Historic homes and places and genealogical and personal memoirs relating to the families of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Volume I, Part 76

Author: Cutter, William Richard, 1847-1918, ed
Publication date: 1908
Publisher: New York, Lewis historical publishing company
Number of Pages: 624


USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Historic homes and places and genealogical and personal memoirs relating to the families of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Volume I > Part 76


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novels : "Elsie Venner," I861; "The Guardian Angel," 1867; "A Mortal Anti- pathy," 1885; besides, "Our Hundred Days in Europe," 1887; and "Over the Teacups," 1890. He was longer connected with that periodical than was any other writer. On December 3, 1879, the editors gave him a breakfast in honor of his seventieth birthday, on which occasion he read a poem written therefor, "The Iron Gate." In addition to those before mentioned, his published works included, "Soundings from the Atlantic," 1864; "Mechanism in Thought and Morals," 1871; "Memoir of John Lothrop Motley," 1879; "Memoir of Ralph Waldo Emerson," 1884; "Before the Curfew," 1888; verse: "Uriana," 1846; "Astrea," 1850; "Songs in Many Keys," 1861; "Songs of Many Sea- sons," 1875; "The Iron Gate, and Other Poems," 1880. His poems were afterward collected into three volumes under the title of "Complete Poetical Works of Oliver Wen- dell Holmes," by John Torrey Morse, Jr., 1896; and Emma E. Brown wrote a "Life of Holmes."


Dr. Holmes died in Boston, October 7, 1894, and he was buried at Mount Auburn. He married, June 15, 1840, Amelia Lee, daughter of Associate Justice Charles Jack- son, of Boston, of the supreme judicial court. They settled in Boston, and their three chil- dren were born at their home in Montgomery place, afterward Bosworth street: Oliver Wendell, born March 8, 1841, of whom fur- ther; Amelia Lee, died in 1889; and Edward Jackson, died in 1884. Mrs. Holmes died in I888.


Oliver Wendell Holmes, son of Dr. Oliver Wendell and Amelia Lee (Jackson) Holmes, referred to above, was educated in Boston


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schools and Harvard University, from which he was graduated in 1861, (being class poet), when twenty years of age. When he was graduated he was a member of the Fourth Battalion of Infantry, at Fort Independence, in the first year of the civil war. He was commissioned second lieutenant in the Twen- tieth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, and participated in the engagements at Balls Bluff, Virginia; Antietam, Maryland; and Marye's Heights, Virginia, being severely wounded in the first named action. He was commissioned lieutenant-colonel in 1863, but the regiment being depleted below the minimum, he could not be mustered into ser- vice as of that rank. From January 29, 1864, to July 17, following, he served as aide-de- camp with the rank of captain on the staff of General Horatio G. Wright. He was gradu- ated from Harvard Law School in 1866, and the following year was admitted to the bar and entered upon practice in Boston. He was instructor in constitutional law in Harv- and Law School, 1870-71; edited The Ameri- can Law Review, 1870-73; lectured on com- mon law before the Lowell Institute, 1880; was professor of law at Harvard Law School, 1882-83; justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, 1882-99, and in August of the latter year succeeded the deceased Chief Justice Walbridge A. Field. He edited "Kent's Commentaries," 1873; and is author of "The Common Law," 1881 ; and "Speeches," 1891, 1896; and has contributed to various professional journals. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 1886, and from Harvard College in 1895; and was elected a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and a fel- low of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was married, June 17, 1872, to Fanny Dixwell, daughter of Epes S. Dixwell, of Boston.


SWAN The Swan family of England is widely distributed in various counties, and includes many noble


families. Most of the coats-of-arms have the swan as an emblem. The Swan family of Kent has: Az, a swan ppr. The family at Southfleet and Denton Court, Kent, has : Az. a chev. ermine between three swans ar. Crest : a demi-talbot saliant gu. collared or. The name is varied in spelling, as Swann, Swanns, Swans, Swain, Swayne, Swaine, but Swan seems to be the original surname, suggested by the fowl, as many kindred names-Crane, Bird, Swallow, Sparrow, etc.


(I) John Swan, the immigrant ancestor, was born in England in 1620; died June 5, 1708, in his eighty-eighth year. He came to Watertown, Massachusetts, and was brought up in the family of Thomas Bittlestone, who provided by his will, dated November 3, 1640, that his widow Elizabeth should be served five years by the boy John Swan, and she should then pay him five pounds. He was a. proprietor of Watertown in 1642, but removed to Cambridge, in the section called Menotomy, where his posterity have lived ever since, now Arlington, Massachusetts. He was a farmer. He belonged to the church, but for some un- known reason was excommunicated in 1684. It would seem that he was not easily moved from his purpose, good or bad, for in that. day, when excommunication was regarded as an effectual bar against salvation, he withstood the power of the church more than twenty years, but finally, in extreme old age, he made his peace with his brethren in the church, and was restored to communion December' 22, 1706. He died June 5, 1708, aged eighty- seven, as written on his gravestone. His wife- Mary died February II, 1702, aged sixty-nine. He married, June 1, 1650-51, Rebecca Palfrey, who died July 12, 1654; married second, March 2, 1655-56, Mary Pratt. He had two sons in King Philip's war. He was taxed in Charlestown in 1688. Children : I. Ruth, born March 10, 1652. 2. Gershom, born June 30, 1654; mentioned below. 3. Samuel, born May I, 1657 ; died March 1, 1658. 4. Mary, born May 2, 1659. 5. Elizabeth, born July 14, 1661 ; married Ezekiel Richardson, of Woburn, July 27, 1687. 6. Lydia, born July 28, 1663. 7. John, born May 1, 1665, re- sided in Woburn, 1712. 8. Hannah, born February 27, 1667. 9. Ebenezer, born No- vember 14, 1672. IO. (Had ten children in I676.)


We find in the "New England Historic Genealogical Register," at the rooms on Sum- mer street, Boston, in vol. 2, p. 158, is the. entry that one Hannah Swan married Samuel Peabody. In vol. 4, p. 261, we find the names. of persons who were examined of their con- formity by the minister of Gravesend, Eng- land; and took oath of allegiance and supre- macy and were transported to Virginia in the ship "Globe," of London, Jeremy Blackman, master, August 6, 1635; among these appears the name of John Swan.


(II) Gershom Swan, son of John Swan (I), was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts,. June 30, 1654. He married December 20, 1677, Sarah Holden. He settled in Meno-


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tomy, where he died July 2, 1708, his wife Sarah surviving him. He was taxed in Charlestown in 1688. Children, born in Meno- tomy: I. Sarah, born about 1679; died un- married, April 25, 1699. 2. Rebecca, born August 24, 1681, died young. 3. John, born October 3, 1683; mentioned below. 4. Ruth, born December 25, 1685; married Theophilus Richardson, of Woburn, July 1, 1714. 5. Abi- gail, born February 12, 1686-87; married John Richardson, of Woburn. 6. Lydia, born November 10, 1689; married William Man- sur, of Medford, February 2, 1714-15. 7. Rebecca, born 1698; married, February 2, 1714-15, George Abbot. Perhaps other chil- dren.


(III) John Swan, son of Gershom Swan (2), was born at Menotomy, Massachusetts, October 3, 1683. He inherited the homestead at Menotomy, being the only son. He died March 31, 1752. He married Elizabeth who died December 21, 1723, aged twenty-eight. He married second, May 25, 1725, Mary Cowdrey, of Reading, Massachu- setts, who died October 28, 1780, aged eighty- five. Children, born at Menotomy: I. John, baptized April 12, died June II, 1719. 2. Timothy, born August 3, 1720. 3. Elizabeth, born October 12, 1722. Children of second wife: 4. Esther, born March 15, 1725-26; married April 19, 1759, Zebadiah Richardson. 5. John, baptized August 4, 1728. 6. Ger- shom, baptized August 10, 1729, died young. 7. Susanna, born October 4, 1730; married Joseph Parks, Jr., of Concord (1753) or Sam- uel Watts, of Woburn, April 4, 1757. 8. William, born September 4, 1737; published to Lucy Robbins, of Boston, March 15, 1759.


(IV) John Swan, son of John Swan (3), was born in Cambridge, 1728, and baptized August 4, 1728; died at Cambridge, October 26, 1804. He was admitted to the precinct church at Menotomy, July 3, 1757, and was precinct collector in 1761. He married (pub- lished January 15, 1774) Mary Richardson, of Stoneham, who died September 18, 1826, aged eighty-two years. He was taxed from 1765 to 1773 in Charlestown. His will is dated 1800, proved December 22, 1804, devis- ing to his first three sons. His farm was part of the original homestead. Children : I. John, born January 10, 1775 ; mentioned below. 2. Reuben, born March 27, 1778, baptized April 5, 1778; called "the Father of Charlestown ;" married December 2, 1804, Ruth Teel ; seven of their sons were school masters. 3. Will- iam, born March 21, 1781. 4. Molly, born November 10, 1783, died unmarried. 5.


Stephen, born October 20, 1785, marketman ; married Betsey Tucker. The foregoing were all baptized in the West Cambridge church.


(V) John Swan, son of John Swan (4), was born in West Cambridge, or Menotomy, Massachusetts, January 10, 1775, and bap- tized in the precinct church, January 14, 1776. He married (published October 12) 1816, Sarah Hall Mason, daughter of Benjamin. He died at West Cambridge, September 6, 1864, aged eighty-eight; his wife died October 17, 1866, aged seventy-three. He was educated in the public school at West Cambridge and at Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. At the age of fourteen, while riding horse- back, he was thrown, his foot being caught fast in the stirrup, and dragged for a long dis- tance, injuring one leg so badly that it had to be amputated, and he had to use a crutch the rest of his life. When a young man he taught school at West Cambridge. He also learned the trade of shoemaking, and finally, in com- pany with his brothers, took charge of his father's farm. In 1818 he bought a farm at Woburn, on Gardners' Row, formerly the Edward Gardner estate, and carried on farm- ing there the rest of his life. Notwithstanding his crippled condition he was a man of great industry, and contrived to do all his farm work except plowing and mowing. He raised large crops of peaches, for which he found a market in Lynn and Salem. He was well-to- do, and lent money to a considerable extent. He was originally of the Unitarian belief, but later in life joined the Baptist church. He was very pious, and lived an exemplary Chris- tian life. He was a Whig in politics, and held sundry town offices.


Children : . I. John, born August 25, 1817; mentioned below. 2. Sarah, born May 18, 1819; died February 5, 1905; married Sep- tember 18, 1845, Cyrus Butters, of Burling- ton, born February 5, 1823, died September I, 1891; children : i. Sarah Mason Butters, born February 1, 1848, married, July 2, 1866, Edwin D. Bowers (child: Charles Edwin Bowers, born May 15, 1868, died March 31. 1892, married July 31, 1889, Amanda A. Pike) ; ii. Cyrus Edwin Butters, born Octo- ber 15, 1852; died July 20, 1853; iii. Elmira Butters, born August 6, 1855, unmarried ; iv. Frederick Swan Butters, born May 23, 1860, died November 24, 1879. 3. Charles, born March 8, 1821; died April, 1895; married first, Mary Richardson Parker, of Woburn. Massachusetts ; children : i. Mary Ellen, born October 5, 1846, died April 29, 1872, married James H. Russell, of Arlington (children :


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George H. Russell, born May 27, 1866; James L. Russell, born May 29, 1869); ii. Lucy Rebecca, born May 7, 1848, died December II, 1863; iii. Charles Parker, born February 25, 1853 ; married October 30, 1895, Mary L. Gray, of Malden (children: Everett, born August 24, 1897; Emma Louise, born July . 17, 1899; Harold Gray, born June 15, 1901) ; iv. Hannah Eliza, born March 20, 1859. Charles Swan married second, Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth (Wells) Hines. 4. George, born March 16, 1823; married October 25, 1852, Sarah Elizabeth Marshall, of Middleborough, Massachusetts ; children : i. George Elmore, born May 30, 1854; ii. Personaby Marshall, born July 23, 1857; iii. Lewis, born October 16, 1859 ; died July 23, 1862 (twin) ; iv. Eliza- beth (twin), born and died October 16, 1859; v. Lizzie, born June 5, 1864; vi. Alvin, born August II, 1866; vii. Minnie Daisy, born November 8, 1871 ; married July 2, 1898 (child, Winnie Beatrice). 5. Benjamin Mason, born March 20, 1825; died February 17, 1907 ; married November 26, 1850, Sarah Abbie Cloutman, of Charlestown, Massachu- setts; children: i. George Edward, born August 24, 1851, married September 5, 1894, Anna Young, of Dorchester; ii. Ellen Fran- ces, born December 22, 1857, married July 3, 1882, Charles P. Hollis, of Boston (child, Louise Swan Hollis, born February 21, 1891) ; iii. Mary Louise, born June 14, 1862, married December 5, 1894, William M. Rawson. 6. Elmira, born January 18, 1828; married March 13, 1855, Samuel Hubbard Davis, of Woburn; children: i. Elmira Davis, born November 25, 1856, married John S. Blank, of Winchester, Massachusetts (children : Flora and Emily Swan Blank (twins) ; Alice Elmira Blank, John S. Blank, Jr., Edith May Blank) ; ii. Reuben Davis, born July 10, 1859, married Annie McIntosh; iii. Samuel Everett Davis, born January 19, 1865, died October, 1871. 7. Claraman, died young. 8. Lucy Belknap died young. 9. Stephen, born June 20, 1838, married May 17, 1864, Susan Parker, of Reading, Massachusetts; children: i. Frank Howard, born August 21, 1865, married No- vember 24, 1892, Annie Jane Matheson, of Westville, Nova Scotia (children : Maud Elizabeth, born June 4, 1895; Lillian Parker, born November 28, 1898) ; ii. Myrtie Mer- tilla Hall, born August 9, 1867 ; married Aug- ust 25, 1888, Leonard Everett Phipps, of Holliston, Massachusetts (children : Harry Ellsworth Phipps, born May 31, 1890; Eva Adelia Phipps, born March 13, 1894; Elmer Everett Phipps, born June 5, 1899).


(VI) John Swan, son of John Swan (5), was born in West Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 25, 1817. When the family removed to Winchester (then Woburn) he was but an infant. He was educated in the public schools of Winchester and at Warren Academy. He worked on the farm, and learned the trade of shoemaker in his youth and followed this trade to the time of his marriage. One of his employers was S. S. Richardson. Finally he engaged in the manufacture of shoe stock soles, heels, stiffenings, etc., in the old button factory and at his home, selling his product to the shoe factories at Danvers and Lynn. In 1876 he gave up business and devoted his at- tention to farming, having in 1865 bought the interests of the other heirs in the old home- stead at Winchester, and he conducted the farm successfully and profitably to the time of his death, September 10, 1890. Mr. Swan was a faithful member of the Baptist church at Winchester, generous in his contributions to its needs and charities, of exemplary life and character, and was universally respected and esteemed. He was in early life a Whig, but joined the Republican party at its organi- zation. He served in the state militia.


He married, January 1, 1843, Sarah Jane Fiske, born October 23, 1825, daughter of Abijah and Ruth (Rhodes) Fiske, of East Saugus, Massachusetts. Her father was a shoemaker. Children: I. John, born Decem- ber 5, 1843; mentioned below. 2. Jane Etta Matilda, born December 23, 1845; married September 28, 1868, Henry William Hight, of Winchester, who died March 25, 1901 ; children : i. Lillie Josephine Hight, born Feb- ruary 17, 1876, died November 25, 1876; ii. Henry Wadsworth Hight, born 1880, married October 4, 1904, Grace Higham (child, Grace Higham Hight, born July 25, 1906). 3. Sarah Caroline, born December 6, 1847, died June 27, 1849. 4. Lafayette, born April II, 1851 ; married October 14, 1874, Lydia M. Brown, of Reedfield, Maine; children: i.Ros- well Fiske, born April 3, 1875, married Cath- erine Wise, of Canton, Ohio; ii. Ella Mabel, born August 10 1876; iii. Florence Louise, born December II, 1877; iv. Carrie Emeline, born July 18, 1882; v. Alfred Marshall, born July 10, 1886. 5. Ida Ruthena, born October 31, 1853, died August 6, 1854. 6. Lillie Josephine, born December 1, 1858; married November 14, 1883, William T. Henderson, born December 23, 1845, son of Robert and Marion (Johnston) Henderson; children : i. Gladstone Winchester, born December 12, 1884; ii. Bismarck, born November 27, 1888;


-


.


SARAH HALL (MASON) SWAN


JOHN SWAN


SARAH JANE (FISKE) SWAN


JOHN SWAN


-


John Javan


'OLD SWAN HOMESTEAD, 89 CAMBRIDGE STREET, WINCHESTER MASS.


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iii. Lillian Swan, born July 7, 1893. 7. Luella Augusta, born May 15, 1860; died No- vember 13, 1873. 8. Eddy Francis, born February 18, 1863 ; married, October 17, 1888, Julia Elizabeth Tilden, born July 31, 1865, daughter of Fred M. and Hannah S. (Tate) Tilden ; children : Everett Elmer, born April 26, 1889, died February 2, 1890; John, born June 24, 1898; Helen Tilden, born April 17, 1902.


(VII) John Swan, son of John Swan (6), was born at Woburn, Massachusetts, Decem- ber 5, 1843, and was educated in the public and high schools of Winchester. He assisted his father in carrying on the farm, and after his father's death succeeded to it. This farm is situate at 89 Cambridge street, and comprises fifty acres of land, largely devoted to market gardening. Mr. Swan is a member of the Baptist church at Winchester. In politics he is a Republican. He was a member of Com- pany G, Fifth Regiment, in 1864 and 1865. He is a man of retiring disposition, command- ing the respect and confidence of the commun- ity. He is unmarried.


(For early generations see preceding sketch.)


(IV) John Swan, son of John SWAN Swan (3), grandson of Gershom Swan (2) and great-grandson of John Swan (1), born in West Cambridge, March 23, 1728, was baptized August 4, same year, and died there October 26, 1804. He married (published January 15, 1774) Mary Richardson, born August 2, 1744, daughter of Reuben and Esther (Wyman) Richardson, of Stoneham, Massachusetts. He was a farmer all his life. His place was located where the present Winchester golf links are. He raised farm produce, for which he found a market in Boston and was quite prosperous. He was a man of strong personal traits, exact and methodical. He believed in having the best of everything, so far as he could, and was the first to own a carriage in the town. His farm was neat and attractive, and his personal ap- pearance was above criticism. He belonged to the military company for several years. He had good horses, and was always well mounted, making a fine figure with his hand- some saddle, his shining spurs and his mili- tary bearing. Squaw Sachem, who formerly owned the land, of which his farm was a part, was called the Queen of the Mystic. The brook through the place is still called Squaw Sachembrook. Swan bought the farm May 9, 1765, of Henry and Hannah Putnam. They


had it of Joseph Hartwell by deed dated' April, 1753, and he purchased of the original. owner. Swan was taxed from 1765 to 1773. in Charlestown. In 1757 he was admitted to the Precinct church; in 1761 he was on the prudential school committee. His will is dat- ed 1800, proved December 22, 1804, devising. to his first three sons. Children: I. John, born January 10, 1776, died September 6, 1864; married Sarah Hall Mason, daughter of Benjamin Mason. 2. Reuben, born March 27, 1778; mentioned below. 3. William, born March 21, 1781, died October 31, 1832; mar- ried, June 21, 1807, Nancy Dadmun, of Fram- ingham. 4. Mary, born November 10, 1783; died unmarried, September 14, 1805. 5. Stephen, born October 20, 1785; died Octo- ber 16, 1871; married June 12, 1823, Betsey Tucker, of Milton, Massachusetts, soldier in war of 1812.


(V) Reuben Swan, son of John Swan (4). was born at West Cambridge, Massachusetts, March 27, 1778, and died at Dorchester, June 18, 1856. He was brought up on his father's farm, and received the education common to a farmer's son of that period, remaining on the homestead until after his marriage in 1804. He and his brother Stephen became joint owners of the farm at the death of their father. Soon afterward Reuben sold out to his brother and removed to Dorchester Lower Mills, where he engaged in the grain busi- ness. He used to buy his grain in Boston from the ship, teamed it to Dorchester, and had his corn ground at the mill there on the site of the present Baker chocolate mills. He sold his grain, meal, etc., in Dorchester and neighboring towns on established routes. One of his best customers was President John Quincy Adams, of Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts. He continued in this business until early in the thirties, and then returned to West Cambridge to resume farming, but after five years or more, re- turned to Dorchester and continued in the grain business another six years. He then retired and lived quietly the rest of his days at his homestead near the site of the Baker mills. During his previous residence in Dor- chester his home was at the foot of Dor- chester Hill. He was a man of unusual phy- sical strength, and is said to have been able to lift a barrel o' cider into his wagon un- assisted. He was a gentleman of the old school, and while strict in matters of conduct and religion in his family he gave his chil- dren the advantage of a liberal education, and several of his sons became school teach-


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ers. He was a member of the Dorchester Congregational church. He acquired a com- petence. He married December 2, 1804, Ruth Teel, born July 30, 1786, at Charles- town, Massachusetts, and died at Dorchester, August 16, 1847, daughter of Jonathan Teel, born January 30, 1754, died June 7, 1828; and his wife, Lydia (Cutter) Teel, who was born October 26, 1757, died September, 1831. Her father was a farmer. Children: I. Reuben, born October 12, 1805; married first, October 17, 1833, Mary Ann Wilson; married sec- ond, August 8, 1861, Hannah Louisa Dar- ling. 2. John, born August 17, 1807; died March 30, 1886; married June 4, 1832, Julia Nason. 3. James, born April 21, 1809; died March 26, 1873; married October 21, 1835, Maria Austin Locke, of Charlestown, Massa- chusetts. 4. Albert Dorr, born July 20, 1811; married first, October 9, 1835, Ursula Ann Howe; married second, Mrs. Emma Jack. 5. Joseph Teel, born August 27, 1813, died April 1895; married, November 14, 1838, Abby Atherton of Stoughton, Massachusetts. 6. William Henry, born March 17, 1816; mar- ried April 16, 1838, Mary Elizabeth Brons- don, of Milton, Massachusetts. 7. Mary Richardson, born August 17, 1818; died De- cember 5, 1819. 8. Stephen Augustus, born August 17, 1818; drowned in Mystic Pond, December 25, 1839. 9. George, born Sep- tember 26, 1820; mentioned below. IO. Sar- ah Louise, born September 10, 1822; died July 14, 1887; married November 3, 1841, James Pope, of Dorchester, Massachusetts, he died in December, 1907. II. Charles Fran- cis, born November 14, 1824; married De- cember 19, 1849, Mary Leonard French, of Canton, Massachusetts. 12. Emily Jane, born August 1, 1827; married November 5, 1856, George Pope, of Dorchester.


(VI) George Swan, son of Reuben Swan (5), was born at Dorchester, Massachusetts, September 26, 1820. He received his educa- tion in the common schools and private schools of Dorchester, and then learned the trade of harness maker, serving an appren- ticeship of four years under John A. Tucker, of Dorchester. He subsequently attended Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, where he fitted for the profession of school teaching, graduating in 1842. He began teaching in the school at West Cambridge. He was a good disciplinarian, and brought order out of chaos. His success brought him a call to a larger field, and he was appointed teacher of the Spring Hill school of Somer- ville, Massachusetts, later of the Winter Hill


school. He was principal of those two schools for a period of nine years. In 1851 he be- came principal of the Warren school, Charles- town, which he taught for the remarkable period of thirty-one years, all the rest of his life. He died October II, 1882. For many years he, resided near the scene of his daily toil, but in 1871 he returned to the home of his childhood in Arlington, erecting a hand- some residence at the corner of Maple and Pleasant streets. His home and the sur- rounding grounds were a source of much pleasure to him in his later years. Quiet and unobtrusive to the last degree, his influence was always large and good. His sterling qualities of heart and mind won the love and respect of more than one generation of men and women. He was eminently successful in his chosen profession, and every pupil be- came a friend in after life. His labors are still bearing good fruit in the character and capacity of the men who were once his pupils. He was a faithful and earnest member of the Arlington Congregational church and of the Winthrop Congregational church of Charles- town. He was gifted musically, and for many years sang tenor in the churches with which he was connected, sometimes also being the leader of the choir. He was prominent in church affairs, and served on the parish com- mittee and in other important offices of the church. He was first a Whig in politics, lat- er a Republican. He was a member of King Solomon Lodge of Masons, Charlestown; of the Congregational Club of Boston, and of various school associations. .




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