USA > Massachusetts > Worcester County > Lancaster > History of the town of Lancaster, Massachusetts : from the first settlement to the present time, 1643-1879 > Part 31
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But he, in common with all the clergy, had much to con- tend against in the spirit of the times. The proof is abun- dant that there was a low state of morals, throughout the land, during the last quarter of the eighteenth century. The lax- ity began before the Revolution, and, with local exceptions, lasted down to the time of the great temperance and reli- gious reformation in the first third of the present century.
The influence of camp life ; of absence from home ; of po- litical contention ; of French infidelity, and of the free use of imported and home-made intoxicants, went far to counteract the power of domestic training in the ways of pristine mo- rality and virtue, and the power of the pulpit in leading to the
393
INTEMPERANCE.
fear and love of God. Reckless speculation, horse jockey- ing, gambling, lottery drawing, litigation, loose living and in- temperance combined to lower the tone of thinking and living. The vice of intemperance, especially, became fearfully preva- lent. It rarely invaded the ministry, but it left its foul marks upon the records of the church ; and in the community at large its havoc was wide-spread and deadly. In the words of many who remember the men who lived in the end of the last and the opening of the present century : " everybody used to get drunk." This is, of course, a free expression, not claiming to be precise, but it contains a true charge. Everybody drank ; many drank freely, and to frequent intoxication ; a large num- ber became sots, and if they did not die early, passed a sad and shameful old age. In these regards the former times were not better than those in which we live. Perhaps the lowest point of demoralization, in the large sense of the word, was reached about the year 1800 ; since which time society has been on the ascending grade.
CHAPTER XVIII.
GENERAL HISTORY OF THE TOWN FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE CENTURY, 1801, TO THE YEAR 1843.
IN the opening of the century, John Adams was still presi- dent of the United States, in which office he continued till the fourth of March. Caleb Strong was governor of Massachu- setts, a man of capacity and energy, and strong in the confi- dence of the people. The sentiment of Lancaster was almost unanimous in the support of the chief magistrate of the state and the nation. In this allegiance to the federal policy of Washington the town never wavered. State rights and na- tional supremacy were united in the view of the voters ; or more correctly speaking, they held that both the state and the national governments were sovereign in their spheres, and that the body of the people were under God, the source of power.
During the one hundred and fifty-seven years since the first three habitations were set up in this valley, and the one hun- dred and forty-seven since the town was incorporated, great changes had occurred. Besides the revolutions which had taken place in Great Britain, and which had affected the colo- nies in all their interests, our own revolution had severed the connection between the colonies and the mother country. All these events were a part of the education of the people during successive generations, by which their minds were stimulated to thought, and specially trained in political science.
Local changes had kept pace with the progress of external events. The town had been shorn of its magnificent propor- tions, and reduced to about one-third of its former size. The natives had disappeared. The wild beasts had been extermi-
394
395
FLETCHER'S REMINISCENCES.
nated. The forests had been laid open to cultivation. The land had been cleared of stumps and stones. The rivers had been bridged, and made subservient to human use by means of numerous mills for cutting lumber, working in iron, and dressing cloth. The early log cabins, and one-story houses had given place to substantial, convenient, and in some cases, elegant residences. The schools had undergone gradual im- provement, and there had been progress in general intelli- gence and refinement.
In regard to education and manners, there had been a mark- ed difference between a few families and the mass of the town, from the first, through all generations. The former had been in close connection with kindred families in Boston and other ancient towns, and thus were familiar with the literature and the usages of cultivated society. But the generality of the inhabitants, though plain in dress, and homely in manners, were sensible, independent and self-respectful. They were of the true Puritan stock, and raised families of their own ways of thinking. Thus the town maintained its highly respect- able position in comparison with other towns, and also sent off successive swarms to build up other communities.
FLETCHER'S REMINISCENCES.
The pen of the venerable writer who gave us, on a former page, incidents in connection with the coming of the Carter and Fletcher families, has furnished the following reminiscen- ces of his early days. They give us a glimpse of life on George hill, and notes in relation to several prominent families in other parts of the town, near the beginning of the century.
" I recollect," writes Mr. Fletcher, " one old Mr. Carter who died about 1801. He was probably of the second generation. Of the third generation were living on their respective pater- nal farms, in my time, Joseph Carter, John Carter, Thomas Carter, and also Timothy Fletcher, Rufus Fletcher, William Fletcher, - all brothers and cousins. The children of these
396
HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
six families, of whom I was one, all went to school together at the red school-house* at the foot of George hill. These six families raised at least thirty-six children, only two of whom settled on the old homestead, viz., Alpheus Carter and Otis Fletcher. The former died in middle age, without issue ; the latter sold out and moved to Clinton where he now resides.
" Mary Ann Fletcher, daughter of Timothy, and great-grand- daughter of John and Hannah Fletcher, was the last of the Fletchers on George hill. She was of the fourth generation ; was born in 1798, and died in 1867. Other members of the family emigrated, and have descendants now in almost every state in the Union. Robert Fletcher, of the second genera- tion, settled west of Blue hill, on a part of the Carter grant, known long after as the Fletcher farm. Next to him resi- ded his sister Lydia, married to Abel Rugg: Their land was in a cold, rocky region. I have heard that Robert was killed by the Indians.
" I do not know the last of the Carters on George hill, but I believe none of them remain. Their descendants, like the Fletchers, are in many of the states where land and living are more easily obtained. The Wilder family is another fam- ily run out on the hill."
The Wilders are still numerous in other parts of the town, especially in the Center and South Lancaster. The Fletchers are represented by Charles T. Fletcher, nephew of the writer of the above. The Carter descendants in the town general- ly bear other names.
Our correspondent proceeds in his recollections as follows : "In January, 1809, a little past fifteen years of age, Ileft my native town for a situation in a store in Boston. My recol- lections are previous to that date. Of the old people whom I recollect faintly, are uncle Rugg, and his wife, aunt Lydia ; Capt. Elisha Rugg, and his brother who was called [nickname] Chippirous Rugg ; Mr. Moses Wilder; old Mr. Carter, per- haps the father of John Carter ; Ebenezer Allen and his wife. Her I saw again several years after her husband's death, dur-
* Not the present brick school-house.
-
397
FATHER'S COURTSHIP.
ing a visit from Boston to see my mother. I went with her to see aunt Allen. She was then about ninety-three years old, and her daughter Tabitha was near seventy-five ; and at that age she talked to her daughter just as though she was on- ly a child. "Tabby, bring a chair; Tabby, do this and do that,' etc. They had always lived together, and the relation between mother and child had never been broken. We were shown large hanks of linen thread that aunt Allen had spun that summer, on the little wheel. What interested my at- tention was aunt's discourse about father's courtship. She described him as a fine-looking, high-spirited young man, who rode a handsome, dapple-gray horse, and was altogether supe- rior to the other beaux who came to visit Mary. The distance between their houses was near three miles, quite a ride of a cold, frosty night, when the ground was covered with snow. She had much to say about the wedding day. She was mar- ried the next May, and moved into his father's house. His mother had then been dead eleven years. The original house was a log house. After a time a frame was built on the west end of the log house. Again, after a time, the log house was pulled down, and a frame built in its place ; probably on the occasion of Joshua's marriage.
" I recollect Mr. Moses Smith, the blacksmith ; Capt. Goss, the carpenter ; Josiah Flagg, town clerk, a principal citizen and storekeeper."
Next follows a view of Lancaster as it appeared to the youth- ful Fletcher in 1808. " Beginning at the George hill school- house, and going westward, the first house was Samuel Wil- der's, and adjoining, Calvin Wilder. Above the great hill, Maj. Fletcher. On the right hand road leading to Sterling, Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Stevenson, Capt. Elisha Rugg, Dr. Litta, [sic] ; and on the Sterling line, Joseph Peirce. Then in Sterling, Mr. Headley and the famous Capt. Thomas Wright. On the Worcester road, * first, William Wilder; then Moses Wilder, John Wilder, Capt. Gates, Esq. Thurston. From
* The branch on which Messrs. Bancroft, Pope and Tuttle now reside.
3.98
HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
the school-house, north,* Joseph Carter, Joshua Fletcher, John Carter, Rufus Fletcher, Polly Conquerette, Peter Os- good. On the lane leading west, [by Frank Taylor's new house, ] Thomas Carter, Isaac Rugg, Ephraim Carter, Jack Carter, widow Carter, Peter Divol. [In early times this was a county road, and the first road over George hill. ] On the road leading south from the school-house, Manasseh Wilder, Capt. Goss. On the road leading east from the school-house, [towards South Lancaster, ] Moses Smith, Capt. Ward, on the corner, [now Mrs. May Ware's, ] and farther east, on the Bos- ton road, [near the house of Mrs. Humphrey,] the splendid mansion of Dr. Atherton.
" Beginning at the meeting-house, and going south, (there was but one meeting-house, then, the old frame building which stood on the Common at the intersection of the roads, ) first was Squire Sprague's house, now occupied by his grandson, Mr. Vose, near the river. Then the new graveyard, then the minister's house, the Rev. Nathaniel Thayer. Then Mr. Josh- ua Fletcher, jr., Capt. Goodwin, Gowen Newman. A hat- ter's shop was on the other side. Opposite to Dr. Atherton's, the old store with a court and open place, and beyond a large two-story frame building, unpainted. In New Boston, (South Lancaster was then called New Boston, ) Squire Flagg's house and store ; the widow Flagg's house ; on the opposite (east) side, Mr. Ballard ; on the same (west) side, Mr. Bower's tav- ern. On the other side, a blacksmith's shop, and then Mrs. Sawyer, Mr. John Thurston's hatter's shop and house, and near by, his brother's house. At the corner of the road lead- ing [by Deers Horns ] to Worcester, the stage house and tav- ern. Thence on the road south, a dreary waste until we came to uncle Allen's house, nearly opposite to where Fuller's saw- mill is now located. Here I used to stop and rest when I went to mill. The picture is - an old horse loaded with bags of corn and rye, and a little boy ten years old put on top,- bare- foot, linsey-woolsey jacket and pants, a felt hat less the crown. That was me.
* This road went west of the house of Mr. Henry B. Stratton, up the hill, and so on to the road by David Matthews.
399
LOCATION OF FAMILIES.
" Uncle Allen owned about two hundred acres of land in that vicinity. Journeying thence south, the next house was Capt. Gould's, [the home of the poetess, Miss Hannah F. Gould,] and one other house, (I forget the name, ) and then I came to the mill, * where Clinton now stands. The mill and the miller's house was all of what is now Clinton. A loose sandy soil, with scrub oaks and acres of pine, and at the cross roads the district school-house, is my recollection of the site where the busy city [town] of Clinton now is. I suppose at that time much of the land might have been bought for five dollars an acre.
" My recollection of the Old Common is, Esq. Whiting's house on the south, and Gen. Whiting's house on the north side of the street, Capt. Lee's brick house, Mr. Safford's house and bakery, Jonathan Wilder, Horatio Carter, Mr. Pollard, &c.
" On the north road from the meeting-house, Maj. Rice, Mr. Prentice's store, the store-house, Mr. Sweetzer and others. On the north road, [through the North Village, ] Maj. Fisher, Mr. John Bennett, and ascending the hill, Dr. Carter's large house. Near Wekapeket brook, Mr. Lawton's house and one other, and the saw-mill. On the cross road south through the woods, Mr. Houghton, Mr. Osgood, uncle Rugg. These are some I remember in my boyhood ; also Esq. Stedman, Dea. Wales, Eli Stearns, and Mr. Torrey.
" The old people when they walked to church, wore white caps and broad-brim hats, and long, blue greatcoats, and walk- ed with long canes."
The following paragraph in regard to the value of land then and now, will be read with interest. "On George hill and the farming section, the price of land has remained nearly stationary. About the year 1804, my father bought two acres of Mr. Wilder for sixty-six and two-thirds dollars. About the year 1870, C. E. Blood who resides in the same house, married to my father's great-granddaughter, bought three acres from the same farm, adjoining the other, for one hundred dol- lars. No alteration in value for nearly seventy years. While
* The site of Prescott's mill.
400
HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
in the south part of Lancaster-now Clinton-land that might then have been bought for five dollars, is now worth more than five hundred dollars an acre."
In regard to means of travel, Mr. Fletcher states that in his boyhood, a stage coach left the Lancaster house three times a week. The following words give his appreciation of the scenery of his native town. "In beauty of landscape, hill and dale, river and mountain, Lancaster and its surround- ings, exceed any place which I have seen, and I have been in eighteen states in this Union."
ANNALS.
The proceedings of the annual March and subsequent meet- ings, will bring before us Lancaster as it was in the year of our Lord, 1801. Gen. John Whiting was moderator, Josiah Flagg was clerk, and Daniel Stearns, treasurer. Josiah Flagg, Joseph White and Thomas Ballard, were selectmen. The assessors were Jonas Lane, Samuel Ward, John Maynard. An auditing committee annually inspected accounts. This year the duty was performed by Timothy Whiting, Eli Stearns and Ebenezer Torrey. The school visitors were Rev. Nathan- iel Thayer, B. W. Willard, James Goodwin, William Gould, John Maynard, Jacob Fisher, William Stedman, Josiah Flagg, Timothy Whiting, John Thurston, John Hunt, Stephen Wil- der. These men belonged to certain districts, as follows. Wil- lard, No. 1 ; Goodwin, No. 2 ; Gould, No. 3; Maynard, No. 4; Fisher, No. 5; Stedman, No. 6; Flagg, No. 7; Whit- ing, No. 8; Thurston, No. 9; just as our schools are now numbered, with No. 6 dropped out. No. 10 was in Clinton. The Latin grammar school committee were Gen. Whiting, Maj. Rice and John Thurston. Their duty was to hire the master ; Mr. Thayer had the principal care of the school.
The committee chosen the preceding year to regulate or bound the districts, made a report substantially as follows, which was adopted.
401
BOUNDS OF DISTRICTS.
District No. 1. The inhabitants and estates living within a line drawn south of John White's farm, from the west bank of Nashua river, running westerly, north of the farm lately owned by Reuben Lippenwell, and Joseph Rugg; thence north, including the farm of John Mycall to Shirley line.
No. 2. The section of the town west of No. 1, to Leo- minster and Lunenburg lines.
No. 3. Nearly the same bounds as pertain to the present No. 3 school ; from south of Samuel Damon's, westerly to the small bridge north of Asa Warner's. This bridge is over Canoe brook, between the house of Mr. Sawtell and Shoeshank.
No. 4 was the Ballard hill, or Walnut swamp district, in- cluding Ponakin, but excluding a few families west of the bridge in North Village.
No. 5. The school-house was on the west side of the river, near the house of Mr. Power. At one time the river under- mined one side of the building. The district included some families near by, and extended easterly to the house of Caleb Lincoln, where Thomas Blood now lives ; thence northerly to Quassaponakin brook.
No. 6 took in the whole Neck, east and west roads, souther- ly to the Sprague, Center and old Neck bridges. The school- house was near the railroad-crossing north of the house of S. R. Damon. At the same time the Latin grammar school was between the houses of Mr. Stowell and Mr. Symmes.
No. 7 began at the river south of Sawyer's bridge, [now Carter's mill,] and went westerly over George hill, (between the house of George A. Parker and the summit,) to Ster- ling line. It included George hill and South Lancaster.
No. 8 included the Old Common and the roads extending south to the bend of the river.
No. 9 took in all of Deers Horns, and extended, on the west side of Mossy and Sandy ponds, to the Boylston line.
Nos. 10 and 11 included all the rest of what now belongs to Clinton on both sides of the river. The present Center and South Lancaster, now Nos. 11 and 10 had no separate school.
26
402
HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
The town treasurer was directed to dispose of what stock the town held in United States funds. The amount was not large : $104.76.
The committee on the Center bridge were empowered to build according to a specified model.
The selectmen were authorized to license Dr. Israel Ather- ton to " inoculate for the small-pox to ascertain the efficacy of kine-pox."
On the fifth of April the town cast ninety-two votes for Gov. Strong, and forty-seven for Hon. Elbridge Gerry.
For the new burying field, (now the Middle cemetery,) fifty-six dollars were appropriated. The Old Common bury- ing yard was fenced at an expense of about thirty dollars. Eight hundred dollars were raised for highways. The roads had been damaged by a great flood. The price of labor on the highways was fixed as follows. Man's labor, eight cents per hour. Pair of oxen, five cents ; horse, three cents ; cart, two cents ; plough, one cent.
It was the practice of the town, during several years, to put the great bridges under the care of certain men. The assign- ment this year was :
Edward Goodwin,
Sprague ·
bridge.
Ebenezer Torrey,
·
Neck
Jonathan Wilder,
·
Atherton
Daniel Stearns,
. Paul Whiting's 66
William Haskell,
. White's
Josiah Bowers,
·
Paul Sargent's
The Center bridge was not yet built, and Ponakin bridge had been washed away.
The subscriptions for the new road from the corner of Gen. Whiting's land, (Old Common,) to the guide post near Lan- caster meeting-house, to be a post road instead of the old Neck road, and to be paid in labor or materials, were accord- ing to this list.
403
HORSE-THIEVES.
John Sprague, .
$100 Paul Faulkner,
. $5
Nathaniel Arnold, .
20
Thomas Safford,
. 15
Thomas Ballard,
15 Prentiss and Atherton, .
. 10
Jacob Fisher, .
6 Paul Whiting,
.
5
Merrick Rice, .
30
Stephen Wilder,
·
5
Oliver Carter,
15
Samuel Wilder, 2d .
·
5
William Stedman,
20
Samuel Ward,
15
Timothy Whiting, .
30
Abner Pollard,
5
Total,
$311.00
Richard Haven,
10
In May, Samuel Ward was chosen representative to the general court, and the vote for candidates for congress gave the following result. Gen. John Whiting, seventy-eight ; Jabez Upham, Esq., forty-five; Seth Hastings, Esq., four. There was no choice, and at the next trial Mr. Upham was dropped, when Gen. Whiting had eighty-six votes to ninety- five for Mr. Hastings. The latter carried the district.
The committee to consider and report on building Ponakin bridge and repair the road, were John Whiting, Jonathan Wil- der, Jonas Fairbank, John Carter, Jonathan Whitney, Asa Warner, Benjamin Wyman.
In August a plan was adopted with reference to pursuing and capturing horse-thieves, who then infested the region. On the ninth of November the plan was enlarged, and thieves of every kind were included. Two if not three lawyers were on the committee, viz., Merrick Rice, William Stedman and Ebenezer Torrey. Probably it was hoped that a committee full charged with law would be a terror to evil doers. Perhaps it was at this time, and in reference to this state of morals, that the following lines were written by a cynical rhymster, who had some wit, but whose head, at times, was a little daft.
"Lancaster, a long and narrow strip of land, Cursed at each end, and in the middle damned ; With well-fed jockies thickly peopled o'er, A fair outside, and truly-nothing more."
The building of Ponakin bridge was finally committed to John Maynard, Jacob Fisher and Daniel Laughton. This closes the municipal history of the year.
404
HISTORY OF LANCASTER.
LIST OF VOTERS.
A roll of names is an important element of history. In the history of a nation we look for the names of the actors. But as the limits of such history forbid the insertion of many names, we are, of necessity, confined to those who filled the highest places. A town history is nothing without a multiplicity of facts, and the more names can find a place the better for the work. This is a sufficient reason for inserting the following list of voters in the town in the year 1807. These men, with those who had recently passed away, and those who soon were added to the list, were the town, in its corporate capacity, for a whole generation. The list was found among papers relating to Lancaster in the library of the Antiquarian Society, Worcester.
Allen, Ebenezer,
Carter, Oliver,
Allen, Samuel,
Carter, Solomon,
Atherton, Israel,
Carter, Thomas,
Chase, Charles,
Fisher, Jacob,
Atherton, Peter, Baldwin, Oliver, Ballard, Jeremiah,
Chinnery, Thaddeus,
Flagg, Josiah, Fletcher, Joshua,
Ballard, John,
Clark, James,
Ballard, Thomas,
Cook, Aaron,
Barrett, Jonathan,
Daby, Nathan,
Barrett, Reuben,
Damon, Samuel,
Fuller, Edward, Fuller, James,
Bennett, Elisha,
Damon, Samuel, jr.,
Fuller, Solomon,
Bennett, Nathan,
Divol, Ephraim,
Gates, Abraham,
Bennett, Thomas, jr., Blanchard, William, Bowers, Josiah,
Divol, Peter, Dolleson, John,
Goodwin, Edward,
Brigham, Ephraim,
Eager, Horace,
Burbank, Nathaniel,
Eaton, Nathaniel,
Goss, Daniel, jr.,
Buterick, Horatio G., Carter, Calvin, Carter, Ephraim,
Elder, James, jr., Emerson, Elias, Emerson, Ephraim, Fairbank, Cyrus, Fairbank, Jonas, Fairbank, Jonas, jr.,
Goss, John,
Goss, John, jr., Gould, Nathaniel, Gould, William,
Carter, James, jr., Carter, John,
Harris, Daniel,
Haskell, Elias,
Carter, John, jr., Carter, John, 3d,
Fales, Jeremiah, Fales, Jeremiah, jr.,
Farwell, Joseph, Farwell, Leonard, Faulkner, Paul,
Clark, Gregory,
Fletcher, Timothy, Fletcher, William,
Divol, Manassah,
Gates, Thomas,
Goodwin, James, Goodwin, John, Goss, Daniel,
Carter, James,
Haskell, Henry,
405
LIST OF VOTERS.
Haskell, Israel, Haven, Richard, Hawks, John, Hawks, John, jr., Hayden, Daniel, Haywood, Moses, Hazen, Ebenezer, Hildreth, Micah, Hildreth, David, Hiller, Joseph, Hosley, John, Houghton, Benjamin 2d Houghton, Oliver, Howe. Thomas, Hudson, Robert, Hyde, John, Johnson, Aaron, Johnson, Aaron, jr., Johnson, Jonas, Jones, Aaron, Jones, Moses, Jones, Samuel, Jones, Samuel, jr., Joslyn, Jonas, Joslyn, Samuel, Keyes, Daniel, Knight, Charles E., Knight, Manasseh, Laughton, Daniel, Lawson, James, Leach, Joseph, Lewis, Charles, Lewis, Timothy, Lincoln, Caleb, Lincoln, Jacob, Low, Edward,
Low, Nathaniel, jr., Lyon, John, Lyon, Luther, Mallard, Abraham, Mallard, James,
Maynard, John, Mead, Theodore, Newman, Gowen B., Newman, Joseph, Newhall, Pliny, Nichols, Joseph, Oliver, Joel,
Osgood, Ephraim,
Osgood, Joel,
Osgood, Moses,
Peabody, Calvin, Phelps, Abijah,
Phelps, George, Phelps, Robert,
Phelps, Sylvester,
Pollard, Abner, Pollard, Gardner,
Pollard, John,
Prentiss, John,
Prescott, John,
Townshend, Robert,
Turner, Nathaniel,
Rice, Benjamin, Rice, Ezekiel, Rice, Joseph,
Wales, Joseph, Ward, Samuel,
Rice, Merrick,
Warner, Asa,
Rogers. Joseph,
Wheeler, Reuben,
Robbins, John,
Robbins, John, 2d,
Rugg, Aaron,
Rugg, Abel,
Whiting, Timothy,
Rugg, Abijah,
Rugg, Daniel,
Rugg, Elijah,
Whittemore, Nathaniel,
Rugg, Ephraim,
Whittemore, Nath'l jr.,
Rugg, Isaac, Rugg, Joseph,
Wilder, Abel,
Wilder, Ebenezer,
Safford, Thomas,
Wilder, Calvin,
Sargent, John,
Wilder, Gardner,
Sargent, Seth,
Wilder, Joel,
Wilder, John,
Wilder, Jonathan,
Wilder, Manasseh,
Wilder, Samuel,
Sawyer, Luther,
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