USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > Ipswich > Town annual report of Ipswich 1905 > Part 5
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Water rates due and unpaid, 496 73
Services due and unpaid, 28 28
Balance, 3740 22
$267,509 66
V. SUMMARY OF COST OF CONSTRUCTION TO DATE.
Construction Account
|Dec. 31, '04|Year 1905|Dec. 31, '05
Engineering . .
3350 00
$ 3350 00
Land damages & rights of way
3599 12
3599 12
Pumping station .
10047 41
10047 41
Pumps & pumping machinery Storage basin
8298 46
8298 46
27693 59
27693 59
Bull Brook supply
1778 60
1778 60
Distributing reservoir
17827 56
17827 56
Pipe line construction
77239 38
2259 26
79498 64
Service pipe
9664 12
760 90
10425 02
Miscellaneous expenses
2834 20
2834 20
Store house
147 71
30 99
178 70
$162480 15
$3051 15 $165531 30
.
Land damages and rights of way,
3599 12
Pumping station, 10047 41
Pumps and pumping machinery, 8298 46
$267,509 66
Engineering, $ 3350 00
21
WATER COMMISSIONERS REPORT.
VI.
SINKING FUND.
Receipts
Investments
Appropriation, 1895 $1700 00
66
1896
1759 50
66
1897
1899 08
66
1898
1965 55
66
1899
2032 00
. 0
1900
2138 65
66
66 "tax1000 00
66
1901
2363 50
66
1902
2446 22
Town of Ipswich, water bonds 10000 00
66
1904
2680 32
66
1905
2890 91
Interest,
5731 65
Maine Central RR 4's 3000 00 Ill. Cent. R R 3 1-2's 3000 00 Town of Ipswich, Elec- tric Light Notes 5000 00
$30,139 22
UNPAID ORDERS.
Bill No. 59, 1904 .
$ 2 10
66 93, 1904 .
30
7,1905 . 45
66 20,1905.
95
66 156, 1905
1 00
66 247, 1905 .
45
66 250, 1905 .
5 00
66 253, 1905
1 76
66 317, 1905 1 55
66 321, 1905 . 5 30
66 331, 1905
1 75
66 334, 1905
1 30
66 335, 1905
91
66 336, 1905 50
66 337, 1905 Total unpaid orders,
6 14
$ 29 4G
1
1903
2531 84
$30.139 22
Ipswich Savings Bank$4120 13 Institute for Savings, Newburyport, 219 09
Notes, Town of Ipswich2000 00 66 66 66 1800 00
i
22
WATER COMMISSIONERS' REPORT.
COST OF FRUIT STREET EXTENSION.
312 feet 6in. cast iron pipe .
$ 125 41
Labor
407 69
Teaming and express
57 73
1 6in. sleeve
1 40
1 6in. gate .
13 05
2 6in. tees
13 50
1 hydrant
28 56
1 6in. plug .
75
1 gate gate box
4 00
280 lbs. lead
14 28
Lumber
2 83
Derrick, etc
29 05
Supplies for blasting
25 00
$723 25
COST OF MILL STREET EXTENSION.
1428 feet 6in. cast iron pipe .
$775 40
Labor
346 87
Teaming and express
72 65
Lumber
2 83
1500 lbs. lead
76 50
3 6in. tees .
20 25
3 6in. plugs
2 25
1 hydrant .
28 56
1 6in. gate
13 05
1 gate box
4 00
Miscellaneous
4 40
$1346 76
23
WATER COMMISSIONERS' REPORT.
TREASURER'S REPORT.
CHARLES W. BAMFORD, Treasurer, in account with WATER BOARD, for the year ending December 31, 1905. DR.
Cash on hand .
$5334 91
Charles M Kelly
1916 94
66
936 81
66
553 73
66
1351 16
66 .
6
1933 01
66 66
2053 98
Hydrant Service
1755 00
Insurance Dividends
41 50
Charles M Kelly
989 47
$16868 51
CR.
By orders paid .
$13098 83
By cash to balance
3769 68
.
e
Q
$16868 51
The foregoing balance sheet I have found to be correct and to correspond with the books of the Town Treasurer. I find the cash balance in the hands of the Treasurer to be correctly stated, viz: $3769 68. James Damon, Auditor.
25
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
REPORT OF THE
ELECTRIC LIGHT DEPARTMENT.
To the Voters of Ipswich: Gentlemen.
In our last report, we called your attention to the fact that we had purchased a complete duplicate plant for the power station. At that time it had not been found necessary to run both plants at one time, but owing to the rapid increase in the number of custom- ers, and the fact that the Ipswich Mills Co. has added a large num- ber of lamps which are used in the winter season from 4 until 6 o'clock in the afternoon, we have found it advisable to run both dynamos and engines during those hours. At all other times, one engine and one dynamo will carry the load. At the start, there was some difficulty in getting satisfactory results with both plants in operation, but Mr. Russell, the engineer, has practically solved the problem and is now getting far better results.
The Town, at the annual meeting, instructed the board to extend the main lines for domestic lighting, whenever the parties desiring the extension guaranteed to pay annually an amount equal to 8 per cent of the cost of the extension. Dr. Harrington, who has recently erected a large country house on rgilla Road, was the only party to give such guarantee, and the line was extended from near the house of Alden Story to the house of George E. Smith, a distance of about a mile and a quarter. The cost of that extension was $1187.05.
26
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
It is probable that we will be called on to put in poles on the Topsfield Road, from the B. & M. station to the end of the line at Sullivan's corner. When the lines were run, the poles of the N. E. Tel. & Tel. Co. were used, but as that company has now decided that they wish to put another arm on their poles for their own wires, we may be compelled to drop our lines so low that it would be dangerous, and if so, we will be forced to set poles for our own use. We feel, also, that arrangements should be made to extend our street lighting from its present terminus on County road to the Hamilton line. It is the only part of the main road to Salem which is not lighted, and we have had many requests to make the extension.
The report of the Manager will show that the plant has been successful this year beyond all expectations. Not only have the earnings from the sale of light been sufficient to pay all running expenses, but a substantial balance is shown in favor of the Town. In the inside wiring department the same thing is true. We have followed the plan of last year, and appointed the Chairman of the Board as Manager. He has attended to all the duties, acting as both Manager and Clerk, charging only $4.00 a week for his services, and by so doing, has kept down the expenses of the de- partment.
Following will be found a full account of the amounts expend- ed during 1905, for additional construction, and tables showing the cost of construction to date, and the condition of the Note and Interest Accounts. The cost of Maintenance, and of the Inside Wiring Department, will be found in the Manager's report.
Respectfully submitted,
Geo. A. Schofield, Municipal
William H. Rand, Water and Electric Light
Geo. H. W. Hayes,
Commissioners
27
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
CONSTRUCTION EXPENSES.
The following bills have been paid for Construction during the year 1905 and are in addition to the amounts paid to Jan. 1, 1905.
REAL ESTATE.
Paid
Ipswich Water Department, labor $ 11 66
J W Webber, labor
5 80
A H Plouff, 9 25
W E Lord, material
1 76
A C Damon,
1 35
A W Gould, labor
25 27
$55 09
STEAM PLANT.
Paid
Star Brass M'f'g Co., valves $ 13 00
Am. Ex. Co., express
1 60
A J Barton, labor
36 60
Jackson Ex. Co, express 1 90
F A Swan & Co., engineering expense
168 13
Chandler & Farquhar, belts.
106 38
Lumsden & Van Stone, pipes and labor
235 00
Ames Iron Works, Engine
1340 00
$1902 61
ELECTRIC PLANT.
Paid
Stanley Elec. M'f'g Co., dynamo
$2066 00
Am. Ex. Co., express
4 70
E Howard Co., electric clock 40 00
F A Swan & Co., engineering expenses
206 60
$2317 30
28
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
ELECTRIC LINES.
Paid
J H Lakeman, paint and labor $ 26 25
J B Caverley, stable board
7 50
J W Goodhue, supplies
91 33
Chester Patch, labor
9 95
J H Clark,
519 95
Wm Fitzpatrick,
177 12
D A Grady, teams
117 00
Geo W Plouff, labor
28 00
N L Harris, express
75
John Durand, labor
1 25
Boston Steam Spec. Co., supplies
9 54
Jackson Ex. Co., express
20 25
John Sullivan, labor 53 65
A S Hills, labor
1 00
S F Canney, lumber
20 62
A D Mallard, express and freight
38 71
Am. Ex. Co., express
2 35
Water Dept., supplies.
6 39
Wm A Spiller, labor
90
Ipswich Mills, supplies
1 50
John Long, labor.
12 00
Harry Sheppard, labor
89 42
C McDonald, labor
12 20
J Fitzpatrick,
4 84
W B Clancy, 66
16 00
Arthur Douglass, labor
6 00
Thos Smith, labor
5 00
B & MR R Co., freight.
42 00
J A Hurd Lumber Co., poles.
123 00
Pettingell Andrews Co., wire and supplies
609 77
Geo Hills, labor ..
1 50
T F Cogswell, paint
5 50
J N Crowe, ladder
9 00
Geo W Knowlton Co., supplies 3 67
Geo Spencer, labor 2 55
29
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
James Graffum, labor
$ 4 25
Wm Banfill, labor.
2 00
General Electric Co., transformers.
855 15
General Electric Co., meters
673 26
Stanley Instrument Co., Meters
38 50
$3649 62
DR.
SUMMARY. (CONSTRUCTION ACCOUNT, 1905)
CR.
To balance Jan. 1, 1905 $4028 49
By bills pd real estate $
55 09
To sale of Notes
4000 00
By bills steam plant.
1902 61
To premiums on notes.
280 00
By bills electric plant
2317 30
To accrued interest ... 17 11
By bills electric lines.
3649 62
By balance on hand. . 400 98
$8325 60
$8325 60
SUMMARY OF COST OF CONSTRUCTION TO DATE.
||Dec. 31, 1904| Year 1905 |Dec. 31, 1905
Cost of Real Estate.
$ 3943 55
$ 55 09
$ 3998 64
Cost of Steam Plant.
3063 66
1902 61
4966 27
Cost of Electric Plant.
2282 14
2317 30
4599 44
Cost of Electric Lines.
23665 30
3649 62
27314 92
$32954 65
$7924 62
$40879 27
DR. NOTES AND INTEREST. CR.
To outstanding notes, Jan. 1, 1905
$35500 00
To notes authorized in 1905 .
4000 00
To interest on above
78 66
notes for 1905
1518 66
39000 00
$41,018 66
$41,018 66
-
By note No. 2, paid By interest appro- priation, 1905. ... By interest from construction acc. By balance notes outstanding ...
$ 500 00
1440 90
30
MUNICIPAL LIGHT PLANT.
MANAGER'S REPORT.
To the Water and Municipal Lighting Commissioners: Gentlemen :-
I submit the following report of the receipts and expenses of the Lighting Plant for the year 1905.
MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT ..
BILLS PAID.
Boston Steam Specialty Co., waste $ 35 62
A. G Osborn, oil. 163 43
Edmund Russell, engineer 893 20
Frank A Jewett, engineer 977 88
Everett Guilford, fireman
741 60
Enoch Olmstead, fireman
782 05
J H Clarke, labor 118 50
Wm Fitzpatrick, labor 57 67
Bay State Lamp Co., lamps
16 00
Geo H W Hayes 5 00
D A Grady, teams 26 00
N E Tel & Tel Co., telephone 5 44
B F Sturtevant Co., repairs 17 45
General Electric Co., lamps.
457 88
E R Smith, office supplies
3 50
Westchester Insurance Co., insurance.
9 38
G H W Hayes, salary, May 1904 to Jan, 1906. Wm H Rand, $6 16
166 66
Geo A Schofield, "
166 66
Ipswich Mills Co., coal
4537 58
H N McAskell, labor 90
24 00
Charles W Bamford, treasurer
58 34
Alden Spears Co., supplies
1 25
Robert Spencer, labor 1 32
Shelby Electric Co., lamps. 58 32
Cotton & Woolen Insurance Co., insurance
100 00
Geo A Schofield, Manager 195 00
A W Chesterton & Co., supplies
14 63
Chronicle Pub Co., printing
166 67
31
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
C T Littlefield, supplies
$ 3 50
Cutter Hammer Co., supplies 7 65
Harry Sheppard, labor.
10 22
C A Claflin & Co., supplies
2 00
Stanley Electric Manufacturing Co., supplies .. 2 00
A H Plouff, supplies 6 31
T A Howe, express. 1 00
E Howard Clock Co., supplies 3 00
J W Goodhue, supplies
1 00
J A Blake, telephones. .
1 84
Geo G Dexter, protograph.
1 75
$9842 20
SUMMARY. (MAINTENANCE)
CR.
To cash from street lighting
$3804 00
By bills due for light 1904 . 267 03
To cash from sale of light.
5340 88
By balance in favor of plant for 1905. .
1201 91
To cash from steam power .
1500 00
To cash from labor
103 94
To cash from rent poles.
21 50
To cash from insur- ance dividends ...
37 90
To cash due from sale of light . . .
502 92
$11,311 14
$11,311 14
.
DR.
By bills paid . . .... $9842 2)
32
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
INSIDE WIRING DEPARTMENT,
BILLS PAID.
J W Goodhue, supplies .
$ 15 81 65
American Express Co, express
Pettingell-Andrews Co, electric supplies
584 41
J H Clark, labor
409 75
William Fitzpatrick, labor
134 18
Stuart Howland Co, supplies
7 90
Harry Sheppard, labor
102 50
D A Grady, teams.
6 00
McKenney Waterbury Co, electric supplies
23 54
Henry Pickard, labor
2 75
H Stone, labor
12 00
John Sullivan, labor
15 50
A D Mallard, express
6 47
Jackson Express Co, express
9 10
$1330 56
SUMMARY.
DR. (INSIDE WIRING DEPARTMENT)
CR.
To cash received for labor and materials
$1253 31
To bills due for labor and materials
373 64
By balance (profits on labor and mate- rial)
296 39
$1626 95
$1626 95
It will be seen that the profit from the two departments is as follows:
From sale of light
$1201 91 296 39
From inside wiring
Total
$1498 30
The unpaid bills for all work and material for these two departments up to Jan. 1906 amount to. $231 75
Less inventory of stock on hand Jan. 1, 1906. . 116 05 Balance . $115 70
By bills paid . ... $1330 56
33
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
To show the net profit to the Town the $115.70 should be de- ducted from the $1498.30 leaving a balance of $1382.60, which the Town has cleared for the year 1905.
Every bill on the pay roll has been paid, and every pound of coal used at the station up to Jan. 1, 1906, has been paid for. In addition to the payment of all 1905 bills, it will be seen that the salaries of all the officials have been paid, not only for the year end- ing May 1st, 1905, but for the following eight months, down to Jan. 1, 1906.
One year ago, in my report to your board, I predicted that 1905 would be a year of success, but I did not anticipate for a moment that the success would be so great as is shown by the figures.
Those who figure that the interest and depreciation should be charged up as an annual expense, may seek to prove that the plant has not made a profit if those items are charged up. It must be borne in mind, however, that the Town appropriates only $6. a year for each 16 candle-power street light, and that these lights burn all night. This price was fixed with the full understanding that the interest charges and depreciation would not be charged up against the annual running expense. The lowest price paid for similar street lights to private companies, is about $15. a year. . If Ipswich appropriated at the same rate for its street lights, the earnings of the plant would be $5706. larger than they now are. The interest charges, $1518.66, and 5 per cent. depreciation amounting to $2000, makes a total of $3518.66, which deducted from the; additional $5706, would leave an additional balance of $2187.34 in favor of the Town. Figure it as you will, the plant has been a pronounced success.
I have made every effort to keep an accurate account of the ex- pense of each department. The men employed file a card for each day's work, showing where they have been employed, the kind of work and the number of hours. This is entered on a ledger, and each department has been charged with the number of hours' labor performed on work connected with that department. The same thing has been done on the purchase of material. The result is, that I am able to show the exact standing of each department, and show whether or not the departments show a profit or a loss.
34
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
The number of meters in use December 31, 1904 was 69, and the number in use December 31, 1905 was 105, a gain of 36 during the year. The following table shows the class of service for the two years:
1904
1905
Dwellings
29
Dwellings 42
Stores.
18
Stores
28
Offices
8
Offices 9
Mills and Shops
7
Mills and Shops 10
Stables
4
Stables
8
Halls
3
Halls
7
Churches
0
Churches.
1
69
105
It would seem that the showing made by the department is such that your board can take into consideration a reduction in the rate. At the start, the price was placed at 15 cents a kilowatt -hour, with the understanding that a reduction would be made as soon as conditions should warrant it. I recommend that the price be reduced to 12 cents, to take effect from Jan. 1, 1906. I desire to extend my thanks to the board, and to the men in the employ of the department for the earnestness shown by all in trying to make the plant a success.
Respectfully submitted,
Geo. A. Schofield, Manager.
Ipswich, Jan. 1, 1906.
This is to certify that I have made weekly examinations of the books, vouchers, and other accounts of the Water and Electric Lighting Departments, and have also examined the securities of the Sinking Fund Commission and their report, and find them correct, and that the various books of the departments correspond with the balance sheet of the Treasurer.
Ipswich, Feb. 15, 1906.
James Damon, Auditor.
35
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
TREASURER'S REPORT.
CHARLES W. BAMFORD, in account with the Municipal Lighting Department, Town of Ipswich.
DR.
To cash on hand Jan, 1905 To cash received commercial lighting
$ 3795 08
-
66
lighting Town buildings
265 08
street lighting
3804 00
66
Notes, Electric Light Loan. .
4000 00
66
Premiums on Notes
280 00
66
accrued interest
17 11
66
power for Water Dept
1500 00
inside work
1253 31
66
66 note appropriation
500 00
66
interest appropriation
1440 00
66
temporary loan
17 50
66
N. E. Tel. & Tel. Co, pole rent
21 50
66
66 dividends on insurance
37 90
$18316 11
$22,111 19
CR.
By paid Commissioners' orders.
$19097 38
interest on notes
1518 66
note No. 2.
500 00
temporary loan
17 50
$21133 54
Jan. 27. Balance on hand
977 65
$22,111 19
The foregoing balance sheet I have found to be correct and to correspond with the books of the Town Treasurer. I find the cash balance in the hands of the Treasurer to be correctly stated, viz: $977.65. James Damon, Auditor.
$5075 80
66
labor for Water Dept
103 94
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
School Committee
OF THE
TOWN OF IPSWICH
MASS
WICH
V
SA
INC.
634
THE BIRTHPLACE OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 1687
For the Year 1905.
Ipswich, Mass. Charles G. Hull, Printer. 1906.
-
SCHOOL COMMITTEE.
George W. Tozer George H. W. Hayes Charles W. Bamford Charles G. Hull
Term expires 1906
1906
66 1907
1907
John H. Cogswell Harriet E. Noyes
1908
1908
ORGANIZATION.
George W. Tozer, Chairman.
John H. Cogswell, Secretary. Robert M. Martin, Superintendent.
SUB-COMMITTEES.
Manning Grammar-Mr. Hayes and Mrs. Noyes Winthrop Grammar-Mr. Tozer and Mr. Hull Cogswell School-Mr. Cogswell and Mr. Bamford Dennison School-Mr. Cogswell and Mr. Hull Payne School-Mr. Bamford and Mrs. Noyes Wainwright School-Mr. Hayes and Mr. Hull Appleton School-Mr. Cogswell Linebrook School-Mr. Hayes Grape Island School-Mrs. Noyes High School-Whole Board
Repairs-Mr. Cogswell and Mr. Hayes Purchasing Agents-Mr. Cogswell and Mrs. Noyes Labor Certificates -- The Superintendent Truant Officer-Mr. A. S. Garland
8
SCHOOL REPORT.
conceal any facts or figures having an important bearing upon the system. They want the people to know all, and this cannot be done unless the facts are published and read. Therefore we request a careful consideration of the report and a candid criticism of the work during the past year.
Withdrawal from the School District. - The three-year term for which the school district comprising the towns of Ipswich, Essex, Hamilton and Wenham had been formed came to end with last June, and at that time our town with- drew from the district. This was done in accordance with the vote passed at the last annual meeting. A change in the statute had made it possible for towns of the size and valuation of Ipswich to refrain from forming a union or dis- trict with smaller towns and to employ, part time, a super- intendent of their own. In retiring from the district the position of superintendent in our schools was made vacant and a large number of applications with accompanying cre- dentials soon came to hand. These were given painstaking consideration, many of the applicants being personally in- terviewed that their qualifications might be the' more fully adjudged. By the process of elimination the number of eli- gible candidates was reduced to four, the final and unani- mous choice falling upon Mr. Robert M. Martin of Salem, who was strongly entrenched in the position of superintend- ent in the town of Swampscott.
The New Superintendent .- A brief sketch of the man who under the committee is at the head of our school affairs will not be out of place in this connection and will serve to introduce him to our people. Mr. Martin was born in Scot- land but came to this country at the age of ten years. He was prepared for entrance to Brown in the schools of Lons- dale, Rhode Island, and was graduated from that university
9
SCHOOL REPORT.
in 1873. For a time his attention was given to teaching in the state of New Jersey, but later he entered the Rochester (N. Y.) Theological Seminary, where he spent three years in preparing for the ministry. Mr. Martin occupied differ- ent pastorates until 1904, when he was requested by the Swampscott committee to take charge of the schools in that town. Believing that the superintendency would afford him a broader field of usefulness, by bringing him into close per- sonal touch with a vast number of young people, whose characters he might influence for good as he watched over their mental training, he entered upon the superintendency and came with us at the opening of the schools in Septem- ber.
Mr. Martin's Work .- As Mr. Martin has been here but a brief time it might be somewhat premature to pass unre- served judgment upon his work and worth; yet the commit- tee have reason to feel that they have not erred in his se- lection and consider that his work thus far is entitled to endorsement. For his first report to the town which appears in another part of this volnme we bespeak a careful perusal.
Primary Schools.
Importance of the Work .- In commenting upon this de- partment of our school system the committee desire to express their pleasure concerning the growing appreciation of the importance of the work. This appreciation has been long de- layed and, like hope deferred, has made the heart oftentimes sad; but it has put in its appear ance at last, and the commit- tee hasten to welcome it. The primary teacher no longer feels that she occupies an insignificant or inferior position
10
SCHOOL REPORT.
among our corps of instructors. It is now recognized that that teacher who can keep a large school of young children busily, pleasurable and instructively employed for upwards of five hours each day possesses far more than the average degree of tact and wisdom. If we add to this a heart large enough to encompass the entire brood and enable her to love and care for them all with the tender solicitude of a good mother, it can truly be said that she is possessed of qualities exceedingly rare and choice. There is no more important work than hers, no more elevated position in all our school system.
Changes in Teachers .- One evidence of the prevalence of the spirit alluded to under the foregoing topic is found in the fact that our primary teachers, with hardly an except- ion, have not asked for, and we judge have not desired, change of position. There have been but few such changes and these have occurred only where resignations have created the necessity. Miss Mary E. Archer, principal of the Payne school, who was removing from town, resigned at the close of last year, and the vacancy was filled by the transfer of Miss Eva A. Willcomb from the Winthrop build- ing. For many years Miss Willcomb taught with success at the Payne, and her work there this year has been a repetition of former times. ' Desiring to perfect herself in the work of teaching, Miss Elsie W. Ross, also of the Payne, . requested a leave of absence this year that she might take a course of special training at the Salem Normal, after which it is her purpose to resume the work in our schools. Her place has been filled with satisfaction by Miss Augusta N. Appleton. This change left a vacancy in the first grade of the Payne which Miss Kathryn M. Clarke, a graduate of Manning High and Salem Normal schools and a teacher of much promise. has filled very acceptably. Another resignation was that of Miss Elith Perley of the Cogswell, who relinquished her po- sition that she might assist her father in genealogical work.
11
SCHOOL REPORT.
Miss Helen Tupper of Orange, Mass., was elected to this po- sition, and her work is deserving of favorable comment.
Overcrowding of the Schools. - Again the committee would call attention to the overcrowding of the schools. It is felt that too much cannot be said in deprecation of this practice, for such it has necessarily become during the past few years. Its bad effects are too plainly evident to need pointing out. The teacher is yet to be found who can do justice to a school of sixty or more pupils. The general condition of such a school cannot be what it ought, and the laggard must lapse into greater dulness and density. In every room there are pupils who need special attention. Puzzled and perplexed, the most diligent child may become discouraged through inability to master a certain study, and discouragement may lead to dissatisfaction and desire to leave school as early as possible. Special attention from the teacher at such a critical time would elucidate the most difficult problem, the mastery of which would delight the child mind and prove a powerful stimulus in after effort. On the other hand there are pupils who manifest a total in- difference in regard to the securing of an education. They attend school simply because they are compelled to do so, and while they derive but little benefit themselves, the spirit of indisposition which they manifest is communicated to others and the effect cannot be anything but demoralizing, One careless, indolent, mischief-making child may upset an entire school. Here is where the teacher requires something more than book-knowledge. She must not only maintain discipline by securing obedience on the part of the refrac- tory child, but must enlighten the mind of such an one in regard to the importance of education, must overcome indif- ference by creating a desire for knowledge, and if possible devise means of making the studies pleasant and palatable. This is a stupendous task, and the teacher who would ac- complish it must devote much time and thought to the
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