born about 1660. He married, December 5, 1684, Hannah Worthen, daughter of Ezekiel Worthen. He died in Salisbury, Massachusetts, December 24, 1737. His wife Hannah survived him. His will was dated December 29, 1727, and was proved January 2, 1737-38. The estate inventoried 687 pounds, a large estate for that period. His six sons and seven daughters all lived to be married. The children of Samuel and Hannah Fowler were : 1. Samuel, born October 23, 1685, married, Decem- ber 31, 1707, Jemima Clough, and resided in Salis- bury ; ; had five children in Salisbury. 2. Hannah, born April 30, 1687, married. December 22, 1714, Judah Underwood Hackett, daughter of William Hackett. 3. Susanna, born March 10, 1689-90, mar- ried, 1712, John Jones, of Amesbury. 4. Jacob, born December 10, 1690, probably married Mary Jones, May 3, 1716; resided in Salisbury and vicinity. 5. Mary, born July 10, 1692. 6. Sarah, born March 5, 1693-94. 7. Ann, born June 30, 1696. 8. Ezekiel, see forward. 9. Robert, born January 11, 1699-1700. IO. Abraham, born October 26, 1701. II. Thomas, born October 19, 1703, married, January 21, 1730-31, Ruth Hackett. 12. Lydia, born April 17, 1705. 13. Judith, horn June 29, 1712. (IV) Ezekiel Fowler, son of Samuel Fowler (3), was born in Salisbury, Massachusetts, January 26, 1697-98. He was a Quaker. He settled first
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in Salem, Massachusetts. later in Rhode Island. Among his children was Samuel, see forward. His sister Sarah married Morris Tucker, of Tiverton, Rhode Island, January 16, 1717, according to the Friends' records.
(V) Samuel Fowler, son of Ezekiel Fowler (4), was born about 1740, in Rhode Island, proba- 'bly, possibly in Salem, before the family removed. He was a Quaker, and lived in the district of which Smithfield is the centre. He married Hannah Bowen. He died in Northbridge, May, 1819, and his will was dated April 6, 1819. His sons John .and Bernard were made the principal legatees. Twelve children all lived until after their father's death. The first child was born at Swansey. He settled in Warren, Rhode Island, in 1754, and re- moved to Uxbridge, between April 3. 1762, and April 2, 1764. He lived in that part of the town that became the district of Northbridge, in 1772. The children of Samuel and Hannah Fowler were : I. Sarah, born at Swansea, Massachusetts, where presumably Ezekiel lived, record also at Smithfield, and Warren, Rhode Island, born October 20, 1753, . married - Southwick. 2. Ezekiel, named for his grandfather, Ezekiel Fowler, at Warren, December 23, 1754. settled in Worcester; married Sarah Mowry, daughter of Ananias Mowry, of Smithfield, August 5, 1784; (second) Hannah Colburn, May 2, 1820, daughter of Ebenezer and Anna Colburn, of Mendon. 3. Mary, born at Warren, August 23, 1756, also called Mercy in the records ; married
Folsom. 4. Isaac, born at Warren, August 3. 1758. 5. Olive, born at Warren, June 23, 1760, married at Warren, Gideon Luther, March 24, 1782. 6. Barnard (sic), see forward. 7. John, born at Ux- bridge, Massachusetts, April 2, 1764. 8. Martha, born at Uxbridge, March 16, 1766, married - Legg. 9. Elizabeth, born at Uxbridge, February 2, 1768. 10. Hannah, born at Uxbridge, May 7, 1771, married Baker. II. Peace, born at North- bridge, May 12, 1773, married Watson. 12. Phebe, born at Northbridge, September 16, 1775, married - Baker.
(VI) Bernard Fowler, son of Samuel Fowler (5), was born in Warren, Rhode Island, according ¿to Quaker records, April 3, 1762. He settled in . Northbridge, Massachusetts. He was a Quaker, also, and his marriage is recorded on the Quaker records. He married (first), March 4, 1790, Re- becca Mowry, daughter of Jonathan and Deborah Mowry, of Smithfield, Rhode Island. Her mother was born at Gloucester, Rhode Island, May 27, 1750. Deborah was the daughter of Jabez and Anna Wing, of Plymouth. Jonathan Mowry was born October 3, 1741, died March 25, 1814, son of Uriah and Orania Mowry. Bernard married (second) Abigail Steere, daughter of Enoch and Serviah Steere, of Glocester, December 5, 1810. In his
will he mentions land in Holden. Children of Bernard and Rebecca Fowler were: I. Mary,
married Shadrach Stecre. 2. Robert, died sud- denly before his father. 3. Willis, (non compos at time father's will was made). 4. Phebe, married Timothy MeNamara. 5. Caleb. 6. Samuel, execu- tor, see forward. Children of Bernard and Abigail (Steere) Fowler were: 7. Thomas, born at North- bridge, October 28, 1811, died at Troy, New York, February 9, 1856; unmarried. 8. Rebecca, born at Northbridge, December 3, 1812, died at Barre, Vermont, 1864; married Obadiah Wood. Charles, born at Northbridge, January 17, 1815; died at Worcester, January 31, 1895; father of Rufus B. Fowler, attorney-at-law, Worcester (see sketch). 10. Nancy, born at Northbridge, March
20, 1817; died at Grafton, April 29, 1901; married Stephen R. White.
(VII) Samuel Fowler, son of Bernard Fowler (6), was born at Northbridge, Massachusetts, May 18, 1803. He was a farmer in Northbridge. He married Eliza Murphy, of Vermont, born April 5, 1844. Mr. Fowler wa a member of the Quaker church, and was a Democrat in politics. He died November 5, ISSI. Children of Samuel Fowler were: I. Bernard, born in Hoosic, New York, September 28, 1841. 2. Francis E., born July 26, 1843. 3. Harry A., born July 9, 1845. 4. Samuel, see forward. 5. Edna 1., born January 2, 1850; married Jerome H. Collins, have no children. 6. George T., born June 7. 1853. has no issue. 7. Charles I., born June 19, 1859, is a broker in Chi- cago, married Jessie B. Fowler; resides in Omaha, Nebraska; they have one daughter, Madeline, born May 26, 1892.
(VIII) Samuel Fowler, son of Samuel Fowler (7), was born in Northbridge, Massachusetts, April 8, 1847. He was educated there in the public schools, and then went on a farm, until twenty-seven years old. Is a stone mason. He has been in the busi- ness of contracting mason for many years, building docks, dams, sea walls, and similar kinds of ma- sonry, exclusively. He has carried through suc- cessfully many important contracts. He built a sea wall at Winthrop, Massachusetts, a mile and a half in length. He constructed the mill dam for the Fisherville mills, and many other similar structures. He built almost every bridge on the Providence & Worcester Railroad. He is an Independent, and has been active and influential in politics in the town of Northbridge where he was born and has always lived. He has been elected to various positions of . trust and honor. He has served on the board of assessors; overseer of the poor, and for three years on the board of selectmen of the town. He is well known in Masonic circles being a Knight Templar, a member of the Order of the Mystic Shrine, and Grand Lodge, Whitinsville. Mr. Fowler is active in good works and generous in his contributions to charities. He donated the land for the Rockdale Congregational Church, a plot one hundred and fifty by one hundred feet, and in 1898 contributed to the funds of the church $500.
He married June 4, 1894, Orianna Grant, daugh- ter of Smith Grant, of Pawtucket, Rhode Island. They have no children.
BURRAGE FAMILY. Josiah Burrage, grand- father of Josialı K. Burrage, of Lancaster, Massa- chusetts, was born in Leominster, Massachusetts. He was a farmer and Inmber dealer. He married and had a son Josiah, see forward.
Josiah Burrage, son of Josiah Burrage, and father of Josiah K. Burrage, was born on the home place in Leominster, and during his active career was engaged in the lumber business in Boston. He married Abbie Hindley, and by this marriage the following children were born: Cordelia E., William W., Josiah K., see forward; Martha A., Fred- erick E.
Josiah K. Burrage, son of Josiah and Abbie (Hindley) Burrage. was born in Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts, July 13, 1838. He was educated there and after his graduation from the high school en- tered into the lumber business with his father, remaining for a number of years. In 1889 he moved to hiis present home in Lancaster, Massachusetts, where he has since lived a retired life, devoting part of his time to real estate transactions. He is a director in the Cambridge Mutual Fire Insurance
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Company, rendering efficient service in that capacity. He is a Republican in politics, but has never aspired to office. He married, October 14, 1874. Laura A. Doe, daughter of Joseph M. and Laura (Page) Doe, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Their children are: Edith M. and Marion. Mr. Burrage and his. family attend the Unitarian Church.
CHARLES H. DOE. Nicholas Doe (1) came from England and settled at Oyster Bay, later Dur- ham, New Hampshire, among the earliest settlers. His name appears in a list of taxpayers at Oyster River, New Hampshire, in 1667. The birth of the first child of Nicholas was recorded 1669, but as the marriage is not recorded and he seems to have sons Samuel, Simon, and Daniel, older than John he probably came to the Dover settlement about 1665, bringing his family probably from England. His wife's name was Martha. Three of their chil- dren are shown on the records of births at Dover. They were: John, born at Dover, August 25, 1669, married Elizabeth and had John, Daniel, Mary, Elizabeth, Martha; Samson, born April 1, 1670; Elizabeth, born February 7, 1673; Samuel; Simon; Daniel. Nicholas Doe was the emigrant ancestor of Charles H. Doe. late editor and owner of the Worcester Evening Gazette.
(II) Samson Doe. son of Nicholas Doe (1), was born at Oyster River, Dover, now Durham, New Hampshire, April 1, 1670. He appears to have had two wives, Mary and Temperance. Their children were: Samuel, born August 5, 1701 ; Temperance, born 1709: Martha; Nathaniel, bap- tized March 2, 1717-8; Elizabeth, baptized 1722-3; Zebulon, infant, baptized July 15, 1725. The fore- going are probably not in the order of their birth.
(III) Samuel Doe, son of Samson Doe (2), was born at Durham, New Hampshire, August 5, 170I : married Abigail -, and among their chil- dren /was Jonathan, of whom later.
(IV) Jonathan Doe, son of Samuel Doe (3), was born November 16, 1740. He married Molly -, and among their children was Samuel, of whom later.
(V) Samuel Doe, son of Jonathan Doe (4), was born January 8. 1780. He married Eliza and among their children was Joseph Merrill, of whom later.
(VI) Joseph Merrill Doe, son of Samuel Doe (5). was born at Meredith, now Laconia, New Hampshire, March 26. 1809, where the family for several generations has been located. His father was a farmer and he worked with him in his youth while attending school. Later he went to Lowell, Massachusetts, where he learned the trade of upholsterer and then opened a furniture store there. In 1836 he removed to Boston and organ- ized the firm of Doe, Hazelton & Co., furniture dealers, at the head of which he continued for many years, and the business of the house grew steadily until it became one of the best known in Boston.
He married Laura Page, of Meredith, New Hampshire. September 29, 1834. She was born in Meredith. March 30, 18II, a daughter of Dr. David Page, of that town, and of Sally Durgin, his wife, both of whom were of English ancestry. Dr. Page received his education at the academy at Salisbury, New Hampshire, and was a practicing physician in Meredith at the time of his marriage, afterwards moving back to Salisbury, however, and he died there October 20. 1816. aged thirty-six years. He was a son of Onesiphorus and Mehitable (Doty) Page. of Salisbury, Massachusetts. A few years after his birth the family moved from Massachu- setts to Salisbury, New Hampshire. Joseph M. Doe
died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 2, 1871. His wife died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 9, 1884. They had two sons and a daughter.
(VII) Charles H. Doe, son of Joseph Merrill Doe (6), was born at Charlestown, Massachusetts, November 28, 1838. He graduated from the Chaun- cey Hall school in Boston and entered Harvard College in 1857 in the sophomore class, graduating in 1860. At the wish of his father he started to learn the furniture business in his father's store, but finding business life uncongenial gave it up and began newspaper work, in which he continued to the end of his life. He was connected first with the Williamsburg, New York, Daily Times as reporter. He was later connected with the Bos- ton Daily Advertiser first as a reporter and for sev- eral years as night editor. His health broke down in 1868 and he took a year's vacation. He came to Worcester and on May 3, 1869, bought the Gazette. a daily evening newspaper. The Gazette was founded January 24, 1838, by Henry Rogers. William Lincoln was the first editor. Both pub- lisher and editor had been connected with the first newspaper named Gazette thirty years before. The original Gasette had a checkered existence. It was absorbed January 1, 1834. by the Palladium started by John S. C. Knowlton, and whatever identity the old Gazette retained was inherited by The Worces- ter Spy which absorbed the Palladium in 1876.
The present Worcester Evening Gazette had sev- eral changes of ownership before Mr. Doe ac- quired it. March 1, 1842. it was bought by Alex- ander H. Bullock, subsequently governor of the state. In 1858, after several changes, the name had been changed to the Aegis and Transcript. In
1864-66 Caleb A. Wall, the late newspaper veteran and historian, was the publisher. It was known as the Aegis and Gasette when Mr. Doe bought it in 1869. The name Aegis was finally dropped and for many years it has been the Worcester Evening Gasctte. Mr. Doe made an excellent news- paper. His partner was Charles H. Woodwell, who died January 30, 1871. Mr. Doe was obliged to retire from business a few years before his death. Few newspaper men have had a longer or more honorable career than Mr. Doe. For twenty-five years he exerted a quiet but powerful influence in Worcester. In politics he was a Republican and his paper gave strong support to his party. The only public office Mr. Doe ever held was trustee of the Worcester Public Library, a position he liked and was well qualified to fill. He was trustee for a long term of years. He attended the First Uni- tarian Church at Worcester.
He married, at Salem, Massachusetts, June I, 1870, Mary Waldo Archer, daughter of Augustus J. Archer, a dry goods merchant of Salem. Charles H. Doe died August 15, 1900, in St. John, New Bruswick, where he had gone for the summer months with his family. Their children were: Harry Waldo, born April II, 1871, died January 24. 1905; Mary Archer, June 17, 1873; Alexander Wadsworth, August 21. 1875.
(VIII) Harry Waldo Doe, son of Charles H. Doe (7), was born in Worcester, April II. 1871, died in New Jersey, January 24, 1905. He was educated in the Worcester high school and at Har- vard College. He was a reporter and editor on the Gazette until 1899. He was extremely popular in Worcester. especially among the members of the social clubs. He was known as a talented writer of light opera, and many of the famous amateur productions of the Tatassit Boat Club were the product of his brain. He was not married.
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THE GILMORE FAMILY of Westboro went there from the town of Greenwich, Hampshire coun- ty, which was originally settled by immigrants from the north of Ireland, and their ancestors were among these pioneers. They were a persevering company of devout Christian people, and, although the soil was almost unfit for agricultural purposes, they succeeded through severe physical exertion in making it productive, and became prosperous under exceedingly adverse circumstances.
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