USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Lincoln > Town Report on Lincoln 1910-1915 > Part 34
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3,000.00
3,000.00
Payment Interest New
Schoolhouse Bonds,
1,480.00
1,360.00
Suppression of Liquor
Nuisance,
200.00
200.00
Schoolhouse Case
The Centre Schoolhouse, erected in 1870, has not been used as a town schoolhouse since January, 1909, and, ever since, the ownership of the land under it has been the subject of contention. For the information of the townspeople, we state the facts as briefly as is consistent with accuracy.
The Town brought a petition to the Land Court to have registered in the Town, title to a tract, including the building, 70 feet x 100 feet. There were many and protracted hearings and, as a result, the Court reached the conclusion that the Town was entitled to a lot, 40 feet x 57 feet, which excluded a considerable part of the building. A Bill of Exceptions was filed by counsel for the Town, but was dismissed by the Land Court.
So far as rendered to, and paid by the Town to date,
51
the bills for legal services and disbursements in this case are as follows :--
1911. Dec. 11. A. J. Doherty, services on account of old Schoolhouse $250 00 1912. July 22. Horace F. Tuttle, Surveying 15 00
1912. July 22. C. S. Wheeler, cash paid for fees in Land Court, 26 00
1913. July 14. Henry F. Bryant, Surveying and attendance at Land Court, 88 37
1913. July 14. Mabel M. Brewerton, Land Court, stenographer, 310 11 1913. Sept. S. G. A. A. Pevey, Legal services at Land Court, 300 00
1913. Sept. 8. Anthony J. Doherty, Legal services at Land Court, 300 00
1913. Oct. 13. G. A. A. Pevey, Counsel fees, 450 00
1913. Oct. 13. A. J. Doherty, Counsel fees, 550 00
$2,289 48
The Water Works Bond Case
At the annual meeting held on March 8, 1913, the town voted to issue certain bonds on account of payments for water construction purposes to the amount of six thousand (6,000) dollars. Thereafter a petition was brought by ten tax payers or more to restrain the town and its Treasurer from issuing these bonds.
The case was heard before the Supreme Judicial Court, first before a single justice and again before the full Court, and it was decided that the town and its Treasurer should be enjoined from issuing these bonds.
The decision in this case is of great importance, not only to this town but to all other municipalities and has been widely quoted. The point is, that the town
52
has no right to issue bonds for improvements in the water works which have been made and paid for without any declaration of intention, at the time the expenditures were voted, to borrow money and to issue bonds therefor.
The petition by the tax payers to the Supreme Judicial Court was filed May 19, 1913 and the final decision was rendered March 31, 1914. The town appeared by counsel under the direction of the Committee on Claims and the Town Treasurer also appeared by the same counsel.
The town was enjoined from issuing bonds for the purposes set forth in the vote of March 8, 1913; and inasmuch as a motion was made at the annual meeting of 1914 to issue bonds for the same purpose, it seems to us proper to draw attention in this report to the decision of the court. As the decision contains a statement of all the material facts, we shall quote it in full. It is to be found in Volume 217 of the Massachusetts Reports at page 336 under the title of, George L. Chapin and Others vs. Inhabitants of Lincoln and Another. The decision of the Court follows :-
"DeCOURCY, J. This is a petition brought under R. L. c. 25 ยง 100, by not less than ten taxpayers to restrain the town of Lincoln and its Treasurer from issuing certain water bonds. It is before us on the report of the single justice* who heard the case.
The tenth article of the warrant for the town meeting held by adjournment on March 8, 1913, was as follows: "To see if the town will issue water bonds pursuant to the Acts of 1907, Chapter 476, and reimburse the treasury on account of money paid from the treasury pending an issue of bonds on account of payments for water construction purposes; also, issue bonds, as aforesaid on account of payments for water construction purposes, which have been made from current income
* Braley, J., who in reporting the case to this court for determination, stated the facts found by him and his opinion that an injunction should issue as prayed for.
53
of the water works or take any other action with reference to the matter." Under this article it was voted, by at least two thirds of those present and voting: "That the town treasurer be authorized and directed to issue the bonds of the town for the sum of six thousand dollars, each bond to be for five hundred dollars, to bear interest at a rate not exceeding four per cent per annum, to be dated June 1, 1913, and to be payable one on the first of June in each of the next twelve years; for the purpose of paying the expense of extensions of the water system of the town. Said bonds to be signed by the treasurer and countersigned by the selectmen and to be de- nominated Lincoln Water Bonds."
The single justice has made a finding that the purpose of issuing bonds under this vote was to reimburse the town for sums that had been appropriated in earlier years for three extensions of the water works of the town; one of the extensions having been made under an article of the annual meeting of March, 1911, and the other two under articles of the annual meeting of March, 1912. And he has expressly found that all of these extensions "had been made and paid for before the vote of March 8, 1913, from money raised by taxation."
In neither of these three instances did the town express any intention to provide funds for the proposed municipal improvement by borrowing money under its water acts, Sts. 1872, c. 188; 1907, c. 476. It did not even undertake to vote that the money in the town treasury should be used temporarily for water purposes "pending an issue of bonds," as it appears to have done on some other occasions. In fact in the second and most important case, when it appropriated $4,267, specific provision was made for the payment of this sum without an issue of bonds, namely, by using the special water works sinking fund and the receipts from the water works.
There is no indebtedness incurred or contemplated by the town to warrant the proposed loan. There is no unfunded debt on account of the extensions referred to. It does not follow that because the town might have borrowed the money for these extensions at the time they were voted, that it can do so now after they are paid for. See St. 1913, c. 719, as amended by St. 1914, c. 143.
54
It appears that since March, 1904, the town treasurer has kept an account of the money received from and paid on account of the water system, separate from the accounts of the other departments; and apparently some attempt has been made to treat the water works as a self sustaining business enterprise. In accordance with this course of procedure, it is sought to regard this money that was expended for construction purposes on the water works as a liability of the water department to the town. With the wisdom of such a business policy we are not concerned.
As a matter of law the defendant is a single municipal entity, and the rights exercised and the duties performed by its several departments are those conferred or imposed upon the town itself. The municipality owns the water system, and the disbursements it made for construction purposes were actually payments of its own indebtedness. Under existing legislation applicable to the defendant, one of the departments cannot occupy the relation of debtor to the town of which it is an integral part. See Sinclair v. Mayor of Fall River, 198 Mass. 248. We are in accord with the opinion of the single justice, that an injunction should issue as prayed for, restraining the respondents from issuing bonds under the vote passed March 8, 1913.
Ordered accordingly.
A. J. DOHERTY, for the respondents.
E. I. SMITH, for the petitioners.
The Special Schoolhouse Sinking Fund
At the beginning of the financial year we found that certain money had been appropriated for the purpose of creating a special sinking fund to provide for the payment of the schoolhouse bonds, and that that money had been placed in the hands of the Sinking Fund Commissioners for investment. About $5,000.00 of the fund has been invested in the Lincoln Water Works bonds and what additional amount has been paid over
55
to the Commissioners and is now held by them we are unable to state.
We were in doubt whether the money so appropriated and invested by the Sinking Fund Commissioners was properly used as a part of any sinking fund authorized by law, and we therefore asked the opinion of counsel as to this matter.
As we are advised the schoolhouse sinking fund has no legal existence, because the schoolhouse bonds are serial bonds and do not require a sinking fund to be raised or maintained for their retirement.
The opinion of counsel in this matter is as follows:
Lincoln, July 10, 1914.
To the Selectmen of the Town of Lincoln.
Gentlemen :-----
You have requested me to give my opinion about several votes of the town with reference to use of town money for a sinking fund to provide for the payment of certain schoolhouse bonds. The material votes I under- stand to be substantially as follows:
August 8, 1908, under Article 3 of the warrant, it was unanimously voted :
"That for the purpose of building a new schoolhouse the Town Treasurer be and he is hereby authorized to issue and sell the bonds of the Town to the aggregate principal of $55,000 dated January 1, 1908, and payable $3,000 thereof on the first of January in each of the years 1909 to 1923 inclusive, and $2,000 thereof on the first of January in each of the years 1924 to 1928 inclusive bearing interest at the rate of four per cent per annum payable semi-annually. Such bonds shall bear on their face the words, 'Schoolhouse Loan,' said bonds shall be signed by the Treasurer and countersigned by a majority of the Selectmen."
56
March 3, 1913, under the general article (4)
"To appropriate money for necessary and expedient purposes," etc., it was voted :
"That $10,000 of available money for the Town Treasury be appropriated for the purpose of liquidating the debt of the Town on account of the new schoolhouse, the bonds to be purchased or a sinking fund established at the discretion of the commissioners of the sinking and trust funds."
March 2, 1914 under a similar article, it was voted:
"That the sum of $8,000 be taken from available funds in the treasury to retire the bonds on the new schoolhouse, or paid into a sinking fund for that purpose."
I am informed that the "Commissioners of the Sinking and Trust Funds" purporting to act under the second of these votes (that of March 3, 1913) have already received from the treasurer upwards of $7,000 which they now hold as a special sinking fund against the schoolhouse indebtedness, and that $5,000 of this money has been invested in the water works bonds of the town, while upwards of $2,000 remains as cash in their hands.
Further, I understand that these commissioners are the regular sinking fund commissioners of the town, and in that capacity have charge of all lawful sinking funds the town has established.
Upon the foregoing facts the questions you present to me are:
(1) May the town legally provide any sinking fund whatever for the redemption of the schoolhouse bonds, which aggregate $55,000, issued under the vote of August 8, 1908?
57
(2) Are the water bonds of the town, amounting to $5,000 (as I am informed), purchased by the sinking fund commissioners, outstanding town obligations, or are they by reason of such purchase cancelled and paid?
(3) Is the money now in the hands of the "com- missioners" properly there, or should it be in the custody of the town treasurer?
(4) What is the proper course for you as selectmen to pursue in all the circumstances?
The first question I shall answer, No. The very purpose of a system of proportional payments, such as that provided for the annual liquidation of the school- house indebtedness, is to avoid a sinking fund. When a town adopts the system of proportional annual payments of any specific indebtedness it has no authority to appropriate money for a sinking fund to be invested and managed by commissioners to liquidate that indebted- ness. The two systems - that of proportional annual payments, and that of providing a sinking fund to retire such indebtedness at the end of a certain period,- are mutually exclusive; and the law does not permit the adoption of both with respect to the same debt.
(2) The so-called sinking fund is not a sinking fund at all, and it is not legally held as a sinking fund by the persons purporting to act as sinking fund commissioners. At best, they are only an investment committee, without any statutory authority whatsoever. If they have received and invested monies of the town, they have done so only as agents of the town, and not as "Com- missioners of the Sinking Funds." Therefore, all bonds of the town which they have bought are paid and cancelled. Town or city securities may be bought by the municipality and kept alive only under the special laws relating to sinking funds. A town is a municipal entity. (See Chapin vs. Lincoln, 217 Mass. 336. )
-
58
In my opinion, the water works bonds (amounting to $5,000) bought by the sinking and trust fund com- missioners, have been paid and cancelled, and can never be re-sold or re-issued; and these bonds should now be delivered in ordinary course to the town treasurer to be dealt with by him as cancelled securities. In no event can these "commissioners," whether as a committee or otherwise, hold these dead and satisfied bonds as a town investment.
Of course, the selectmen should draw no drafts to pay the interest or principal of these water bonds, and the town treasurer ought to insist that they be delivered into his custody.
(3) All money of the town in the custody of the commissioners, which has come to them by any of the votes of the town above quoted is, in my opinion, improperly held by them. Such money should at once be delivered to the town treasurer. He is the only official responsible for it under our By Laws, and with respect to whose acts the town is protected by bond. All the uninvested money which these commissioners hold should at once be restored to the treasury. Clearly it is the treasurer's duty to demand and enforce such repayment.
. (4) You cannot go further, in the performance of your duties as selectmen, than to call the treasurer's attention to the facts, as above set forth, and to refrain from certifying any vouchers for the payment of either the principal or interest of the $5,000 water works bonds bought by the "commissioners."
Nothing I have said prevents these commissioners, as agents of the town, under the votes above quoted, from negotiating for the payment of the schoolhouse bonds before maturity; but the money for that purpose should be paid from the treasury only upon vouchers
59
duly approved, as in the case of any bill contracted by a committee or officer.
There is no law which prevents a town from anticipat- ing and paying its own indebtedness. So far as the votes in question contemplate doing so, they are legal and proper; but so far as they contemplate a sinking fund, they are, in my judgment, absolutely illegal, and no "Sinking Fund" now exists because of them.
Respectfully yours,
(Signed ) E. IRVING SMITH.
In this connection it is proper to state that the Legislature has now prohibited the creation of any sinking funds hereafter. See Acts of 1913, Chapter, 719, Section 13.
JOHN F. FARRAR, R. D. DONALDSON, JOSEPH S. HART, Selectmen of Lincoln.
60
SCHOOLS
Payments
C. S. Lyman, Services as Superintendent, $540 00
Walter F. Brackett, Teaching,
495 00
Hattie B. Heath, Teaching, 572 50
Abbie Bowlby, Teaching, 325 00
Helen Bowker, Teaching, 515 00
Katharine Works, Teaching,
515 00
Priscilla Ames, Teaching,
470 00
Helen Jones, Teaching,
425 00
A. P. Smith, Teaching,
270 00
Marion Crawford, Teaching
260 00
John F. Farrar & Son, Driving School Barge, 568 00
Thomas J. Dee, Driving School Barge, 555 60
James B. Wheeler, Driving School Barge, 619 00
M. H. Doherty, Transportation of Children, 404 50
Town of Concord, Tuition of Pupils, 1,412 25
City of Waltham, Tuition of Pupils, 845 00
Boston & Maine R. R., Student School Tickets, 586 10 National Express Co., Express, 2 93
H. A. Wood, M. D., Professional Services, 200 00
P. J. Lennon, Jr., Janitorship of South School, 139 00
Francis Bennett, Janitorship of South School,
12 25
Daniel McAskill, Repairs on Barge, 2 75
Thomas J. McGann, Repairs on Barge, 7 50
A. P. Smith, Cash Paid for Supplies, 18 33
M. L. Snelling, 1 Cord, Sawed Wood, 8 00
F. E. Cousins & Co., Wood and Kindling, 8 00
F. E. Cousins & Co., Coal, 2 25
Town of Lexington, Tuition of Ruth Farquar, 12 00
61
M. H. Doherty, Transportation of Mr. Brackett, $5 89
Roger Sherman, Moving Ashes, 7 50
Helen P. Jones, Carfares, 45 40
James T. Laird, Sharpening Lawn Mower,
1 25
A. J. Dougherty, 1 Load Loam, 2 00 James J. Hanley, Carriage Hire, 1907, 43 00
W. C. Pierce, Foul, 1 10
Redman Hartwell, Carrying Pupil to Concord, 17 50
Lincoln Water Works, Water Service, 25 50
William Bulger, Painting and Repairing Barge, 87 70
Albany Carpet Cleaning Co., Labor on Barge Cushions, 16 00
M. Steinmann, New Curtains and Repairs on Barge, 15 00
William C. Robus, Labor and Supplies,
5 00
James B. Wheeler, Cash Paid for Express, 1 70
James B. Wheeler, Taking Barge to and from Concord, 4 00
Isaac N. MacRae, Labor and Supplies, 302 36
Current Events, 40 Current Events, 8 00
Henry C. Stocher & Co., 5 Robes,
18 75
John M. Macomber, Labor on Barge,
4 00
Mrs. E. W. Blodgett, Cash Paid for Supplies,
1 16
Mrs. E. W. Blodgett, School Census,
13 50
Mrs. E. W. Blodgett, Auto Hire,
6 50
C. S. Lyman, Cash Paid for Supplies,
6 88
Lincoln Water Works, Water Service, New School, 94 50
E. Howard Clock Co., Supplies, 8 50
Edward Bannon, Janitorship of School,
500 00
Milton Bradley Co., Supplies,
1 85
Edward E. Babb & Co., Supplies,
182 19
Jas. L. Chapin & Son, Supplies,
46 55
Ginn & Co., Supplies,
29 76
Hobbs & Warren, Supplies,
1 15
6 81
F. B. Alexander, Supplies,
62
Herman Goldberger, Supplies,
$4 95
Buttrick Lumber Co., Supplies, 32 44
Chandler & Barber, Supplies,
23 81
Atkinson Mentzer & Co., Supplies, South Lincoln Dairy Co., Supplies, A. R. Macleod, Supplies,
14 23
4 05
Bradford, Brown Co., Supplies,
14 50
Jordan Marsh & Co., Supplies,
2 57
E. L. Tuttle, Supplies,
1 50
Andrew Dutton Co., Supplies,
1 55
Houghton Mifflin Co., Supplies,
4 13
Louis, Stoughton & Drake, Supplies,
2 95
Little, Brown & Co., Supplies,
7 44
H. S. Cousins & Co., Supplies,
8 21
Charles A. Harris, Supplies,
3 05
Total,
$114,30 81
GYPSY MOTH WORK
Payments
John J. Kelliher, Services as Superintendent,
$673 50
John J. Kelliher, Labor of Horse,
99 00
John J. Kelliher, Cash Paid for Supplies,
3 07
Byron Lunt, Labor,
73 75
Patrick J. Lennon, Labor,
413 75
Fritz Cunnert, Labor,
486 25
John Cannair, Labor,
445 00
Henry A. Butcher, Labor,
355 00
James Lahey, Labor,
165 00
Jerry Moynihan, Labor,
116 00
3 47
63
James Ryan, Labor, $72 00
New England Tel. & Tel. Co., Services of Telephone, 10 77
Frank H. Cunningham, Labor of Men and Horses, 12 29
Daniel E. Sherman, Labor of Men and Horses, 215 00
F. E. Cousins & Co., Labor of Men and Horses, 132 00
Lincoln Press, Printing,
3 00
Fitzhenry-Guptill Co., Supplies,
14 60
H. S. Cousins & Co., Supplies,
33 94
Jas. L. Chapin & Son, Supplies,
50
Highway Department and Storing Sprayer to January, 1915, 25 00
M. H. Doherty, Delivering Freight, 6 63
Boston & Maine, Freight,
77
R. D. Donaldson, Teaming Load,;
8 25
Total, $3,365 07
MISCELLANEOUS
Payments
Edward Bannon, Janitorship of Public Build- ings and Grounds, $416 63
New England Tel. & Tel. Co., Service, 46 56
Joseph S. Hart, M. D., Returning Births, 2 50
Edison Electric Light Light Co., Service of Light, Town Hall, 53 40
Boston & Maine R. R., Freight, 1 53
2 10
National Express Co., Express,
Willard F. Farrar & Co., Returning Death Certificates, 1 25
64
Thomas Groom & Co., Printing and Supplies, $16 33 Lincoln Press, Printing,, 13 00
George E Crosby Co., Printing, 368 95
P. B. Murphy, Printing,
5 55
A. W. Brownell, Printing,
1 50
Waltham Publishing Co., Printing,
2 50
James T. Laird, Services as Constable, 92 50
Winslow A. Eaton, Special Police, 1913, 15 00
Frank Cunningham, Special Police, 1913, 20 00
John Kelliher, Special Police, 1913, 30 00
Walter E. Sherman, Special Police, 1913, 20 00
Leroy E. Bazley, Wiring Voting Booth,
10 80
Charles S. Wheeler, Certification of Notes,
6 00
Martin M. Welch, Inspecting Cattle, from April, 1913 to February 18, 1914, 53 51
Herman T. Wheeler, Services at Elections and Primaries, 12 00
Thomas L. Giles, Services at Elections and Primaries, 12 00
Thomas J. Dee, Services at Elections,
5 00
Herbert G. Farrar, Services at Elections and Primaries, 7 00
James W. Lennon, Services at Elections and Primaries, 7 00
James T. Laird, Services at Elections and Primaries, 7 00
Clifford Wistrand, Services at Elections, 5 00
John F. Farrar, Expenses in Locating Domi- ciles, 10 00
A. J. Doherty, Legal Services, Bond Matter, in Chapin & als. vs. Town of Lincoln, Charles S. Wheeler, 264 50
C. S. Wheeler, Insurance on Town Horses and Vehicles, 12 50
C. S. Wheeler, Insurance, Policy 258512, 33 60
65
M. L. Snelling, Coal, $589 40
Winslow A. Eaton, Housing and Care of Hose Wagon, 10 00
F. E. Cousins & Co., Housing and Repairs on Hose Wagon, 29 00
John F. Farrar, Housing Hose Wagon, 10 00
Mass. Bonding & Insurance Co., Bond 20063 for Treasurer, $75 00
Tuttles Stable, Barge, Memorial Day, 6 30
James T. Laird, Sharpening Mower, 1 25
Allan Bros, 6 Police Badges,
6 00
A. J. Doherty, Services % David Farquar and C. S. Wheeler, 150 00
E. Irving Smith, Services and Opinion as to use of Town Money under vote, March 3, 1914. 30 00
Hanley & Goulding, Painting, South School,
65 00
Leroy Bazley, Electrical Work, Hall and Fire Escape, 12 38
C. S. Wheeler, Abatement of Taxes, Mary J. Washburn, 12 00
C. S. Wheeler, Abatement of Taxes, John Tasker, 14 00
John J. Kelliher, Court Fees, 38 31
John F. Farrar, Labor on Station Road, 21 00
John F. Farrar & Son, Labor of Men and Team, Station Road, 186 17
I. N. McRae, Labor and Supplies, Town Hall, 97 67
Lincoln Highway Dept., Building Road, at Centre School, 50 00
William H. Sherman, Services as Assessor, 50 00
Charles S. Wheeler, Services as Assessor and Expenses, 53 50
William C. Pierce, Services as Assessor and Copying Book, 75 00
66
Daniel McAskill, Repairs on Tools - Station Road, $3 10
George L. Chapin, Services as Town Clerk and Registrar, 115 00
Joseph S. Hart, M. D., Services as Selectman, Registrar and Overseer, 185 00
R. D. Donaldson, Services as Selectman, Registrar and Overseer, 185 00
John F. Farrar, Services as Selectman, Registrar and Overseer, 185 00
C. S. Wheeler, Abatement of Taxes, Poll Tax, 58 00
C. S. Wheeler, Abatement of Taxes, Property, 203 75
C. S. Wheeler, Services as Treasurer,
300 00
C. S. Wheeler, Cash Paid for Supplies,
10 02
C. S. Wheeler, Collecting Taxes, 1913, $48,823.71 @ 1} %, 732 35
M. H. Doherty, Services as Sealer of Weights and Measures, 20 00
Joseph S. Hart, M. D., Preamubulating Town Line, 1 5 00
Herbert G. Farrar, Preambulating Town Line,
5 00
John J. Kelliher, Preamubulating Town Lines,
2 00
Doherty Garage, Auto Hire,
57 00
Ames Implement & Seed Co., Supplies,
26 60
Francis Doone & Co., 1 Order Book, Selectmen,
9 50
Roger Sherman, Rent of Land for Town Scales, July, 1913 to July 1916, 25 00
James L. Chapin & Son, Grass, Seed and Phosphate, Common, 19 00
James L. Chapin & Son, Supplies for Town Hall, 7 53
Carter Ink Co., Supplies, 1 25
M. H. Doherty, Supplies for Hose 1, 1 06
Martin J. Rooney, Fighting Forest Fires, 7 20
P. J. Lennon, Fighting Forest Fires,
29 20
67
John J. Hayes, Fighting Forest Fires, $5 60 Timothy Ahearn, Fighting Forest Fires, 10 80
C. S. Wheeler, Fighting Forest Fires, W. C. Robus, Fighting Forest Fires, Fritz Cunnert, Fighting Forest Fires, James Ryan, Fighting Forest Fires, John Cannair, Fighting Forest Fires, C. G. Frost, Fighting Forest Fires,
8 40
12 40
24 80
15 00
20 80
6 00
Joseph E. Mahan, Fighting Forest Fires,
7 20
William H. Ryan, Fighting Forest Fires,
8 80
Herman T. Wheeler, Fighting Forest Fires,
12 20
Joseph E. Whipple, Fighting Forest Fires,
25 20
John D. Fleming, Fighting Forest Fires,
6 80
Thomas J. Dee, Fighting Forest Fires, John E. McHugh, Fighting Forest Fires,
3 00
Elmer Bean, Fighting Forest Fires,
17 20
William J. Bennett, Fighting Forest Fires,
8 60
George Bean, Fighting Forest Fires,
15 60
George H. Sherman, Fighting Forest Fires,
2 80
John J. Kenna, Fighting Forest Fires,
40
Frank A. Dutton, Fighting Forest Fires, 38 00
Hector MacLain, Fighting Forest Fires,
2.00
Clifford Wistrand, Fighting Forest Fires,
5 20
Walter Bennett, Fighting Forest Fires,
3 40
John Coan, Jr., Fighting Forest Fires, 10 80
7 20
Martin Sherman, Fighting Forest Fires,
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