USA > Massachusetts > Plymouth County > Hingham > History of the town of Hingham, Massachusetts, vol 1 > Part 13
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The foliage has small glands which secrete a volatile oil that yields the fragrance so marked in most of the species.
Trichostema, L. dichotomum, L. Blue Curls. Teucrium, Tourn. Canadense, L. Germander. Mentha, Tourn. viridis, L. Spearmint. piperita, L. Peppermint. Canadensis, L. Wild Mint.
120
History of Hingham.
Lycopus, Tourn.
Virginicus, L. Bugle-weed. sinuatus, Ell. Cut-leaved Bugle-weed.
Pycnanthemum, Mx.
muticum, Pers. Mountain Mint. linifolium, Pursh. Narrow-leaved Mint. Origanum, Tourn. vulgare, L. Wild Marjoram. Rare.
Hedeoma, Pers. pulegioides, Pers. Pennyroyal. Monarda, L. fistulosa, L. Wild Bergamot.
Nepeta, L. Cataria, L. Catnip. Glechoma, Benth. Ground Ivy.
Scutellaria, L. lateriflora, L. Scull-cap. galericulata, L.
Brunella, Tourn. vulgaris, L. Self-heal.
Ballota, L. nigra, L. Black Horehound.
Leonurus, L.
Cardiaca, L. Motherwort.
Galeopsis, L. Hemp-Nettle. Tetrahit, L.
Stachys, Tourn. arvensis, L. Woundwort. Rare.
Lamium, L.
amplexicaule, L. Dead-Nettle. intermedium, Fr. Rare.
59. PLANTAGINACEAE. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)
Stemless herbs without properties of any importance. The Plantago major, one of the species, is so common about our dwellings as to have given rise to the saying that wherever the white man puts his feet the Plantain is sure to spring up.
Plantago, Tourn. major, L. Plantain. Rugelii, Decaisne.
decipiens, Barneoud. Marsh Plantain.
lanceolata, L. Ribgrass. Patagonica, Jacq., var. aristata, Gray. Rare.
60. ILLECEBRACEA. (WHITLOWWORT FAMILY.)
There are but two plants in Hingham belonging to this new order, separated from the Caryophyllaceae. Their properties are unimportant.
121
The Botany of Hingham.
Anychia, Mx. capillacea, Nutt. Forked Chickweed. Scleranthus, L. annuus, L. Knawel.
APETALOUS EXOGENS.
61. AMARANTACEAE. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)
An order containing some shrubs, but mostly herbaceous plants, and found to some extent in temperate regions, although princi- pally natives of the tropics. Medicinal properties are ascribed to some species, and one at least produces edible seeds. The Cocks- comb, one of the Prince's Feathers, and other species, are com- mon annuals in our gardens.
Amarantus, Tourn. paniculatus, L. Prince's Feather, Rare. albus, L. Amaranth. retroflexus, L.
62. CHENOPODIACEAE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
A family of herbs or undershrubs, found all over the world, but chiefly natives of northern Europe and Asia. The Beet, Mangel-wurtzel, Spinach, and other edible plants, are of this or- der. Some species have medicinal value, and an oil is extracted from one. The ashes of several of them yield soda.
Chenopodium, Tourn. album, L. Pigweed. glaucum, L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. urbicum, L.
hybridum, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. capitatum, Wats. Strawberry Blite. Rare.
Atriplex, Tourn. patulum, L. Orache. arenarium, Nutt. Seaside Orache.
Salicornia, Tourn. herbacea, L. Samphire. mucronata, Big. ambigua, Mx.
Suæda, Forsk. linearis, Moq. Sea Blite.
Salsola, L.
Kali, L. Saltwort.
122
History of Hingham.
63. PHYTOLACCACEM. (POKEWEED FAMILY.)
A small family of herbs or undershrubs, chiefly natives of the tropics. We have only one species, - the Garget or Pokeberry, the root of which is poisonous.
Phytolacca, Tourn.
decandra, L. Poke.
64. POLYGONACEAE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
This order includes a few trees and shrubs, but is almost en- tirely composed of herbaceous plants, principally natives of the north temperate zones, but found in nearly all parts of the world. Some species are medicinal, some furnish dyes, and to the food supply of the earth the order contributes Buckwheat, Rhubarb (the stalks of which are edible, the leaves containing so much oxalic acid as to be poisonous), and the fruits of some East and West Indian species.
Polygonum, Tourn.
orientale, L. Prince's Feather.
Pennsylvanicum, L.
lapathifolium, L., var. incarnatum, Watson.
Persicaria, L. Lady's Thumb.
Hydropiper, L. Smartweed.
acre, H. B. K. Water Smartweed.
hydropiperoides, Mx. Mild Smartweed.
Muhlenbergii, Watson. Water Persicaria.
aviculare, L. Knotgrass.
erectum, L. Rare. ramosissimum, Mx. tenue, Mx. arifolium, L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.
sagittatum, L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Convolvulus, L. Bindweed.
dumetorum, L., var. scandens, Gray. cilinode, Mx.
Fagopyrum, Tourn.
esculentum, Monch. Buckwheat. Rare.
Rumex, L.
salicifolius, Weinmann. White Dock. crispus, L. Curled Dock. obtusifolius, L. Bitter Dock.
sanguineus, L. Bloody-veined Dock. Rare. Acetosella, L. Sorrel.
65. LAURACEAE. (LAUREL FAMILY.)
A very important order of trees and shrubs, natives of Amer- ica, Europe (one species), and Asia, but mostly tropical.
The character pervading the order is a pleasant aroma, and
123
The Botany of Hingham.
among the products are Cinnamon, Camphor, Cassia, and other medicinal barks, and a number of aromatic fruits and oils. The timber of some species is valuable.
Sassafras, Nees. officinale, Nees. Lindera, Thunb. Benzoin, Blume. Spice Bush.
66. SANTALACEZE. (SANDAL-WOOD FAMILY.)
An order of trees, shrubs, and herbs, natives of Europe, Amer- ica, Australia, and the East Indies. The European and North American species are herbaceous, while the trees occur in the East Indies and South Sea Islands. The celebrated Sandal-wood is a product of several species of this order. The family has medicinal properties, and a tea is made from the leaves of one species, while another (the Buffalo-tree or Oil Nut) yields an oil. Represented in Hingham by one insignificant species.
Comandra, Nutt.
umbellata, Nutt. Toad-flax.
67. EUPHORBIACEA. (SPURGE FAMILY.)
A family of about 2,500 species, comprising trees, shrubs, and herbs, natives chiefly of warm countries, especially tropical Amer- ica. The few Northern species are herbaceous. The plants of this order abound in an acrid juice, which, in nearly all of them, is poisonous. Many are valuable in medicine, furnishing Croton Oil, Castor Oil, Cascarilla Bark, etc. The fruits and seeds of some, and the starch of others (yielding Tapioca, etc.), are edible. The timber of some trees is valuable, - African Teak, for example. Caoutchouc is the product of several South American plants of this order. Some species yield various dyes and many are cultivated for their beauty.
Euphorbia, L. maculata, L. Spurge. Preslii, Guss. Cyparissias, L.
Acalypha, L.
Virginica, L. Three-seeded Mercury.
68. URTICACEA. (NETTLE FAMILY.)
A large and interesting order, embracing trees, shrubs, and herbs, principally natives of the tropics, although the temperate zones contain a considerable number.
The trees and shrubs have generally a milky juice, the herbs a watery one. This juice in some of the sub-orders is acrid and poisonous. The celebrated Bohon Upas, one of the deadliest
124
History of Hingham.
poisons known, is the concrete juice of one species found in the islands of the Indian Ocean. The hairs on the leaves of the nettles are proverbial for their stinging qualities. Notwithstand- ing the poisonous properties of the sap of some species, the cele- brated Cow-tree of South America supplies a milky juice which is wholesome and valuable as food or drink. This order also produces the Fig, Breadfruit, Mulberry, and other fruits, besides the Hop. Hemp, and Fustic, are also products of this family, as is Gum-lac. The famous Banyan-tree is one of the species.
Ulmus, L.
Americana, L. Elm. Celtis, Tourn. occidentalis, L. Hack-berry.
Urtica, Tourn. gracilis, Ait. Nettle. dioica, L. urens, L.
Pilea, Lindl. pumila, Gray. Richweed.
Bæhmeria, Jacq. cylindrica, Willd. False Nettle.
Cannabis, Tourn. sativa, L.
Parietaria, Tourn.
Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Pellitory. Rare.
69. PLATANACEZ. (PLANE-TREE FAMILY.)
An order of trees and shrubs, natives of the Levant, Barbary, and North America. The trees of this family are immense ; specimens of our only species having been found in the West, thirteen feet in diameter. A tree of the Oriental Plane (P. ori- entalis) standing on the bank of the Bosphorus, is 141 feet in circumference and believed to be 2,000 years old. The wood of the trees of this order is used in the arts.
Platanus, L.
occidentalis, L. Buttonwood.
70. JUGLANDACEZ. (WALNUT FAMILY.)
An important family, of about thirty species, principally in- habiting North America. It comprises trees of large size and imposing appearance, which are very useful in the arts ; fur- nishing valuable timber, besides affording a dye-stuff made from the husks and roots. Sugar similar to maple sugar is obtained from the sap, and the leaves and bark of some species are used in medicine. The fruit of many trees of this order is highly esteemed.
125
The Botany of Hingham.
Carya, Nutt.
alba, Nutt. Shag-bark Hickory. tomentosa, Nutt. Mocker-nut Hickory. porcina, Nutt. Pig-nut Hickory. amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut Hickory.
71. MYRICACEZE. (SWEET GALE FAMILY.)
A small family, inhabiting the temperate parts of North Amer- ica, India, South Africa, and Europe.' The fruit of the Bayberry affords a wax sometimes used in making candles.
Myrica, L.
cerifera, L. Bayberry. asplenifolia, Endl. Sweet Fern.
72. CUPULIFERÆE. (OAK FAMILY.)
This noble order comprises the Birch, Alder, Hornbeam, Hazel, Oak, Chestnut, and Beech. It inhabits principally the north temperate zone; but species are common as far south as the mountainous districts of the tropics. It contains trees of magnificent size and grandeur, and low shrubs.
Its importance to man, both in the arts and in medicine, and as furnishing food, is well known.
Betula, Tourn.
lenta, L. Black Birch. lutea, Mx. f. Yellow Birch. populifolia, Ait. White Birch.
papyrifera, Marsh. Canoe Birch. Rare.
Alnus, Tourn.
incana, Willd. Alder. serrulata, Willd. Smooth Alder.
Carpinus, L. Caroliniana, Walt. Hornbeam.
Ostrya, Micheli. Virginica, Willd. Hop Hornbeam.
Corylus, Tourn. Americana, Walt. Hazel. rostrata, Ait. Beaked Hazel.
Quercus, L.
alba, L. White Oak. bicolor, Willd. Swamp Oak. Prinus, L. Chestnut Oak. Muhlenbergii, Engel. Yellow Chestnut Oak. prinoides, Willd. Chinquapin Oak.
ilicifolia, Wang. Bear Oak.
coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak. tinctoria, Bartram. Black Oak. rubra, L. Red Oak.
126
History of Hingham.
Castanea, Tourn.
sativa, Mill., var. Americana. Chestnut.
Fagus, Tourn. ferruginea, Ait. Beech.
73. SALICACEA. (WILLOW FAMILY.)
This family, comprising the Willows and Poplars, is found almost entirely in the temperate and frigid zones. Two species are the most northern woody plants known. The order embraces trees and shrubs; some trees reaching a height of eighty feet, and certain species of the shrubs, in alpine and arctic regions, rising scarcely more than an inch from the ground. The family is variously useful in the arts and valuable in medicine, and the leaves and young shoots furnish fodder for cattle in some countries.
Salix, Tourn.
alba, L., var. vitellina, Koch. White Willow.
tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.
humilis, Marsh.
discolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow.
sericea, Marsh. Silky Willow.
petiolaris, Smith. Petioled Willow.
rostrata, Richard. Livid Willow.
lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow.
nigra, Marsh. Black Willow.
myrtilloides, L. Myrtle Willow.
Populus, Tourn.
tremuloides, Mx. American Aspen. grandidentata, Mx. Large-toothed Poplar. balsamifera, L., var. candicans, Gray. Balm of Gilead.
74. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. (HORNWORT FAMILY.)
Aquatic plants growing in slow streams and ponds.
Ceratophyllum, L.
demersum, L. Hornwort.
75. CONIFERA. (PINE FAMILY.)
An order of evergreen trees and shrubs, common to the tem- perate and torrid zones, but more extensive in the former regions. The tropical species differ entirely from those existing in cold climates. The family embraces both low shrubs and some of the tallest trees in the world ; the gigantic Pines and Redwoods of Cali- fornia. It is of great importance to man, furnishing timber, tur- pentine, tar, pitch, and resin, besides certain oils. The seeds of some species are esculent, and the order is of value in medicine.
127
The Botany of Hingham.
Chamæcyparis, Spach.
sphæroidea, Spach. White Cedar.
Juniperus, L. communis, L. Juniper. Virginiana, L. Red Cedar.
Pinus, Tourn.
rigida, Miller. Pitch Pine.
strobus, L. White Pine.
Picea, Link.
nigra, Link. Black Spruce.
Tsuga, Carr.
Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock.
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS : ENDOGENS.
76. ORCHIDACEAE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)
A vast family of mostly herbaceous plants, although some in the tropics are shrubs. Many of the orchids are epiphytes ; plants growing on living or dead trees, but drawing sustenance from the air. They are natives of all parts of the world, but most numerous in the tropical forests of America, and are re- markable for the extreme beauty and odd structure of their flowers, as well as for the grotesque character of the stems and roots of many species. The root tubercles of a few species fur- nish the ingredients of a nutritious article of food. Vanilla is a product of a climbing shrub belonging to the order. Only a few species grow in the United States.
Corallorhiza, Haller. 1 multiflora, Nutt. Coral-root.
Spiranthes, Rich.
cernua, Rich. Ladies' Tresses.
gracilis, Big.
Goodyera, R. Br.
repens, R. Br. Rattlesnake Plantain.
pubescens, R. Br.
Arethusa, Gronov. bulbosa, L.
Calopogon, R. Br.
pulchellus, R. Br.
Pogonia, Juss.
ophioglossoides, Nutt. Habenaria, Willd.
tridentata, Hook.
blephariglottis, Torr. White Fringed Orchis. virescens, Spreng.
lacera, R. Br. Ragged Orchis.
psycodes, Gray. Fringed Orchis.
fimbriata, R. Br. Large Fringed Orchis. Cypripedium, L.
acaule, Ait. Ladies' slipper.
128
History of Hingham.
77. IRIDACEAE. (IRIS FAMILY.)
Herbaceous plants, with tuberous roots, natives of the Cape of Good Hope, Central Europe, and North America. They are celebrated more for their beauty than for use, although some are medicinal and the root-stocks of a few are edible. Saffron is the product of one species.
The Flower-de-Luce, Crocus, and Gladiolus are of this family. Iris, Tourn.
versicolor, L. º Blue Flag. prismatica, Pursh. Slender Flag.
Sisyrinchium, L. anceps, Cav. Blue-eyed Grass. angustifolium, Mill.
78. AMARYLLIDACEAE. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)
Generally bulbous herbs, mostly tropical, furnishing our gar- dens with some of their most splendid flowers. A few species have poisonous properties. The celebrated Mexican drink, pulque, is made from the Agave.
Hypoxis, L.
erecta, L. Star-grass.
79. LILIACEAE. (LILY FAMILY.)
A large family of principally herbaceous plants, with generally bulbiferous roots, found mostly in the warmer portions of the temperate zones. A few tropical species arc trees or shrubs. The order embraces many of our most beautiful wild and cultivated plants. Some species are useful in medicine, furnishing squills, aloes, etc. A few such as Onion, Garlic, Asparagus, are edible. Some are used in the arts.
Smilax, Tourn.
rotundifolia, L. Greenbrier. glauca, Walt. Rare. herbacea, L. Carrion-flower.
Asparagus, Tourn. officinalis, L.
Polygonatum, Tourn.
biflorum, Ell. Solomon's Seal.
Smilacina, Desf.
racemosa, Desf. stellata, Desf.
Maianthemum, Wigg. Canadense, Desf. Low Solomon's Seal.
Hemerocallis, L.
fulva, L. Day Lily.
129
The Botany of Hingham.
Allium, L.
vineale, L. Garlic. Canadense, Kalm.
Muscari, Tourn. botryoides, Mill. Grape Hyacinth. Rare.
Ornithogalum, Tourn. umbellatum, L. Star of Bethlehem.
Lilium, L. Philadelphicum, L. Orange Lily. Canadense, L. Yellow Lily.
Erythronium, L. Americanum, Ker. Dog-toothed Violet.
Oakesia, Watson. sessilifolia, Watson. Bellwort. Clintonia, Raf. borealis, Raf. Rare.
Medeola, Gronov.
Virginiana, L. Cucumber-root.
Trillium, L.
cernuum, L. Nodding Trillium.
Veratrum, Tourn.
viride, Ait. Hellebore.
80. PONTEDERIACEA. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.)
Aquatic herbs, natives of America and tropical Asia and Africa, growing in shallow water.
Pontederia, L.
cordata, L. Pickerel-weed.
81. XYRIDACEAE. (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.)
Sedge-like herbs, natives of the tropics, with few species in- digenous northward.
Xyris, Gronov.
flexuosa, Muhl. Yellow-eyed Grass.
82. JUNCACEZ. (RUSH FAMILY.)
Grassy or Sedgy herbs, generally natives of temperate zones, growing in dry or marshy grounds.
Luzula, D C. campestris, D C. Wood Rush.
Juncus, Tourn. effusus, L. Bulrush. Balticus, Dethard, var. littoralis, Engel. bufonius, L. VOL. I. - 9
130
History of Hingham.
Gerardi, Loisel. Black Grass.
tenuis, Willd.
Greenii, Oakes & Tuck.
pelocarpus, E. Meyer.
acuminatus, Mx.
scirpoides, Lam.
Canadensis, J. Gay.
Canadensis var. longicaudatus, Engel.
83. TYPHACEA. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)
An order of marsh herbs common to all portions of the earth. The young shoots of some species are edible. The pollen is inflammable, and used in fireworks. The flags, or leaves, are made into chair-seats. One of the species is the Cat-o'-nine-tails. Typha, Tourn. latifolia, L. Cat-tail.
Sparganium, Tourn.
simplex, Hudson. Bur-reed.
simplex, Huds., var. androcladum, Engel.
84. ARACEA. (ARUM FAMILY.)
A large family, principally inhabiting the tropics. They are mostly herbaceous, though some tropical species are shrubby. Certain plants of the order are esculent, and others medicinal. Some species are very poisonous, if eaten.
Arisæma, Mart. triphyllum, Torr. Indian Turnip.
Peltandra, Raf. undulata, Raf. Arrow Arum.
Calla, L. palustris, L. Water Arum.
Symplocarpus, Salis. fœtidus, Salis. Skunk Cabbage.
Acorus, L. Calamus, L. Sweet Flag.
85. LEMNACEA. (DUCK-WEED FAMILY.)
These are the simplest, and some species are the smallest, of flowering plants. They float free on the top of the water, having no stems.
Lemna, L. trisulca, L. Duck-weed. minor, L.
Spirodela, Schleid. polyrrhiza, Schleid.
131
The Botany of Hingham.
86. ALISMACEA. (WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY.)
An order of marsh or water plants, chiefly natives of northern latitudes. The root-stock of one species is esculent; otherwise the family is of no use to man.
Sagittaria, L.
variabilis, Englm. Arrow-head.
87. NAIADACEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)
Aquatic plants found in both salt and fresh waters in all countries.
Triglochin, L.
maritima, L. Arrow-grass.
Potamogeton, Tourn.
natans, L. Pondweed.
Pennsylvanicus, Cham.
hybridus, Mx. pulcher, Tuck.
pauciflorus, Pursh. pucillus, L.
Zostera, L. marina, L. Eel-grass.
Ruppia, L. maritima. Ditch-grass.
88. ERIOCAULEZE. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.)
An order of plants growing in or contiguous to water, and mostly natives of South America. But one species has been found in Hingham. This grows on the borders of ponds, only a few inches high ; but in deep water the stem attains a length · of several feet.
Eriocaulon, L.
septangulare, With. Pipewort.
89. CYPERACEAE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)
An order of plants akin to the Grasses, which occur in all zones. They are generally of low growth, although some species, as the Bulrush and Papyrus, reach a respectable size. The family is of little importance as compared with the Grasses, although the Egyptian Papyrus was of great value for a num- ber of purposes in ancient times, and the Bulrush and Cotton Grass are now used in the arts. A few species are esculent or medicinal.
Cyperus, Tourn. diandrus, Torr. Nuttallii, Torr.
132
History of Hingham.
dentatus, Torr. esculentus, L. strigosus, L. filiculmis, Vahl.
Dulichium, Pers. spathaceum, Pers.
Eleocharis, R. Br. ovata, R. Br. palustris, R. Br. tenuis, Schult. acicularis, R. Br.
Fimbristylis, Vahl.
autumnalis, Rom. & Schult. capillaris, Gray.
Scirpus, Tourn.
subterminalis, Torr. Club-Rush. pungens, Vahl. lacustris, L. maritimus, L. atrovirens, Muhl.
Eriophorum, L. cyperinum, L. Virginicum, L. Cotton-grass. polystachyon, L.
Rhynchospora, Vahl.
alba, Vahl. Beak-Rush.
glomerata, Vahl.
Carex, L. folliculata, L.
intumescens, Rudge.
lupulina, Muhl. lurida, Wahl.
Pseudo-Cyperus, L. var. Americana Hochst. scabrata, Schw.
vestita, Willd. riparia, W. Curtis.
filiformis, L. var. latifolia, Boeckl.
stricta, Lam. var. angustata, Bailey.
stricta, Lam. var. decora, Bailey. crinita, Lam. virescens, Muhl. debilis, Mx. var. Rudgei, Bailey. gracillima, Schw. flava, L. pallescens, L. conoidea, Schk. laxiflora, Lam.
laxiflora, Lam. var. patulifolia, Carey. laxiflora, Lam. var. striatula, Carey. platyphylla, Carey. .
133
The Botany of Hingham.
. panicea, L.
Pennsylvanica, Lam. varia, Muhl. stipata, Muhl. vulpinoidea, Mx. rosea, Schk.
muricata, L.
Muhlenbergii, Sckh.
echinata, Murr. var. cephalantha, Bailey.
echinata, Murr. var. microstachys, Boeckl.
canescens, L.
trisperma, Dewey. bromoides, Schk.
scoparia, Schk. silicea, Olney. straminea, Willd. var. aperta, Boott.
straminea, Willd. var. fonea, Torr.
90. GRAMINEÆE. (GRASS FAMILY.)
An order of plants growing all over the world, but most preva- lent in the temperate zones, where they cover the ground with a low turf. In the tropics they rise to the stature of trees, as in the bamboos, and grow in an isolated manner, never forming a turf. This family, of about four thousand species, is of all the orders of plants the most useful to man. It comprehends all the grains, the farinaceous seeds of which form a chief part of human food, and the grasses furnish a very great proportion of the fodder upon which cattle live. Sugar is the product of a grass. The malt, and many spirituous liquors are made from fruit of some of the species. Many are used in the arts and a few yield oil.
Only one species has been supposed to be poisonous, and the best authorities consider the supposition erroneous.
Paspalum, L. setaceum, Mx.
Panicum, L.
filiforme, L. glabrum, Gaudin. sanguinale, L. Crab-grass. agrostoides, Muhl. proliferum, Lam.
capillare, L. virgatum, L. latifolium, L. clandestinum, L. dichotomum, L.
numerous varieties. depauperatum, Muhl. Crus-galli, L. Barn-yard Grass.
134
History of Hingham.
Setaria, Beauv.
glauca, Beauv. Foxtail. viridis, Beauv. Bottle Grass.
Cenchrus, L. tribuloides, L. Hedgehog-Grass.
Spartina, Schreb.
cynosuroides, Willd. Marsh Grass. juncea, Willd. stricta, Roth. var. glabra, Gray.
Zizania, Gronov. aquatica, L. Wild Rice.
Leersia, Swartz. oryzoides, Sw. White Grass.
Andropogon, Royen.
furcatus, Muhl. Beard Grass.
scoparius, Mx. macrourus, Mx. Rare.
Chrysopogon, Trin. nutans, Benth. Broom Corn.
Anthoxanthum, L.
odoratum, L. Sweet Vernal Grass.
Hierochloe, Gmel. borealis, Rom. & Schult. Holy Grass.
Alopecurus, L.
pratensis, L. Meadow Foxtail. geniculatus, L. Floating Foxtail. geniculatus var. aristulatus, Mx.
Aristida, L. Poverty Grass. dichotoma, Mx. gracilis, Ell. purpurascens, Poir. Rare.
Oryzopsis, Mx. asperifolia, Mx. Mountain Rice.
Muhlenbergia, Schreb. capillaris, Kunth. Hair Grass. Rare.
Brachyelytrum, Beauv. aristatum, Beauv.
Phleum, L. pratense, L. Herd's Grass.
Sporobolus, R. Br. asper, Kunth. Rush Grass. vaginæflorus, Vasey. serotinus, Gray. Drop-seed Grass.
Agrostis, L. perennans, Tuck. Thin Bent Grass. scabra, Willd. Hair Grass. alba, L. White Bent Grass. alba, L., var. vulgaris, Thurb. Red Top.
135
The Botany of Hingham.
Calamagrostis, Adans. Canadensis, Beauv. Blue Joint Grass. Nuttalliana, Steud.
Ammophila, Host. arundinacea, Host. Sea Sand Reed.
Cinna, L.
arundinacea, L. Wood Reed Grass.
Deschampsia, Beauv. flexuosa, Trin. Hair Grass.
Holcus, L. lanatus, L. Velvet Grass.
Danthonia, D C. spicata, Beauv. Oat Grass. compressa, Austin.
Eragrostis, Beauv. minor, Host. pectinacea, Gr. var. spectabilis, Gray.
Triodia, R. Br.
purpurea, Hack. Sand Grass.
Phragmites, Trin. communis, Trin. Reed.
Briza, L. media, L.
Dactylis, L. glomerata, L. Orchard Grass.
Distichlis, Raf. maritima, Raf. Spike Grass.
Poa, L.
annua, L. Low Spear Grass. compressa, L. Wire Grass. serotina, Ehrhart. Fowl-meadow Grass. pratensis, L. Kentucky Blue Grass. trivialis, L. Rough Blue Grass.
Glyceria, R. Br.
Canadensis, Trin. Rattlesnake Grass. obtusa, Trin. nervata, Trin. pallida, Trin. fluitans, R. Br. acutiflora, Torr.
Puccinellia, Parl. distans, Parl. maritima, Parl. -
Festuca, L. tenella, Willd. Fescue Grass. ovina, L. Sheep's Grass. elatior, L. var. pratensis, Gray. Tall Grass. nutans, Willd. Nodding Grass.
136
History of Hingham.
Bromus, L.
secalinus, L. Chess. mollis, L. Soft Chess. ciliatus, L. tectorum, L. Rare.
Agropyrum, Gært. repens, Beauv. Quitch Grass.
Elymus, L. Virginicus, L. Lyme Grass. striatus, Willd.
Lolium, L.
perenne, Ray or Rye Grass.
CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
91. EQUISETACEZ. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.)
A family of one genus, growing on wet or low grounds. The fossil remains found in coal deposits, show that these plants were once of enormous size, and formed a large part of the original plant life of the globe; but the few species which exist now comprise low, simple, or in some cases branched plants, leafless, and hav- ing jointed hollow stems. They abound in silex, and are used somewhat in the arts.
Equisetum, L.
arvense, L. Horsetail. sylvaticum, L.
92. FILICES. (FERNS.)
One of our most beautiful orders of plants which, in the early history of the globe, formed a very considerable part of its flora. They were of great size, and our vast coal-fields are largely com- posed of the fossil remains of ferns. With us they are low and slender, but in warmer regions they attain the size of small trees.
Polypodium, L. vulgare, L. Polypody.
Pteris, L. aquilina, L. Brake.
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