USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Chelmsford > Town annual report of Chelmsford 1887 > Part 2
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J. Q. Battles, labor
10 80
36 30
Charles Dane, painting ladder-house at West Chelmsford
2 00
2 00
A. J. Lamphere, painting ladders.
11 90
R. W. Dix, teaming and painting ladders
4 00
W. R. Wining, teaming .
1 25
17 15
C. H. Dutton, drilling stone posts
1 00
1 00
Old Colony R. R., freight ..
75
Boston & Lowell R. R., freight.
1 17
1 92
A. Grover, stencils ..
1 05
1 05
Geo. F. Snow, time and expense procuring fire apparatus
5 00
5 00
$272 14
desks
21
MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES.
Vox Populi Press, order book. .
$ 5 00
Vox Populi Press, printing 600 town and school reports.
56 20
Vox Populi Press, printing license ballots. .. Geo. A. Parkhurst, copy Herrick's Town Officer
2 50
2 50
John Keats, railing around pump at Centre. .
2 00
2 00
John Wozencroft, railing round pump at Centre
4 61
4 61
C. W. Flint, repairing tomb at No. Chelins- ford .
2 00
2 00
Luther B. Hall, supper for Lowell firemen. .. Sargent & Gay, printing assessors' notices ...
6 00
6 00
Wmn. H. Brown, painting cemetery fence at West Chelmsford .
67 50
67 50
True Morton, set of sealers' weights and measures
22 50
22 50
Littlefield & Pease, boxes for filing town papers
2 88
2 88
E. Dutton, work in cemetery at No. Chelms- ford
5 25
John Knowles, work in cemetery at North Chelmsford .
5 00
A. H. Sheldon, work in cemetery at North Chelmsford .
1 50
11 75
L. K. Howard, labor and material in Centre cemetery
17 90
17 90
Geo. F. Snow, labor in West Chelmsford
cemetery
4 00
4 00
Daniel P. Byam, labor in South Chelmsford cemetery
10 94
10 94
Daniel P. Byam, reporting 7 deaths
1 75
A. H. Sheldon, reporting 10 deaths
2 50
Dawson Pollard, reporting 3 deaths
75
5 00
Henry Wardel, legal advice in Litchfield & Wilkins case .
5 00
5 00
Town clerk, dog-license book.
1 25
1 25
Sargent & Gay, 950 bill heads
3 00
3 00
Marden & Rowell, 100 pay-roll blanks
2 50
2 50
Little, Brown & Co., copy of Potter's Road and Roadside.
1 00
1 00
A. H. Sheldon, taxes.
56 00
56 00
S. W. Parkhurst, lamp-fixture for Centre hall,
50
C. H. Mckinney, { doz. burners .
1 50
C. H. Mckinney, 8 doz. chimneys
6 60
Amounts carried forward
$8 60
$294 28
2 25
$63 45
2 50
2 50
22
Amounts brought forward.
$ 8 60
$294 28
C. H. Mckinney, repairing chandelier
6 75
D. A. Polley, repairing chandelier
2 00
17 35
H. B. Shattuck, 2 locks ..
1 00
1 00
John Higgins, labor on well .
. 10 1
1 10
French & Puffer, lamp for armory at North Chelmsford .
1 75
1 75
H. H. Wilder, furnace grate, Centre
$ 50
3 50
A. J. Lamphere, care of Centre hall
10 70
10 70
Geo. E. Spaulding, care lighting and warming hall and armory for Co. F, cavalry, at North Chelmsford
34 50
34 50
N. B. Edwards, reporting births
3 00
3 00
Geo. F. Snow, precinct bounds.
1 50
1 50
Peter J. Brennan, damage on highway .
8 00
8 00
$376 68
TOWN OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.
Paid E. H. Warren, services as town treasurer, E. H. Warren, expense as town treasurer, Geo. A. Parkhurst, services and expenses as town clerk.
57 89
57 89
Geo. A. Parkhurst, services and expenses as registrar.
17 71
E. D. Bearce, services as registrar Sep- teniber, 1884, to August, 1886.
15 00
L. M. Dutton, services as registrar.
10 50
J. H. Vincent, services as registrar . . .
1 50
44 71
H. S. Perham, services as selectman ....
70 00
H. S. Perhanı, expenses as selectman ...
9 40
79 40
Chas. W. Flint, services as selectman ...
66 00
Chas. W. Flint, expenses as selectman. .
24 35
90 35
J. Q. Battles, services as selectman . .
35 00
J. Q. Battles, expenses as selectman ....
20 00
55 00
R. Wilson Dix, services as selectman ...
48 00
R. Wilson Dix, expenses as selectman .. Geo. F. Snow, services as selectman ....
10 00
58 00
Geo. F. Snow, expenses as selectman ..
. .
15 00
50 00
Chas. W. Flint, services as assessor .. .
93 00
Chas. W. Elint, expenses as assessor.
12 85
Chas. W. Flint, copying valuation list for use of state .
20 00
125 85
H. S. Perham, services as assessor
38 00
H. S. Perham, expenses as assessor
2 25
40 25
Amount carried forward
$663 95
$50 00
12 50
$ 62 50
....
35 00
23
Amount brought forward.
$663 95
Paid R. Wilson Dix, services as assessor.
$29 00
R. Wilson Dix, expenses as assessor.
8 00
37 00
J. Q. Battles, services as assessor .
25 00
J. Q. Battles, expenses as assessor . .
5 00
30 00
Geo. F. Snow, services as assessor.
21 00
Geo. F. Snow, expenses as assessor
9 00
30 00
Chas. W. Flint, labor and expense on precinct bounds .
2 64
2 64
Alfred Day, enforcing dog law .
16 80
16 80
James P. Emerson, posting warrants ... ...
8 00
James P. Emerson, notifying 14 town officers .
4 20
James P. Emerson, traveling fees, 14 town officers.
2 50
3 70
18 40
15 00
15 00
James P. Emerson, services as constable, J. H. Whidden, services as constable ... E. H. Shaw, James P. Emerson, and Daniel P. Byam, services as apprais- er's .
8 00
8 00
Ziba Gay, E. F. Richardson, and J. Adams Bartlett, auditing committee,
8 00
8 00
$829 79
24
AGGREGATE OF APPROPRIATIONS, RECEIPTS, AND EXPENDITURES.
ACCOUNTS.
Appro- priations.
Expendi- tures.
Excess.
Defi- ciency.
Schools, appropriation
$5,000 00
School fund
179 54
Dog tax
357 48
Tuition from non-resident pupils
56 05
$4,871 45
Care of houses
271 05
Fuel .
416 27
$34 30
School incidentals
450 00
356 60
93 40
Free text-books, appropriation .
400 00
680 97
Free text-books, receipts .
39 79
$241 18
Support of poor, appropriation
2,300 00
Support of poor, receipts .
857 70
2,688 55
469 15
Highway, appropriation
3,500 00
3,416 20
83 80
State aid, receipts
443 00
427 00
16 00
Repairs public buildings, approp'n,
350 00
198 73
151 27
Relief of indigent soldiers and sail- ors, appropriation
100 00
Relief of indigent soldiers and sail- ors, receipts
72 00
121 00
51 00
Town officers and committecs, ap- propriation .
750 00
829 79
79 79
Collection aud abatement of taxes, appropriation .
400 00
432 02
32 02
Miscellaneous expenses, approp'n,
250 00
376 68
Enlargement of school-house at Centre, appropriation
2,500 00
2,489 76
10 24
Enforcement of the liquor law, ap- propriation . . ·
400 00
53 75
346 25
Rc-insurance of public buildings, appropriation . . . .
300 00
300 00
Well and pump at So. Chelmsford, appropriation
75 00
50 44
24 56
Fire apparatus, appropriation
600 00
272 14
327 86
Road at W. Chelmsford, appropri'n,
400 00
400 00
$19,991 46 $18,252 40 $2,092 05 $ 352 99
1,739 06
1,739 06
$19,991 46 $19,991 46 $2,092 05 $2,092 05
Appropriations .
$17,775 00 : Amount of Orders .
$18,252 40
Receipts
2,216 46
Surplus
1,739 06
$19,991 46
$19,991 46
HENRY S. PERHAM, CHIAS. W. FLINT, R. WILSON DIX, JOHN Q. BATTLES,
GEO. F. SNOW,
Selectmen.
Miscellaneous expenses, receipts,
210 90
84 22
Teaching
AUDITORS' REPORT.
Having examined the account of the treasurer for the year ending Feb. 28, 1887, we find his receipts and payments properly entered and vouched, and a balance of eleven hundred and seventy dollars and sixteen cents ($1,170.16) in his hands.
We find bills and receipts in the hands of the selectmen amount- ing to eighteen thousand two hundred and fifty-two dollars and forty cents ($18,252.40), vouchers for orders drawn on the treasurer and paid by him.
We find -
Cash in treasury .
$1,170 16
Tax of 1885, uncollected
$ 17 84
Interest on tax, 1885.
1 76
Tax of 1886, uncollected
1,033 29
Interest on tax, 1886.
30 64
1,083 53
School books and supplies
125 00
Due from the State -
For State Aid to Jan. 1, 1887
$397 00
State Aid for January and February, 1887.
62 00
Relief to Jan. 1, 1887
78 50
Relief for January and February, 1887. .
14 00
Armory rent.
150 00
701 50
$3,080 19
Kimball Fund.
$100 00
Interest on Kimball Fund.
22 64
Silver Fund
100 00
Interest on Silver Fund
.00
Estimated liabilities
100 00
Estimated abatements.
50 00
$380 64
Assets over liabilities
$2,699 55
ZIBA GAY, E. F. RICHARDSON, J. ADAMS BARTLETT, Auditing Committee.
CHELMSFORD, March 3, 1887.
REPORT OF SEALER OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
List of scales in Chelmsford sealed during the year ending Feb. 28, 1887 :-
T. M. Gerrish, South Chelmsford : 1 hay scale, 1 portable platform, 1 grocer, 1 even balance.
D. W. Bickford, South Chelmsford: 1 portable platform, 1 Union, 1 even balance.
S. W. Parkhurst, Chelmsford Centre: 1 hay, 1 portable platform, 1 grocer, 1 counter, 1 druggist's counter, 1 butter, 1 even balance. E. Netel, Chelmsford Centre : 1 counter, 1 even balance.
E. W. Sweetser, Chelmsford Centre: 1 portable platform, 1 Buffalo market.
Dutton Bros., Chelmsford Centre : 2 portable platform, 1 dormant platform.
H. S. Perham, Chelmsford Centre : 1 Union. J. M. Butman, Chelmsford Centre: 1 portable platform.
Silver & Gay, North Chelmsford: 2 portable platform, 1 even balance.
Chelmsford Foundry Co., North Chelmsford: 1 R. R. track, 1 dormant platform.
George Moore, North Chelmsford: 3 dormant platform, 1 portable platform.
E. Shaw & Son, North Chelmsford : 1 hay, 1 portable platform, 1 grocer, 1 even balance; ordered for repairs, 1 portable platform. G. W. Perry, West Chelmsford : 1 hay, 1 portable platform, 1 grocer, 1 even balance.
M. H. Winship, West Chelmsford: 3 scales not sealed.
TRUE MORTON, Sealer.
COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
MIDDLESEX, SS.
To either of the Constables of the Town of Chelmsford in said County, GREETING :
In the name of the Commonwealth aforesaid, you are hereby required to notify the legal voters of said Chelmsford to meet at the Town Hall, at Chelmsford Centre, on Monday, the twenty-first day of March current, being the third Monday in said month, at nine o'clock in the forenoon, then and there to act on the following articles, viz. : -
ARTICLE 1. To choose a moderator.
ART. 2. To hear reports of town officers and committees, and act thereon.
ART. 3. To determine the manner of collecting the taxes.
ART. 4. To determine the manner of repairing the highways, townways, and bridges.
ART. 5. To choose all necessary town officers.
ART. 6. To act in relation to the list of jurors prepared by the selectmen.
ART. 7. To raise and appropriate such sums of money as may be necessary to defray town charges for the ensuing year.
ART.8 To see if the town will authorize the treasurer to borrow such sums of money as may be required for the payment of the de- mands upon him in anticipation of the taxes of the ensuing year, and payable therefrom.
ART. 9. To see if the town will vote to grant licenses for the sale of in- toxicating liquors for the current year.
ART. 10. At the request of N. B. Edwards and others, to see if the town will vote to enlarge the burying ground at North Chelmsford, or purchase land for a new ground, or act in relation thereto.
ART. 11. At the request of Israel Putnam, Perley P. Perham, E K. Park- hurst, Geo. O. Byam, and twenty-three ( 23 ) others, to see if the town will vote to exempt from taxation for a term of years all the machinery, buildings, real estate, and all other property owned by any individual or firm, who shall within one year es- tablish in this town some manufacturing industry, employing not less than twenty-five hands; provided that such exemption shall apply only to property used for manufacturing purposes, and that such enterprise shall be approved by the board of selectmen.
28
ART. 12. At the request of T. S. Edmands, James McFarlin, Geo. F. Dyar, and others, to see if the town will vote to dig a well at the school-house at East Chelmsford, put a pump in the same, and make an appropriation therefor, or act in relation thereto.
ART. 13. At the request of Geo. E. Spalding, Hubert Bearce, C. R. Sprague, and others, to see if the town will vote to appropriate money for a cistern and pump at the town hall at North Chelms- ford, or act in relation thereto.
ART. 14. At the request of Edwin H. Warren, to see if the town will vote to appropriate a sum of money to be expended in the care and improvements of the cemeteries, or act in relation thereto.
ART. 15. To see if the town will vote to authorize the selectmen to pro- cure a survey and plan of the town wood-lots, and appropriate money for same, or act in relation thereto.
And you are directed to serve this warrant, by posting up attested copies thereof at the Post-Offices in the Centre of the town, South Chelmsford, North Chelmsford, West Chelmsford, and at the School- house at East Chelmsford, ten days at least before the time ap- pointed for holding said meeting.
Hereof fail not, and make return of this warrant, with your do- ings thereon, to the Town Clerk, at the time and place of holding the meeting aforesaid.
Given under our hands this tenth day of March, in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and eighty-seven.
HENRY S. PERHAM,
JOHN Q. BATTEES,
GEO. F. SNOW,
Selectmen of Chelmsford.
I have served the foregoing Warrant, by posting up true and attested copies of the same at the places above mentioned, more than ten days before the day of holding said meeting.
ALFRED DAY,
Constable of Chelmsford.
-
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
SCHOOL COMMITTEE
OF THE
TOWN OF CHELMSFORD ( MASSACHUSETTS),
FOR THE
YEAR ENDING FEB. 28, 1887.
LOWELL, MASS .: VOX POPULI PRESS: 130 CENTRAL STREET. 1887.
SCHOOL COMMITTEE'S REPORT.
As required by law your School Committee render the following report : A new organization of the Board was necessary by reason of new members being elected to fill places made vacant by the expiration of the terms of three members. 4
As re-organized Rev. J. H. Vincent was re-elected super- intendent ; J. C. Hobbs, chairman, and Rev. N. C. Saun- ders, secretary.
We do not propose to enter into any lengthy detail re- port of school matters, leaving that to follow from the hand of our more competent Superintendent, whose report will be complete in all its details.
It is a pleasure to your Committee to know and feel that each member of the Board has at heart his du- ties as committee of his particular school or schools, doing all in his power to promote the interests of scholars and teachers, and endeavoring to excel in its work over the preceding year.
This is as it should be; and seeing that suitable teachers are procured and their positions made pleasant is our first duty, and in doing this we may retain them long enough to make it more profitable for our schools; for we believe, as our predecessors, that it is poor policy to change teachers too often, although necessity compels us
4
to make changes sometimes, but we hope always for the best interests of all concerned. Furthermore we would say that while we know our schools are not perfect and up to that standard which is possible, we do feel that we have by no means lost ground over preceding years.
We hope the citizens of Chelmsford will bear in mind that our schools are growing more and more important every year, new schools and higher grades of teachers being required to fill the needs of our growing population.
As this will require a larger appropriation for school purposes, we know you will see the necessity of giving such sums as will allow your Committee to carry out the school work, feeling that with proper care and economy we may yet have, and keep, the best grade of teachers possible for our schools. By doing this we shall be enabled to give you schools that will do honor to our citizens, and an education to our children that will do credit to our school system.
Trusting the report of your Superintendent and Com- mittee for the past year will meet with your approbation, we are
Very respectfully,
J. C. HOBBS, Chairman,
S. J. GARLAND,
J. H. HAZEN,
E. E. DUTTON,
T. S. EDMANDS,
GEO. F. LOCKE,
R. S. RIPLEY,
M. H. WINSHIP,
N. C. SAUNDERS, Secretary,
School Committee.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT.
To the School Committee of the Town of Chelmsford :
GENTLEMEN, - In making the report of this my fifth year's service as Superintendent of the schools of the town, I have to say that my work the past year has been much the same as in other years.
When the schools have opened, I have tried to visit them as soon as possible, so as to assist in organizing and to find out what books and supplies were needed.
When new teachers have taken charge of the schools I have usually suggested that they begin in the books where the former teachers left the classes; to do only as much talking themselves as will aid and not confuse the minds of the scholars; to teach the scholars to recite their lessons without being prompted ; to put all the work they can on the blackboards so that the eye might aid the mind and memory; to keep the scholars advancing slowly and thor- oughly, so that they might not become tired of their lessons ; to follow the order of the subjects as laid down in the books, so that visitors could see progress, and not have to accept it by faith ; to visit the schools again in a few days, to notice if there were defects in the methods of instruction, and suggest im- provements, if needed. So you can see gentlemen, that the Superintendent's position is a delicate one, and yet it is a work that must not be neglected if the scholars are to receive the full benefit of the money appropriated by the town. Many young teachers beginning the work of teaching have no defi- nite plans of instruction, and the Superintendent can be of great advantage to them in saving them from comparative failure in
6
their work. And my suggestions in most cases have been kindly received, and in some thankfully.
THE HOP-SKIP METHOD IN READING.
I have advised teachers to begin and continue in the reading books, as they would read a book themselves, not to skip around except in review. In the skip method, one piece is read perhaps a dozen times, while others are read only once, or are entirely neglected ; and by this method the scholars do not know when they are through with the book. Neither are such good results obtained by the skip method, nor so rapid progress made.
SUBORDINATE TEXT-BOOKS.
Once in a while I have found a teacher who makes text- books subordinate, which I think is a relic of inefficiency ; that is, they do not require the scholars to follow the text-books, and where this is done, in my judgment, the schools are subordi- nate in the work done; and after going from a school where text-books were followed strictly, into a school where they were not, it has made me feel sad when I saw evidence, as I thought, that the time of the scholars comparatively was being wasted. In these cases the teachers try to crowd so much in general upon the scholars, that they learn comparatively noth- ing in particular ; also, it encourages lack of attendance, for in this way a scholar can stay out two or three days a week and be as far advanced as those who attend regularly, or they think so.
SPELLING THE WORDS WHEN READING.
This is another relic of inefficiency which has almost been abolished in our schools, as far as I have observed. In stop- ping to spell a word, the scholar loses the sense of the piece read, and also interest in reading ; the better way, I think, is to let the scholars spell the more difficult words before reading, and for the smaller scholars to put the words on the black- board.
7
BOOKS AND SUPPLIES.
The past year it has cost the town about $1.14 a person, using books and supplies, including the teachers, who have to be supplied with desk-books. When it is remembered that it costs the town from $5.00 to $7.00, to furnish a High-school scholar, and that Chelmsford has two High schools, and that we have had scholars in High-school studies in five other schools during the year, and that it costs about $4.00 to furnish a Grammar-school scholar, about $2.50 to furnish an Inter- mediate scholar, and that it has taken three years to get a sup- ply of books in the school, - I think no reasonable person will complain of the cost ; and of course it ought not to cost so much in the future as in the past three years, but it should be remembered that writing-books, drawing-books, examination- paper, book-keeping blanks, pens, pencils, etc., can not be handed down to other scholars.
The following is a brief outline of the condition of the schools, the past year.
The statistics and wages of the teachers may be found at the close of the school report.
NO. I. - THE CENTRE OF THE TOWN.
Grammar and High School .- The spring term of the school was in charge of Mr. A. F. Gilbert, as principal, and Miss E. L. Pierce, as assistant. The order was good, scholars did good work, and progress was noticeable
During the summer vacation the school house was enlarged, and in the fall term the school was divided, Mr. Gilbert taking the High-school department, and Miss Ada M. Sheldon the Grammar. The beginning of the winter term there being an increase of scholars, the third room for this school was opened, - Miss Sheldon taking the Intermediate; Miss May Rey Hodsdon the Grammar, and Mr. Gilbert the High-school department. The schools not being large, and the teachers having sufficient time, the scholars were given a thorough drill in their studies ; order in all the schools was good.
.
8
No. 1. - PRIMARY.
Miss N. M. Perham was in charge of this school through the year. Some new methods to interest the scholars were noticed. The examination at the close of the spring term showed that there were some very bright scholars in the school, and that they could tell those present what they knew.
No. 2. - MIXED. NORTH ROW.
During the year here we had more than the usual number of changes. Miss Helen Gookin, of Lowell, began the year, and took hold of her work with great interest; her scholars, also, took hold of their work with great interest, and after teaching the spring term and four weeks of the fall, she resigned, to ac- cept a position in the schools of Lowell. Miss S. Eva Worthen, of Chelmsford, then took charge, keeping the scholars inter- ested and at work. After teaching five weeks, on account of sickness, she also resigned. The winter term was taught by Miss Blanche E. Henshaw, of Lowell, who is a graduate of Framingham Normal School. Miss Henshaw's work was very thorough and progressive, and her school a good success.
No. 3. - MIXED. SOUTH CHELMSFORD.
The same teacher taught here as for the past three years -Miss A. V. Paasche. Miss Paasche is one of our most thor- oughly educated teachers ; self-reliant, knows how, after the class has recited its lesson from the book, to give examples and lessons that will help the scholars to understand and remember the lessons studied. The examination at the close of the year was very satisfactory. Composition writing received careful attention, as well as all other studies. The scholars are well advanced in this school.
No. 4. - MIXED. SOUTH ROW.
The same teacher, Miss Gertrude W. Byam, was in charge here through the year. Progress was noticeable in this school, and that was the testimony of those present at the examination who have known the school for years. One remarked how
9
bright and far advanced the little folks are. Scholars here, also in High-school studies, seemed to have grasped the subjects gone over, and recited with an ease and interest in their studies not often seen even in High schools.
No. 5. - MIXED. ESQUIRE BYAM'S NEIGHBORHOOD.
The spring term here was taught by Miss Ida E. Byam; but on account of the sickness of Miss Byam, the fall term was taught by Miss Lydia Heywood, of New Ipswich, N. H., who found, as she said, the school in good condition, the scholars bright, wide awake, and interested in their work; and she kept them in the same condition in which she found them. The winter term Miss Byam took charge again, and did even better work than in the spring. Her class of eleven-year-old scholars, in intellectual arithmetic, are certainly equal to any, I think, I ever saw; also the same scholars in the Fourth Supplementary Readers. The scholars here are advanced gradually and thor- oughly, and understand their work about as well as it is possible for little folks to understand it.
No. 6. - MIXED. EAST CHELMSFORD.
Miss Susie M. McFarlin was the teacher in this school through the year, and progress was always noticeable. Fluency in reading is cultivated, arithmetic seemed to be well under- stood, writing-books were neat and free from ink-blots, and scholars well advanced in writing; so that the scholars have a chance to get a good foundation for an education under Miss McFarlin's skilful teaching.
No. 7 .- MIXED. SPALDING'S NEIGHBORHOOD.
Miss G. Etta Locke taught the spring and fall terms. Her scholars always appeared to be interested in their work, and Progress was her motto. She resigned at the close of the fall term, and Miss Mary L. Keith, of North Chelmsford, was se- cured to take her place, who took hold of her work with energy and enthusiasm, and succeeded in doing a good term's work with both large and small scholars.
10
No. 8. - NORTH CHELMSFORD.
High School. - The teacher in this school, the spring and fall terms, was Mr. Geo. F. Partridge, of Caryville, a graduate of Harvard college. Mr. Partridge took hold with a determination to make his school a success, which he did, doing better and better work as the weeks went by, growing in favor with the scholars, parents, and friends of the school; and it was to the great regret of all that he resigned at the close of the fall term, to accept a position as teacher in Boston. At the commence- ment of the winter term, Mr. V. B. Wells took charge, and after teaching seven weeks, on account of ill-health, not having as much energy to give to the school as it required, he resigned, and Mr. W. F. Parsons, of Lowell, took the school and carried it through very successfully. By these changes I do not think the scholars lost much, as each teacher took up the work where the other left it, each having a daily programme of exercises on the desk, -a practice that ought to become universal, I think, in the schools.
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