USA > Massachusetts > Hampden County > Holyoke > Holyoke old and new : a chronological history together with an account of the fiftieth anniversary celebration of the incorporation of Holyoke, Massachusetts as a city : 1873-1923 > Part 4
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The story of Holyoke lies in its industrial de- velopments, its engineering successes starting with the imprisoning of the power of the Connecticut to pave the way for the industries which have carried the name of Holyoke to all parts of the world. While Holyoke is widely heralded as "the Paper City," it
LOOKING NORTHEAST FROM CITY HALL TOWER IN 1923.
HOLYOKE
BROLD and NEW
FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
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also harbors the largest silk mills and alpaca mills in America and its textile industries are rated second to few in the country.
While the Industrial advance has been ultra- rapid, municipal progress has kept pace and has been characterized by the erection of the steam railroad from this city to Westfield and the application of the principle of municipal ownership of various enterprises such as the Holyoke Gas and Electric Company.
Education in Holyoke has always been of a high standard since the founding of "Baptist Academy" in 1808 in Baptist Village (Elmwood) to the present day system which with its almost unlimited facilities is rated as one of the best in New England.
Holyoke is well known throughout New England for its fine spirit of democracy and evidence of its patriotism has been heralded afar by men who have gone forth from here to participate in every war in
the early history of the country, up to and including the recent world war when the achievements of the progressive and patriotic people of the city which sent forth over four thousand men and women to take part in the struggle, that the democracy, which is so dear to their hearts, might prevail throughout the world. Further testimony is offered by the fact that Holyoke "went over the top" on every war drive held here.
A characteristic of Holyoke people is their in- domitable spirit which spurs them on to big achieve- ments industrially and municipally. Evidence of this spirit was manifested in the celebration of Holyoke's Fiftieth Anniversary held August 31, Sept. 1 and 2. With a historical pageant and other exer- cises Holyoke fittingly observed its Fiftieth year as a city. With the thought of this celebration still in mind it is hard to concieve of any reason why Holyoke will not continue in the future even as it did in the past.
HOLYOKE RAOLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
CHRONOLOGY OF HOLYOKE INTRODUCTION 1620 -December 21. Pymouth, Mass. was settled. 1630 -In May, Dorchester and Boston were settled. 1635-36-Hartford, Windsor and Wethersfield, Conn., and Springfield, Mass., were settled.
In 1636 William Pynchon and Associates had obtained the title to all the lands on both sides of the river, from the southerly part of Northampton, to the Connecticut line.
West Springfield was settled.
1654-56 Land grants were given on Chicopee Plain, the northern section of the Second parish, which included the area now occupied by Holyoke.
1662
-Hampshire County was incorporated May 7. A country road was built running from Northampton to Windsor, Conn.
1674 -Holyoke was settled by a family by name Riley and shortly after came the Gieason, Bagg, Foster, Day and Ely families.
1675-76-King Philip's war. Engagements in this section.
Destruction of Brookfield.
Battle at foot of Sugar Loaf mountain, on August 25th.
October 5th, Springfield was burned.
1676 -General court ordered that forces assemble at Springfield. King Philips' death occurred on August 12th.
M
HIGH STREET WITH 50TH ANNIVERSARY DECORATIONS -- (LOOKING NORTHI)
HOLYOKE
BRÅOLD and NEW
FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
MAIN STREET SHOWING OLD SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH AND TOWER (CENTER BACKGROUND) AND LYMAN STREET BRIDGE OVER SECOND LEVEL CANAL.
1683
-John Riley was given a land grant in "Upper Wigwamis" (A site in the immed- iate vicinity of Riley Brook, which, ,in entering the Connecticut River, now marks the boundary line between this city and West Springfield.)
Shortly after Gleason was given a land grant and located on Tannery Brook. (Just west of what is now Homestead Avenue.)
1696
-By an act of the General Court, West Springfield was established as a Second Parish, under the jurisdiction of Spring- field, the shire town of Hampden County.
1704
-An attack was made by Indians at Deer- field on February 29th. In May, Indians led by French officers raided the Mount Tom Junction settlement, which at that time consisted of 31 people. Nineteen were killed and three carried to Canada.
At the same time ten Indians assulted the home of Captain Benjamin Wright at Smiths Ferry, but were repulsed and fin- ally withdrew.
1707 -By an act of the General Court, Spring- field divided the west side lands among the townsmen and under this provision, each male person having passed his twenty- first year, was permitted to share in the division.
By this act, more than half a dozen families in Ireland parish received grants.
1725 -Five Baptists of Ireland Parish were bap- tized by Rev. Elisha Callender of Boston.
1729 -There were at this time six Baptist fam- ilies located in Baptist Village (Elmwood).
1740 -Baptist Church was founded in Feeding Hills.
Colonel Benjamin Ely, Captain Joseph Ely, and Asahel Chapin, three members of Ire- land parish, joined the church.
1744-48-"Old French War."
During this time the valley was again infested by scalping parties of Indians and the settlers were obliged to maintain scout- ing parties to protect the settlements.
HOLYOKE
BÅOLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
TOP ROW-(LEFT TO RIGHT)-OLD LADIES' HOME; PUBLIC LIBRARY ; CITY HOSPITAL. MIDDLE ROW-(LEFT TO RIGHT) -- NURSES' HOME (CITY HOSPITAL) ; CITY HALL; ARMORY. BOTTOM ROW-(LEFT TO RIGHT)-U. S. POST OFFICE; PROVIDENCE HOSPITAL; CENTRAL ENGINE HOUSE.
HOLYOKEEROLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
OLD VIEW LOOKING NORTHWEST FROM CITY HALL TOWER.
In June of 1745, the capture of Louisburg, Cape Breton, took place and the besieging army was composed of provincial troops from Massachusetts and included one regi- ment drawn entirely from old Hampshire County.
Two other important events during these years in which men from this section took part were the defense of Fort Massachusetts in Adams, Mass,, and that of Fort No. 4 at Charlestown, N. H. Seventeen families had settled in Ireland Parish.
In October of 1748 the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Aix la Chapelle.
1749
-Captain John Miller, a hero of the capture of Louisburg, arrived in Ireland Parish and built the Miller Inn (Crafts Tavern) on the County Road (Northampton Street, at the top of Dwight street.)
1750
Petition of Chicopee settlement, members of the First Parish, presented and denied.
-Petition of Ireland Parish and Chicopee jointly for withdrawal from Second Parish
presented. Petitioners from Ireland Parish were Ebenezer Jones, John Miller, Benja- min Jones, John Day 2nd, Timy Miller, Joseph Ely 3rd, Charles Ball, Benjamin Ball, Ebenezer Taylor, Joseph Ely 2nd, Ebenezer Jones Jun, Gideon Jones, John Day 2rd, Joseph Day, Benjamin Jones Jun, Abel Stockwell.
1751 -Joint petition granted and Chicopee and Ireland Parish were united as the Fifth Parish on June 30.
Work on new meeting house in Chicopee was started, in January. First religious services were held on July 2 of the same year though the house was still in the pro- cess of construction.
1766 -- Captain John Morgan settled on a large tract of land in Ireland Parish.
1774 -West Springfield, of which Ireland Parish (Holyoke) was then a part was made a town on February 23.
HOLYOKE OLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
1775
-On April 20 two companies from the West Springfield, including more than a score of men from Ireland Parish marched to Boston to meet the British onslaughts at Lexington.
1776
1786 Declaration of Independence was signed at Philadelphia on July 4th. Men of Ireland Parish were in practically every important engagement.
1777
-Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga, New York on Oct. 17. This was the turning point of the war.
1781 -On October 19, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Va., which practicaly closed Rev- olutionary War.
1783
-Peace again prevailed in the country. Titus and Erastus Morgan built a saw- mill in "The Fields" (about a mile above the present dam. This is believed to be the first utilization of water power at the rapids.
1784
-Caleb Humeston arrived in Ireland Parish from New Haven, Conn., and located on Tannery Brook.
-Inhabitants of Ireland Parish through a committee composed of Lieut. John Miller, Lieut. Charles Ball, and Lucas Morgan pe- titioned the general court to be incorpor- ated into a separate parish.
In this year Humeston started what ap- pears to be Holyoke's first industry when he erected a boot shop on his Tannery Brook site.
1787
-A band of insurgents under the leadership of Daniel Shays were dispersed before the Springfield Armory in January.
1788 -On February 6, Massachusetts adopted the Constitution of the United States.
1789 -On March 15, Caleb Humeston was served with a warrant by the assessors of West Springfield making him tax collector of this section of that township.
LOOKING NORTHWEST FROM CITY HALL TOWER TODAY.
HOLYOKEKAOLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
OLD VIEW FROM CITY HALL TOWER LOOKING SOUTHWEST SHOWING LAWRENCE GRAMMAR SCHOOL IN CENTER TO THE LEFT.
1792 -Petition of Ireland Parish to be set off from Chicopee as a separate parish, granted on June 6 after a contest of six years, dur- ing which time this parish experienced a decline in religion and morals which was universal and appears to have followed the Revolutionary War.
First Baptist Society built a meeting house in Elmwood. Lack of funds prevented its completion.
1799 -First Congregational Church was organiz- ed on December 4 and arranged to hold joint services with the Baptists. This they did until 1834.
1803 -First Baptist Church was organized and obtained for its pastor Rev. Thomas Rand, the Pioneer minister of Ireland Parish.
1808 --- "Baptist Seminary" was founded in Elm- wood. This institution was the first of its kind in the Valley.
The original proprietors were Rev. Thomas Rand, pastor of the First Baptist Church in the third parish, who owned one-third, Deacon Perez Hitchcock, who owned the
larger share of the balance, Caleb Humes- ton, Austin Goodyear, Noan Woolcott and David Bassett.
1812
-Hampden County was incorporated on February 25.
1812 -West Springfield, of which Holyoke was then a part, was included in the incorpo- ration.
1815-24-First efforts were made to imprison the power of the Connecticut River. During these years a system of canals had been dug in what is now South Hadley Falls and a wing dam built across a portion of river to divert the course of some of the water into these canals. In the latter year this power was first diverted to use for mill operation with the erection of a paper mill in South Hadley Falls. There were by this time about 600 people in this parish.
1829 -Original Hadley Falls Company was In- corporated.
HOLYOKE
ROLD and NEW
FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
1832 -Miller's Inn on Northampton Street was sold to Chester Crafts who conducted it as a tavern, store, and post office. Third Con- gregational Church of West Springfield and First Congregational Church of Ire- land Parish dedicated on Northampton Street, near Easthampton Road on De- cember 10.
1837
-By this time there were several mills, including three paper mills and two wool- en mills utilizing the power from the river but all these plants were on the east side (opposite the rapids.) A swing ferry was the sole means of trans- portation to and from Holyoke, across the river, during these years.
1844
-In this year the possibility of erecting a dam on the Connecticut River and a canal system for the foundation of manufactur- ing sites was discussed. The project was considered timidly at first because no river as large had even been damed before.
1845 -In this year the idea began to take form. The course of the Connecticut River Rail- road which was originally planned to fol- low along the east bank of the river as far as Northampton was changed to cross the river at Willimansett to this city and con- tinue up the river. Lester Newell, Holyoke's first attorney was admitted to the bar.
1846 -Early this year an agent for a group of New York capitalists purchased a huge portion of land along the banks of the river.
1848 -It was in this year that the New York Fin- anciers started preliminary work, with the organization of the new Hadley Falls De- velopment Company, with a capital of $4,000,000, for the purpose of constructing and maintaining a dam across the Connec- ticut River with locks and canals. Work was started at once.
Maskin Tilley Furritare Co.
LOOKING SOUTHWEST FROM CITY HALL TOWER TODAY.
HOLYOKEKAOLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
HAPP
VIEW OF OLD RAILROAD STATION AND BANDSTAND TAKEN FROM DEPOT HILL.
On November 19, the dam, constructed from over 2,000,000 feet of lumber, was complet- ed. The gates of the dam were closed and the filling commenced. The dam from the outset looked a failure as is evidenced by the story told in a series of telegrams sent from Holyoke to the company offices in Boston, which tradition has it, read as follows :
First. Gates closed and dam begins to fill.
Second. Dam leaking badlý.
Third. Dam gone to hell by way of Wil- limansett.
Work on a new dam was immediately started.
Second Congregational Church Society founded.
Hadley Thread Mills built.
1849
-On October 22, of this year the new dam was successfully completed. Old North Chestnut Street School built. Episcopal Society, Trinity Church, estab-
1850
lished in December. Later Society was named St. Paul.
Holyoke Lodge of Odd Fellows was founded First business block, the Galludet-Terry block was erected at corner of High and Lyman Streets.
In the summer of this year, cholera broke out in "The Patch" and reaped a tre- mendous toll of life, sweeping away whole families.
The first issue of the "Hampden Free- man," Holyoke's first newspaper was pub- lished on September 1.
HOLYOKE MADE A TOWN
By an act of the legislature, Holyoke was set off as a town and completed its organ- ization on March 14. The first selectmen elected were Fayette Smith and Harvey Chapin and the representative elected to the legislature was Alexander Day.
The population according to a census taken that year was 3245. There were thirteen persons and corporations paying taxes of $1,000 or more.
HOLYOKE
BROLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873
1923
...
SOME OF HOLYOKE'S SCHOOLS
TOP ROW (LEFT TO RIGHT )-KIRTLAND; HIGHLAND; SPRINGDALE. NEXT TOP (LEFT TO RIGHT )-MORGAN AND BRIDGE STREET; NONOTUCK ; HAMILTON. NEXT BOTTOM (LEFT TO RIGHT)-LAWRENCE; HIGH SCHOOL; VOCATIONAL AND GYMNASIUM. BOTTOM (LEFT TO RIGHT)-WILLIAM WHITING; JOSEPH METCALF; ST. JEROME.
9
HOLYOKE AOLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY J 1873
1923
THE HIGHLANDS AS OF OLD-VIEW TAKEN FROM HILL ABOVE LATE C. W. JOHNSON HOME- NORTHAMPTON AND LINCOLN STREETS IN CENTER.
Mt. Tom Lodge of Masons was organized. Building boom started.
Hadley Falls Company started the manu- facture of textiles in mill later taken over by the Lyman Mills.
Work on laying out streets was started. First water wheel, run by power from the dam, was operated on March 20.
First piece of fire apparatus purchased by Hadley Falls Company.
Fifty-nine lots for mills or business sites sold by Company. Exchange Hall erected on High Street.
The Holyoke House (the Hotel Hamilton) was built at a cost of $100,000 at the corner of Main and Dwight Streets. At the time it was rated as one of the best hotels in the State.
In December of this year the first fire dis- trict within the school district, No. 1 in Holyoke. was established. The department was made up of volunteers.
1851 -Police force of ten men was organized. R. G. Marsh was elected the first chief of the volunteer fire department. Hadley Falls Bank established with capi- tal of $10,000.
1852-53-Second Congregational Church was erected at the corner of High and Dwight Streets in '52.
First High School started in 1852 in the Galludet-Terry Hall.
1853 the Parsons Paper Company with a capital of $60,000 was organized. Methodists organized, holding services in Lyceum Hall, High Street.
1854 -Father John O'Callaghan, the first Cath- olic Priest was assigned to the town.
Town voted to pay expenses of Fire De- partment and appropriated some few hun- dred dollars for its maintenance.
W. B. C. Pearsons was elected chief of the department in this year which office he held until 1869.
HOLYOKE
KROLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873
1923
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n
TOP ROW (LEFT TO RIGHT)-Y. M. C. A .; K. OF C. CENTER-MASONIC LODGE. BOTTOM ROW (LEFT TO RIGHT)-HOTEL NONOTUCK; ELKS' HOME; Y. M. C. A.
HOLYOKEEROLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
SOUTH HOLYOKE AS OF OLD-VIEW TAKEN FROM WILLIMANSETT.
St. Jerome Parish founded.
Lyman Mills Co. was organized with capi- tal of $1,470,000, which marks the real be- ginning of the textile industry in Holyoke.
1855 -- A census taken this year shows popula- tion as 4631.
Holyoke Savings Bank was established in February.
1856 -Work on erection of St. Jerome's Church at the corner of Hampden Streets started.
1857 -Prentiss Wire Mills established.
Holyoke Paper Company was organized with $300,000 capital.
The town, owing to the panic, received a temporary set-back this year.
The Hadley Falls Company became finan- cially embarrassed. First Unitarian Church Society was organ- ized on May 29.
1858 -Permanent force of fire department se- lected.
1859 -- On February 29 the property of the Hadley Falls Company was sold at public auction to Alfred Smith and associates of Hartford for $325,000. The Holyoke Water Power Company was incorporated in June.
1860 -St. Jerome's Church at Hampden and Chestnut Streets completed. Hampden Paper mill was built.
1861-65 Civil War.
On May 6, Company I, known as "The Fighting Tenth" was organized in response to President Lincoln's call for 40,000 vol- unteers. It comprised six officers and 123 men from Holyoke and West Spring- field.
On July 16 the company left the camp at Springfield for the battlefields.
During the war one officer and 17 men of this company were killed.
First Hook and Ladder Company of the Fire Department was organized.
HOLYOKE
OLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
CHURCHES
TOP ROW (LEFT TO RIGHT)-PRECIOUS BLOOD; MATER DOLOROSA; SACRED HEART. CENTER (LEFT TO RIGHT)-BLESSED SACRAMENT; HOLY CROSS.
BOTTOM (LEFT TO RIGHT)-HOLY ROSARY; OUR LADY OF PERPETUAL HELP; ST. JEROME.
HOLYOKEKROLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
1868
OLD SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH ON CANAL ST.
On June 22, 1862, Forestdale cemetery was dedicated.
In August of 1862, Company B was form- ed in Holyoke with 86 men.
The Holyoke Machine Company started operation in 1862.
The Elm Street School was built in 1862.
1863 -The Hadley Thread Company and the Beebe-Webber Company were started in 1863.
1864 St. Jerome's Cemetery was opened on St. Jerome Avenue in 1864.
1865 The Whiting Paper Company, the Merrick Thread Company and the Germania Mills were started in 1865.
Mt. Holyoke Chapter of Masons was or- ganized in 1865.
The Hadley Falls Bank became the Hadley Falls National Bank in 1865.
South Hadley Falls Bridge Company in- corporated with $100,000 capital in 1865.
1866 -It was in this year that Rev. P. J. Harkins started his pastorate of 44 years at the St. Jerome parish.
The Riverside Paper Company, the Frank- lin Paper Company and the Valley Paper Company were all started in this year.
1867 -The Lawrence School at the corner of Ap- pleton and Maple Streets was erected, as was the West Holyoke School in Rock Valley.
The German Evangelical Lutheran Church was erected at the corner of Jackson and South Bridge Streets.
-St. Jerome's School for girls was completed. Park Street School, corner of Park and Hamilton Streets was dedicated.
St. Jerome Temperance Society founded. Episcopal Church erected at corner of Ma- ple and Suffolk Streets.
1869 -Precious Blood Church was erected at the corner of Cabot and Park Streets. Sargeant Street School on Sargeant Street was opened.
Methodist Church erected on July 4.
The Holyoke Warp Company and the Sey- more Cutlery Company started operations. Holyoke petitioned Legislature for a char- ter for the building of a steam railroad between Holyoke and Westfield connecting with the New Haven and Northampton Railroad.
First talk was heard of the possibility of a public library in the town.
1870 -On January 12 a committee was appointed to draw up a constitution and by-laws for the government of the public library as- sociation.
On April 22, by an act of the legislature the Holyoke Public Library was incorpor- ated and the library was opened in the up- per rooms of the Lawrence School.
On May 16 the Association held a meeting at which William S. Whiting was elected its first president.
OLD GATE HOUSE AT DAWN.
HOLYOKE
RAOLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
TOP ROW (LEFT TO RIGHT)-SECOND CONGREGATIONAL; GERMAN REFORMED; FIRST CONGREGATIONAL; JEWISH SYNAGOGUE.
NEXT TOP (LEFT TO RIGHT)-PRESBYTERIAN ; FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL; ST. PAUL'S EPISCOPAL. NEXT BOTTOM (LEFT TO RIGHT)-GRACE; GERMAN LUTHERAN. BOTTOM (LEFT TO RIGHT )-FIRST BAPTIST; HIGHLAND M. E. CHURCH; SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH
HOLYOKE BOLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
VIEW SHOWING THE KNOLLS AND MT. TOM BEFORE ERECTION OF MOUNTAIN HOUSE.
.Holyoke-Westfield Railroad Charter was granted by the Legislature early in this year, the capital stock being fixed at $350,- 000. At a town-meeting in August, a committee of town agents was appointed to arrange for the erection and maintenance of the railroad.
In December the contract for building the road was let to the New Haven and North- ampton Railroad Company.
Springfield Blanket Company was started. First Methodist Episcopal Church at Corn- er of Main and Appleton Streets was dedi- cated in March.
Connecticut Lodge, Knights of Pythias was instituted.
Connecticut Lodge, I. O. O. F. M. U. was founded.
1871
-On November 28, the Holyoke-Westfield Railroad, extending from Front Street, Holyoke over a distance of 1014 miles to the Westfield Station of the New Haven and Northampton Railroad Company, was opened to traffic.
1872
Immediately after its opening the railroad was leased to the Northampton and New Haven Railroad Company for a term of years.
The Crocker Paper Company was founded. Land purchased as site for future City Hall. Work on the building started.
Holyoke at this time was dependent for its water supply upon one small reservoir lo- cated within the area of High, Maple, Ly- man and Fountain Streets which had been constructed during the erection of the dam. The source of supply was the Connecticut River and was obtained by forcing the water through a pipe which was located above the dam. During this year a severe drought set in which forced the considera- tion of a new supply.
-Division 1 of the Ancient Order of Hibern- ians was organied in February.
Massasoit Paper Company and Beebe and Holbrook Paper Company were both founded.
Holyoke National Bank was organized.
HOLYOKEKAOLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
1873 1923
Mechanics Savings Bank was founded. -The first Water Board, comprising Judge P. Buckland, W. B. C. Pearsons, John Delaney, Dennis Higgins, Joel Russell and John E. Chase, was chosen on March 22.
The Ashley and Wright Ponds were taken over by the Water Board after the legis- lation had been secured and work started at once.
St. Jerome School for boys was founded, which was the first one of its kind in the diocese.
1873
-On April 7 Holyoke became a city, by an act of the legislature. On May 29, the act was ratified by the people of Holyoke. The first municipal election took place in December the same year. John OConnell and Jeremiah A. Sullivan two members of that first City Government are still living.
Judge W. B. C. Pearsons was elected the first Mayor of Holyoke.
The first aldermen were William Grover, H. A. Chase, Augustus Stursberg, John H. Wright, John O'Donnell, G. W. Prentiss, and J. F. Allen.
The common council of 21 members consist- ed of : C. H. Heywood, president ; ward 1, William Ruddy, Curtis Moore and James Ruddy; ward 2, C. B. Harris, S. F. Steb- bins and G. W. Burditt, ward 3, Martin Lawler, F. Kreimendahl and Matthew Walsh; ward 4, H. G. Pierce, A. C. Pratt and W. D. Higgins ; ward 5, Maurice Lynch, J. A. Sullivan and John O'Connell; ward 6, C. H. Heywood, Timothy Merrick and John Delaney ward 7, H. A. Pratt, Reuben Winchester and R. M. Fairfield, C. W. Rider served as clerk.
E. A. Ramsey was elected city clerk and Charles W. Ranlet, city treasurer. Other city officers were City auditor, Edwin A. Ramsey ; city engineer, Thomas W. Mann ; city solicitor, Edward W. Chapin; city physician, Dr. Charles O. Carpentier ; chief
VIEW FROM CITY HALL TOWER LOOKING SOUTHEAST SHOWING SKINNER SILK AND FARR ALPACA PLANTS.
HOLYOKEKROLD and NEW FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY
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