USA > Massachusetts > History of the Diocese of Massachusetts, 1810-1872 > Part 8
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20. Massachusetts parishes pledging over $500 were: St. Paul's, $25,000; Grace, $2500; St. Anne's, Lowell, $2000; St. Peter's, Salem, $1500; St. Paul's, New- buryport, $1000; St. Stephen's, Pittsfield, $750; twelve other parishes pledged $500 each. JM, 1836, p. 52.
21. Wainwright left Trinity in 1838, served in the Diocese of New York, and was consecrated its provisional bishop in 1852. Croswell left Boston for Auburn, New York, in 1840.
22. JM, 1837, p. 41. The Eastern Dio- cese acted likewise. In one detail the re- cession of 1837 benefited the diocese finan- cially. The treasurer of the Board of Mis- sions, depositing $20 in silver change in a
bank, 7 June 1837, was credited with a 10% premium, making the deposit $22. Ibid., p. 44.
23. [John Dickinson Sabine,] The Fam- ily and Descendants of Rev. James Sabine (printed for private circulation, Washing- ton, D. C., 1904), p. 5.
24. Sabine was an orthodox Congrega- tionalist', though 'as a young man he en- tered the Presbyterian Ministry'. The so- ciety, of which he was minister, like others in Boston, did not maintain a general ad- herence to any one sect. John Seely Stone, Memoir of Alexander Viets Griswold (Phila - delphia, 1844), p. 346; [Sabine, ] Sabine, p. 5.
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later, Sabine withdrew from this society, became a candidate for orders in the Episcopal Church, and received ordination at Bishop Griswold's hands in 1829.25 A portion of his Essex Street Church group followed him. As the minister of this little group, Sabine re- ported to the Diocese of Massachusetts, in 1830, that 'Grace Church Congregation prays the help and advice of the Convention, in its struggle for a standing among the churches of the Diocese'. 26 In this same convention of 1830, the application of Grace Church, Boston, for admission into union with the diocesan convention received approval. The two lay delegates seated in the convention were Charles Williams and Apollo Morris. 27
In the fall of 1830, Sabine, then in his fifty-seventh year, left Boston. He moved to Bethel, Vermont, where he served as rector of Christ Church until shortly before his death fifteen years later, in 1845.28 Ministering as he did in the Diocese of Vermont under Bishop Hopkins, Sabine and his family by no means abandoned their connection with the Diocese of Massachusetts. His first wife having died in 1837, Sabine married, in 1840, at Trinity Church, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, the widow of its first rector, the Rev. Matthias Munroe. 29 Sabine's son, John Theodore Sabine, 'a clergy- man of sincere and deep piety', preached at Christ Church, Clapp- ville, in 1839.30 He transferred from the Diocese of Vermont to that of Massachusetts in 1847.31 Two of James Sabine's daughters mar- ried Episcopal ministers, both of whom had charge of various par- ishes and missions near Boston. 32 The Sabine family showed that
25. Rt. Rev. George Burgess, List of . . . Order of Deacons, etc. (Boston, 1875), no. 767 (28 Aug. 1829).
26. JM, 1830, p. 34.
27. JM, 1830, p. 8. Williams owned a bookstore in Boston, which advertised a varied list of books about, and by members of, the Anglican Communion.
28. [Sabine,] Sabine, p. 5.
29. [Sabine,] Sabine, p. 5; Batchelder, Eastern Diocese, II, 33-35. The Rev. John T. Sabine and his sister, Ann, both were married in Grace Church, Boston, the for- mer in 1836, the latter in 1830. [Sabine,]
Sabine, pp. 6, 9.
30. JM, 1839, p. 9. He died in 1851; the words quoted are Bishop Eastburn's char- acterization of him, JM, 1851, p. 24. John was ordained only four years after his father. [Sabine,] Sabine, p. 9.
31. JM, 1847, p. 25.
32. Ann Sabine, herself born in Eng- land, married the Rev. Henry Blackaller, also born in England; Uleyetta Sabine married the Rev. Dexter Potter. [Sabine,] Sabine, pp. 6, 11; Batchelder, Eastern Dio- cese, II, 33-35; JM, 1863, p. 78; 1864, p. 135; 1866, pp. 87-88; 1881, p. 27.
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English emigrants of the first and second generations provided the Diocese of Massachusetts, at least in part, with its clergy. It also showed that Bishop Griswold had an influence on younger men of other branches of the Christian Church that made up somewhat for the lack of candidates for holy orders among Episcopal families.
After Sabine went to Vermont, Grace Church had a number of rectors whose terms were short. In 1832 Benjamin Howard and Stephen Dix as wardens signed the parochial report, which stated that the place of holding services had been changed from the church building in Piedmont Street to Amory Hall in Bedford Street. The change of location increased the number of worship- pers, but more importantly Benjamin Howard now filled the place of senior warden of the parish.33 Howard, a merchant who had moved from Salem to Boston, came from a family belonging to St. Peter's, in Salem. Realizing, as did the rectors and others in Grace Church parish, that a building was the primary need of the society, Howard succeeded in raising $33,000 for land and a church. The money was provided, and the church built, by a corporation formed within the parish of Grace Church, named Grace Church in the City of Boston. With the completion of the church in 1836, the wardens and a majority of the vestry of the original parish were elected by the proprietors to the same offices in the new society. The original parish of 1830 was dissolved, and the new parish was admitted into union with the diocesan convention at the same time. 34 In April 1836 the wardens were Howard and Otis Daniell; Edward Sprague Rand was clerk. 35
Bishop Griswold consecrated the new church building on Tem- ple Street, 14 June 1836.36 In November of this same year Thomas March Clark began his service of seven years in Grace Church. Clark's father, Thomas March Clark of Newburyport, 37 had helped in the purchase of the Locks and Canal Corporation, which marked
33. JM, 1832, p. 23.
34. JM, 1836, pp. 12-13, 20-21.
35. 'Record Book of Grace Church, Bos- ton'. Otis Daniell (1804-71) of Needham, had moved to Boston and was in the paper business. Moses Grant Daniell, The Daniell
Family (Boston, 1874), pp. 11-12; Boston Directory, 1836.
36. JM, 1837, p. 17.
37. George K. Clarke, Descendants of Nathaniel Clarke, etc. (Boston, 1902), p. 327.
THE DIOCESE OF MASSACHUSETTS
the beginning of the Lowell mills. 38 His son Thomas came into the Episcopal Church from the Presbyterian, through the influence of Bishop Griswold. In his autobiography, the younger Clark stated that by Bishop Griswold he .. .. was confirmed, admitted to the deaconate, ordained priest, and married by him, and it was by his nomination that I was called to my first parish-Grace Church in the City of Boston'. 39 The person to whom Griswold married Clark, 2 October 1838, was Caroline Howard, daughter of the senior warden of Grace Church. His granddaughter described Howard at this time as ... a well-to-do shipping merchant living then on Kingston Street [Boston], with his family of five daughters and five sons . .40 In 1840 the trustees of donations named Howard as treasurer of their society, a position which he held until 1854.41 In 1838, Howard was chosen for the standing committee; he was re- elected annually until 1842, when he was named as one of the dioc- esan delegates to general convention for 1842 and 1843.42 From 1838 until 1844, when Howard's son-in-law, Clark, was only twenty-five years old, yet rector of Grace Church, Clark himself was elected to the standing committee. Through Howard and T. M. Clark, Grace Church rapidly became one of the leading parishes in the diocese. 43 Its financial resources were indicated in the meet- ings of the proprietors in the spring of 1836, prior to the time of Clark's acceptance of the rectorship. In March 1836, the corpora- tion elected Alonzo Potter to be rector of Grace Church at an an- nual salary of $2500. When he declined the offer, the corporation in May voted for Stephen H. Tyng, son of Dudley Atkins Tyng, as rector at the same salary. 44 With the known position of both Potter and Tyng as Low or Evangelical Churchmen, without a touch of the Hobart influence about them, and brilliant speakers withal, the members of Grace Church showed that they aligned themselves
38. Clarke, Clarke, p. 327; Nathan Ap- pleton, Introduction of the Power Loom and Origin of Lowell (Lowell, 1858), p. 22.
39. Thomas M. Clark, Reminiscences (New York, 1895), p. 73.
40. Mary Clark Sturtevant, Thomas March Clark, A Memoir (Milwaukee, 1927),
pp. 34-35.
41. Abstract, p. 2.
42. JM, years cited.
43. JM, years cited; Clark, Clarke, p. 327.
44. 'Record Book of Grace Church, Bos- ton'.
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with the prevailing viewpoint of the other Episcopal parishes in the diocese by trying to secure one or the other of these men to be their rector. Tyng likewise declined the offer. When Bishop Griswold installed Clark as rector, the parish found that it had a younger man who was following certainly and ably in the churchmanship of Potter and of Tyng.
The list of pew-holders and pew-rents revealed the determina- tion of certain Episcopalians in or near Boston to make a success of Grace Church parish. Stone, rector at St. Paul's, owned a pew for a short time. Also of St. Paul's and pew-holders, were Dr. J. C. War- ren, James C. Merrill, Edward Tuckerman, and Edward S. Rand of Boston. Edward S. Rand of St. Paul's, Newburyport, owned a pew. Otis and Chester Daniell gave the church for pews $1500 and $536 respectively.45 A close relative of the Boston William Appleton family, Robert Appleton, gave $550 in 1836, and a Thomas Apple- ton contributed $2500.46 Robert Appleton, like Benjamin Howard and the Daniells, had come to Boston as a young man; he became a merchant in the dry goods business. 47 His interest in the Episcopal Church had no family antecedents as in the instance of Howard and the Daniells, but his maternal aunt, Mary Means, had married Jeremiah Mason, who with his family worshipped in the Episcopal Church. 48 Thomas Appleton, also a distant cousin of both William and Robert Appleton, 49 was Boston born. 50 After an apprenticeship
45. The names and amounts are taken from the 'Grace Church Building Com- mittee, Treasurer's Ledger', in the Massa- chusetts Diocesan Library. Otis and Ches- ter Daniell, recently moved to Boston from Needham, were sons of Jeremiah Daniell, a member of St. Mary's, Newton Lower Falls. From 1821 to 1828 he was exempt from Needham church rates. George Kuhn Clarke, History of Needham, Mass., 1711- 1911 (privately printed, 1912), p. 307.
46. 'Grace Church Ledger'. Robert Ap- pleton was the son of the Rev. Jesse Apple- ton (1772-1819), second president of Bow- doin College, and a cousin of William Ap- pleton (1786-1862). Robert Appleton's aunt, Nancy Means Ellis, a widow, married Amos Lawrence in 1821. New England
Historical and Genealogical Register, I (Oct 1847), 329-330.
47. N. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg., I (Oct. 1847), 330.
48. Memoirs of Jeremiah Mason (repro- duction of edition of 1873, Boston, 1917), P. 381.
49. William (1786-1862), Robert (1810- 51), and Thomas (1785-1872) were de- scended from Samuel Appleton, son of Samuel, the first Appleton emigrant from England. John Appleton, Monumental Memorials of the Appleton Family (Boston, 1867), pp. 5-6.
50. Christine M. Ayars, Contributions to the Art of Music etc. (New York, 1937), p. 152.
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THE DIOCESE OF MASSACHUSETTS
to Elisha Larned, a Boston cabinetmaker, Appleton, in 1806, 'acci- dentally' met William Goodrich.51 The brothers Ebenezer and Wil- liam Goodrich came in the early 1800s from Templeton to Boston, where they had gone into the business of building organs and pianos. This meeting of Appleton and William Goodrich led to a business association for making organs; it resulted, too, in the mar- riage in 1812, at Templeton, of Appleton to Beulah Goodrich, sis- ter of William and Ebenezer. Appleton together with various part- ners or alone built organs until 1868; he produced '35 for Boston alone and more than 100 for other cities'.52 William Goodrich built organs for the Episcopal societies of St. Paul's, Christ Church, Boston, St. Anne's, Lowell, and St. Stephen's, Pittsfield.53 That the business of organ and piano building could pay was shown in Appleton's ability to contribute a large sum to Grace Church, Bos- ton; yet, after 'a long struggle he failed in Boston, because in his zeal to make fine instruments, he put in improvements and extras yet charged only the contract price'.54 Through the agency of Thomas Appleton, Jonas Chickering acquired needed capital for his growing piano business in 1830.55 Chickering was a pew owner of Grace Church in 1836 along with Appleton. Like the Good- riches, Chickering had felt the pull of the city from his birthplace near New Ipswich, New Hampshire.56 That the Episcopal Church should be 'the church of his adoption', was a circumstance growing out of his acquaintance with James Sharpe, artist, member of the Handel and Haydn Society, and 'leader of the music in Trinity Church in this city [Boston]'.57 Chickering had met Sharpe by chance when seeking work on his arrival in Boston from New Ips- wich in 1818. Thus, as the merchandising and methods of market- ing of various goods increased and expanded, as the paper business
51. Ayars, Music, p. 152.
52. Ayars, Music, p. 153; Henry A. Goodrich, Church Organs, etc. (Fitchburg Historical Society, 1902), p. 8.
53. Ayars, Music, pp. 148-149.
54. Ayars, Music, p. 154.
55. Ayars, Music, pp. 107, 111-112. Chickering later served as a vestryman of
Trinity, Boston, from 1850 to 1853. Trin- ity Church, in the City of Boston, 1733-1933 (Boston, 1933), p. 207.
56. [Richard G. Parker,] A Tribute to the Life and Character of Jonas Chickering (Boston, 1854), p. 147.
57. [Parker,] Chickering, p. 40 n.
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grew, as the inventive and productive genius of organ and piano builders developed, so in a commensurate way grew Grace Church.
The rector reporting to the diocesan convention in 1837 noted that the great part of the increase in the congregation 'is made up of those who have not been heretofore connected with the Episco- pal Church'.58 With the installation by Bishop Griswold of Clark in 1837, the diocese could offer to residents in, or near, Boston a pew at a reasonable figure in a new church, the rector of which was an intelligent, liberal, and kindly man. Bishop Griswold, who moved to Boston while the church in Temple Street was being built, ad- ministered the rite of confirmation 'seven distinct times' in the years 1836 through 1839 to the total number of 111 candidates.59 Clark commented on the sound financial position of the parish, and accounted for it by 'systematic contributions', 'one general Paro- chial Treasury', 'efficiency and regularity of operation .. . gained through a system of monthly contributions for adults and weekly contributions for Sunday Schools'. 60
The demand for pews 'on the floor of the church' in 1840 was more than the church could supply, despite the fact that an Epis- copal society in Charlestown had taken some families from Grace Church. 61 What did lessen the number of communicants was the 'loss of the . . . beloved and devoted Rector of the Parish' to the rectorship of St. Andrew's Church, Philadelphia, in the fall of 1843.62 Bishop Griswold's successor, Manton Eastburn, instituted a new rector, the Rev. Clement M. Butler, in May 1844.63 The weakness of the diocese showed itself often in the lack of parishes
58. JM, 1837, p. 17.
59. JM, 1839, p. 25; JM, 1840, p. 24. 60. JM, 1838, p. 19; JM, 1839, p. 25. By 1840 the comparative figures for com- municants were: Trinity, ca. 300; Grace, 276; St. Paul's, 260; Christ Church, ca. 175; in this same year, Grace Church spent three to four thousand dollars for 'embel- lishing and putting in proper order the church edifice, and in the purchase of land adjoining the church.' JM, 1840, pp. 21- 23; 1841, p. 30.
61. JM, 1840, p. 24. The parish of St.
John's, Charlestown, had developed from the combined efforts of the Board of Mis- sions and 'friends of the Church in Charles- town'. As usual at this period, meetings were held in a hall, the parish organized (in March 1840), and a minister, N. P. Bent, chosen. Plans for building were started at once, and Bishop Griswold dedi- cated the new church in November 1842. JM, 1840, pp. 36-37; JED, 1842, p. 16.
62. JM, 1844, pp. 22, 64.
63. JM, 1844, p. 22.
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strong enough to make the office of rector attractive to men of Clark's character and position, both socially and in their preaching of their understanding of what the Episcopal Church stood for. 64 Not until 1848, when Bishop Eastburn instituted the Rev. Charles Mason as rector of Grace Church, did the diocese again exert it- self for 'this important parish'. 65
Unlike Grace Church, Boston, which had the financial backing of a group both of churchmen already members of other parishes, and of young businessmen and merchants who joined the Church, the founding and maintenance of other parishes in the diocese had to rely largely upon the Board of Missions for their origin and sup- port. No one better could have pointed up the need for help in small and recently established parishes throughout the Diocese of Massachusetts than Bishop Griswold. Of course his addresses in- cluded his observations and recommendations for the Eastern Dio- cese, but as he visited annually practically every Episcopal society in Massachusetts, his suggestions carried weight. In 1830, 1831, and 1833, Griswold had to report the small number of clergymen available for rural or newly organized parishes. 66 The lack of clergy- men rested primarily on the financial inability of the parishes to support a minister. The relative poverty of most rural parishes sprang not only from small membership, but from the fact that the Episcopal clergy, who spent a relatively longer time in studying for holy orders than the clergy of other Protestant churches, as Gris- wold noted, " ... are too willing to believe, that their ministry will be useful in proportion to the number of those under their pastoral care, and to the provision made for their support'.67 To supply more and better candidates, Griswold advocated the ‘. .. encour- aging and bringing forward to the ministry those who appear to be
64. JED, 1835, p. 14. 65. JM, 1848, p. 11.
66. JED, 1830, p. 7; 1831, p. 19; 1833, p. 12.
67. JED, 1835, 14; 1833, p. 12. Bishop Griswold lamented the constant tide of emigration from New England continually and strongly setting to the West and
South'. The loss of population from the rural areas of northern and western New England rightly impressed him. But as a country boy and part-time farmer, he may have underestimated the effect of business and industry on a city parish, e.g., Grace Church, Boston. JED, 1835, p. 15.
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so deeply pious and devoted to God in a religious life, as to be will- ing to labor where the Lord shall call them . . . and educating of our candidates here in our own [i.e., the Eastern ] Diocese'. 68
The Diocese of Massachusetts had, as noted above, provided in part for the salary and expenses of the bishop by organizing a group known as the trustees of donations. To aid weak parishes, to main- tain declining churches, and to succor new societies, a like group of clergy and laymen became incorporated, 14 June 1815, under the name of the Massachusetts Episcopal Missionary Society. 69 The society operated with a restricted budget, about $1000 a year ex- penditure for the eight years 1822-30. Benjamin Howard was the society's treasurer.70 In 1822-23, the society's officers and direc- tors were, for the most part, members of the recently formed parish of St. Paul's, Boston, and the four largest contributors among the members belonged to St. Paul's.71 According to Griswold's biogra- pher, Stone, the society sank into a state of 'dormancy' after the diocesan convention of 1832, from which it was only awakened in 1836 by being merged with the newly created Board of Missions. 72 Officially the Massachusetts Episcopal Missionary Society was
68. JED, 1835, p. 14.
69. The name of the corporation was: The Massachusetts Episcopal Missionary Society and Trustees of the Massachusetts Episcopal Prayer Book and Tract Society. The original incorporators were the Rev. J. S. J. Gardiner, David Cobb, the Rev. Asa Eaton, Samuel Dunn, Thomas L. Winthrop, Joseph Head, Joseph Foster, Charles Williams, James C. Merrill, John Dixwell, the Rev. Lynde Walter, Charles W. Greene, and Shubael Bell; this group represented only two parishes in Boston, Trinity and Christ Church. Annual Report of the Massachusetts Episcopal Missionary Society (Boston, 1823), pp. 29-30.
70. Batchelder, Eastern Diocese, II, 188.
71. The officers in 1822-23 were : Presi- dent ex officio, Bishop Griswold; Vice-Pres- idents, Rev. A. Eaton, Rev. S. F. Jarvis, Stephen Codman; Secretaries, James C. Dunn and Enoch Hale, Jr., M.D .; Treas-
urer, Benjamin Howard; Directors, John Sowden, Francis Wilby, J. C. Warren, M. D., J. C. Merrill, Annual Report, p. 36. Rev. S. F. Jarvis, George Sullivan, John C. War- ren, and Francis Wilby each gave $50. Al- though Gardiner Greene and Thomas L. Winthrop, both vestrymen at Trinity Church, did not belong to the society at this time, they each gave $100 for the year 1822-23. Annual Report, pp. 55, 56.
72. Stone, Griswold, pp. 371, 377. The Massachusetts Episcopal Convocation, a clerical organization, entered the field of missionary work in the diocese and pub- lished the Christian Witness, beginning in 1835. It never had the support of the dio- cese generally. In 1839 it yielded mission- ary work of the six years of its existence to the Board of Missions, including 'the bal- ance of the funds on hand'. Batchelder, Eastern Diocese, II, 200-201; Stone, Gris- wold, pp. 376-390; JM, 1837, p. 44.
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recognized by the diocese in its formal approval voted in the annual convention of 1826.73 Attempting to combine all the missionary efforts of the diocese into a top-ranking, more efficient organiza- tion, the diocesan convention, meeting at the newly-opened Grace Church, Boston, in June 1836, adopted a resolution which created a 'Board of Missions for the Protestant Episcopal Church of Mas- sachusetts'; this board was 'to consist of three clergymen and three laymen .. . '.74 The strength of the board lay in its over-all aware- ness of the possibilities, needs, and resources of the Church in the towns and cities of the diocese.75 The money-raising aspect of the board could not be its greatest strength, because the candidates for holy orders and the supply of clergymen did not match the needs of, or did not fulfill their office in, the smaller parishes satisfactorily. Bishop Griswold pointed out that a 'cooling of the love' between minister and people always began on the side of the clergyman. This 'cooling' process commenced by the minister's too frequently looking abroad for a better living than in a small rural parish. 76 Another difficulty which financial appropriations by the board could not solve was the lack of candidates for holy orders, who were children of wealthy churchmen. No minister in the diocese during Bishop Griswold's episcopacy had a Tyng, a Newton, a Sargent, a Sullivan, an Appleton, a Howard, a Warren, a Head, for a father. However 'socially' proper and desirable attendance at, or even membership in, an Episcopal parish may have been, to train for the ministry and then remain in the diocese as a successful rec- tor was found only in the rare cases of a Morss, Strong, or Edson.77 The financial position of the board revealed in the report of its treasurer, Benjamin Howard, in June 1843, shortly after Bishop Griswold's death, bettered any previous missionary effort. The
73. JM, 1825, pp. 191-192; JM, 1826, tic missions), and for foreign missions, of p. 208.
74. The Rev. James Morss proposed the resolution, which was adopted unanimous- ly. JM, 1836, p. 57. Two more members were added in 1839, both of whom were clergymen. JM, 1839, pp. 17, 57.
75. The work of the Board of Missions for the church outside the diocese (domes-
equal importance with diocesan missions as they are, are only noticed here when they become facts of local historical sig- nificance.
76. JED, 1837, p. 10.
77. Clark left the diocese permanently in 1850 for Connecticut, eventually to serve as its bishop from 1854 to 1903.
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year's income, in round numbers, of $10,500, had been appropriat- ed one-third for use within the diocese, and two-thirds for use outside.78 Furthermore, the board occupied the position in the diocese of the one authority on the building and increase of churches in the Diocese . . . '.79
Visiting annually every church in the diocese as was his wont, Bishop Griswold did not comment especially on the external ap- pearance or the inside arrangements of the churches in Massachu- setts. In the instance of Trinity Church, Nantucket, however, the bishop made an exception in mentioning the interior of the build- ing. The island of Nantucket had been made a 'missionary station' by the General Board of Missions, an organization of the Episcopal Church in the United States for purposes similar to the Board of Missions in the Diocese of Massachusetts. 80 The general board pos- sessed an advantage over the diocesan board in that it had a greater number of missionaries to call upon for work in the mission field than did the local organization. Griswold first visited Nantucket late in October 1838, when he confirmed a number of persons. In September 1839, he consecrated the newly built Trinity Church there, with Moses Marcus of the Diocese of New York, as mission- ary in charge.81 Marcus returned to New York in 1841, to be re- placed at Nantucket by the Rev. Frederick W. I. Pollard, also of the Diocese of New York, but lately ministering in the small Episcopal society in Lynn, Massachusetts. In reporting his visit to Trinity, Nantucket, in 1841, Griswold stated to the Eastern Diocese that he .. . . was pained and mortified at the strange derangement of the reading-desk and the communion-table, and at other exhibitions within the chancel .. . '.82 Trinity, Nantucket, under the ministry of the Rev. Mr. Pollard, first in the Diocese of Massachusetts drew the fire of Bishop Griswold and later, of Bishop Eastburn, for ar- ranging the chancel so that the pulpit stood at one side and the
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