USA > Massachusetts > Essex County > Ipswich > Town annual report of Ipswich 1907 > Part 5
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Following is an account of the number of services added, also the number of feet of service pipe laid (by years) since the works were put in.
Town
Private
Total
Year
No. of ser- vices added
Ft.
In.
Ft.
In.
Ft. 7,241
6
1895
218
5,312
3
6,051
5
11,363
8
1896
110
2,391
9
2,616
5
5,008
2
1897
32
896
6
1.991
6
2,288
1898
42
1,112
7
1,318
3
2,430
10
1899
34
841
2
1,335
10
1,177
11
1900
30
641
2
2,741
4
3,382
6
1901
25
517
4
1,209
5
1,726
9
1902
25
280
1
3,657
2
4,237
3
1903
19
800
1
1,589
1
2,389
2
1904
17
367
5
263
2
630
1905
30
1,172
7 443
1
1,615
8
1906
22
454
233
5
687
5
1907
49
986
9
625
8
1,612
5
14
834
19,552 11
26,856
11
47,391
10
In.
1894
181
4,470
4
2,771
2
Total, 52,591=9 miles, 1,532 feet. The pipes used are cast iron, lead and galvanized iron, from 3-4 inch to 4 inches.
17
WATER COMMISSIONERS' REPORT.
TREASURER'S REPORT.
CHARLES W. BAMFORD, Treasurer, in account with the WATER BOARD for the year ending December 31, 1907.
DR.
To cash on hand Jan. 1, 1907 $ 4157 40
To cash received from Commissioners 16489 40
To cash Hydrant service appro 1794 00
$ 22440 80
CR.
By Commissioners' orders paid
$ 20835 97
By cash on hand Jan. 1, 1908 1604 83
$ 22440 80
The foregoing balance sheet I have found to be correct and to correspond with the books of the Town Treasurer. I find the cash balance in the hands of the Treasurer to be correctly stated, viz :- $1604.83. JAMES DAMON, Auditor.
UNPAID ORDERS.
Bill No. 7, 1905. $ 45
334, 1906. 30
135, 1906 1 76
149, 1906. 3 00
66 91,1907 1 11
276, 1907.
25
405, 1907.
2 00
416, 1907.
3 20
Total unpaid orders,
$12 07
18
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
ELECTRIC LIGHT DEPARTMENT.
CONSTRUCTION EXPENSES.
The following bills have been paid for new construction during the year 1907, and are in addition .to the amounts paid to Jan. 1, 1907.
ELECTRIC LINES.
PAID TO
FOR WHAT
AMOUNTS
John H Clark
labor
$ 440 40
Harry Sheppard
256 00
Walter Bailey
200 55
Stanley Roper
24 50
Wm Henshaw
49 00
Geo Plouff
37 00
T Smith
25 00
E Turner
3 00
Geo McIntire
11 00
A Sheppard
1 00
E Carter
teaming
8 25
A D Mallard
express
21 93
Am Ex Co
11 44
Jackson Ex Co
26 90
J H Lakeman
paint
18 75
Ipswich Mills Co
supplies
30 81
D A Grady
teams
87 85
J W Goodhue
' supplies
23 24
S F Canney
lumber
10 50
T F Tyler
oil
2 50
Pettingell, Andrews Co
poles, wire & material 1195 63
General Electric Co
transformers
245 09
meters
553 08
street lamps
45 90
1
19
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
PAID TO
FOR WHAT
AMOUNT
J W Goodhue
distribution tools
$ 17 71
N E Tel & Tel Co
service
10 38
A I Savory
supplies
2 10
National Insulator Co
1 20
Safford Bros
teaming
21 70
A W Brown
18 20
C F Chapman
supplies
34 05
H A Pickard
labor
4 44
J R Richards
supplies
4 60
F L Burke & Son
horse
125 00
E Lemay
labor
2 55
J Graffum
3 10
J Sheppard
use wagon
44 00
W A Spiller
labor
3 25
Chester Patch
6 40
Total
$ 3538 00
SUMMARY.
DR. (CONSTRUCTION ACCOUNT, 1907.)
CR.
To balance Jan, '07
$ 64 58
By bills paid Electri
To sale of Notes
2000 00
Lines
$3538 00
To depreciation appro
1300 00
To cash from jobbing account
173 42
$3538 00
$3538 00
COST OF CONSTRUCTION TO JAN. 1, 1908.
Dec. 1, 1906| Year 1907
Total
Cost of Real Estate.
$ 3998 64
$3998 64
Cost of Steam Plant.
4966 27
4966 27
Cost of Electric Plant
4653 52
4653 52
Cost of Electric Line.
31502 24
$3538 00
35040 24
$45120 67
$3538 00
$48658 67
20
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
DR.
NOTE ACCOUNT. CR.
To outstanding notes, Jan 1, 1907 $41000 00
By Note No. 4 paid, $ 500 00
To notes authorized in 1907
2000 00
By balance, notes outstanding, 42500 00
$43000 00
$43000 00
MANAGER'S REPORT.
To the Water and Municipal Lighting Commissioners : Gentlemen :-
I submit the following report of the receipts and expenses of the Lighting Plant for the year 1907.
MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT.
BILLS PAID.
PAID TO
FOR WHAT
AMOUNTS
Edmund Russell
engineer
$ 1092 00
Frank Jewett
898 90
Everett Guilford
fireman
725 60
Enoch Olmstead
778 20
W S Dorsett
engineer
73 51
H M Ricker
fireman
8 20
J H Clark
electrician
220 80
Harry Sheppard
66
28 00
A H Plouff
supplies
3 40
Cotton & Woolen Mfg Co Ins
insurance
100 00
Geo E Marsh Co
soap
8 25
A E Osborne
oil
161 37
Parmenter & Polsey
soap
2 75
D A Grady
teams
43 00
Gen Electric Co
lamps
302 45
102 55
Walter Bailey
21
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
PAID TO
FOR WHAT
AMOUNTS
N E T & T Co
telephones
$ 29 35
B F Sturtevant Co
repairs on engine
137 63
Walton Self Locking Block
ropes and blocks .
23 50
H F Tonge
labor
16 25
C M Kelly
stamped envelopes
11 20
Chronicle Pub Co
printing
57 28
Westchester Ins Co
insurance
9 38
Ips Mills
coal
3441 86
John A Blake
supplies
2 71
Boston Steam Specialty Co
waste
31 68
G W Knowlton
belts
9 20
Geo A Schofield
salary as manager
& clerk 260 00
Geo A Schofield
commissioner
100 00
Chas W Bamford
treasurer
50 00
G H W Hayes
commissioner
100 00
Wm H Rand
100 00
M L Cobb
coal
119 24
C C Caldwell
65 35
E Howard Clock Co
dials
7 50
Athkinson Coal Co
coal
1462 04
E R Smith
books etc
2 55
$10585 70
SUMMARY. (MAINTENANCE.)
CR.
To cash sale of light
power
$5796 14 1500 00
By bills paid
$10585 70
dividends on insurance 75 00
Less old bills for light 1906 Bal in favor of plant for 1907
570 12
rent of poles
76 40
310 63
" due sale of light
736 41
" app. for main-
tenance 1500 00
on hand Jan
1, 1907
1782 50
$11466 45
$11466 45
DR.
22
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
INSIDE WIRING DEPARTMENT. BILLS PAID.
PAID® TO
FOR WHAT
AMOUNTS
J H Clark
labor
$ 378 80
H Sheppard
256 53
A D Mallard
express
5 18
American Ex Co
1 97
Moth Dept
9 00
D A Grady
teams
97 00
J Sullivan
labor
90
Geo Plouff
21 54
Stanley Roper
19 00
W Bailey
148 59
Pettingell Andrews Co
supplies
1845 16
J W Goodhue
8 28
Jackson's Ex
express
11 75
C W Harvey
labor
1 00
Boston Steam Specialty Co
pipe
13 00
Ipswich Mills Co
supplies
77 30
Hard Wall Plaster Co
60
Arthur Manzer
60
A I Savory
45
$ 2896 65
DR.
SUMMARY. (INSIDE WIRING DEPARTMENT.)
CR.
To cash rec'd for labor
By bills paid
$2896 65
and materials $3891 51
By 1906 bills due
To bills due for labor and materials 285 98
Jan 1, 1907 738 08
To cash on hand Jan
By balance profit to Jan 1, 1908 1341 39
1,1907 798 63
$4976 12
$4976 12
It will be seen that the profit from these two departments, i. e. sale of light and inside wiring, is as follows: Profit from sale of light. $ 310 63
66 inside wiring 1341 39
Total profit $ 1652 02
23
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
The unpaid bills for these two departments up to Jan 1, 1908, are as follows:
Pettingell Andrews
supplies
$ 118 18
F A Swan
11 96
J W Goodhue
26 10
A G Osborn
oil
32 50
Boston Steam Specialty Co
supplies 20 07
A W Chesterton & Co
new belts 120 08
$ 328 89
As an offset against these bills there is in the two departments as per inventory of Jan. 1, 1908, supplies and material on hand val- ued at cost price amounting to $ 409 67 In the construction department the following bills are owing:
Pettingell Andrews material $ 108 00
General Electric Co transformers & meters 50 88
$ 158 88
The inventory of supplies on hand in this department, taken at cost price Jan 1, 1908, is $ 624 50
The following table shows total bills owing by plant for all material and labor to Jan. 1, 1908 and the total stock on hand.
CR.
Inventory stock, construction dept
$ 624 50
maintenance & jobbing 409 67
-- $ 1034 17
DR.
Bills owing for construction
$ 158 88
66
maintenance & jobbing
328 89
$ 487 77
Balance in favor of plant $ 546 40
The entire appropriation made by the town this year for run- ning the plant was $1500. It was also voted that the department. could use the balance from last year. The following table will show the cost of lighting the 700 street lights for 1907.
24
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
DR.
To balance on hand Jan. 1, 1907, (sale of light) $1782 50
(Jobbing Dept) 798 63
To appropriation for maintenance 1500 00
$4081 13
CR.
By balance on hand Jan. 1, 1908, (sale of light) $ 310 63
(Jobbing Dept.) 1341 39
$1652 02
Cost of maintenance for 1907 $2429 11
The above sum divided by 700, the number of street lights, gives $3.47 as the cost for each light for one year.
If the interest and depreciation be added we have the following cost :
Balance of maintenance as above. $2429 11
Interest paid. 1660 00
Depreciation fund 1300 00
Total, $5389 11
This would mean that after adding to the cost of the street lights every possible item of cost that the 700 street lights in Ips- wich cost for 1907, $7.70 each for the year. It should also be noted that of the $2491.11 in the above table only $1500. was raised by the town as the balance $991.11 was paid out of the profit of last year, The actual cash paid by taxation for the street lights was $4460. which would make the cost of each street lamp paid for by taxation only $6.37.
The number of services in use Dec. 31, 1906, was 131, and Dec. 31, 1907, 170, a gain of 39 services in 1907.
.
25
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
The following table shows the class of service for the two years:
1906
1907
Dwelling
50
72
Stores.
34
45
Offices
15
16
Mills and Shops
13
18
Stables
9
7
Halls.
8
8
Churches
1
1
Hotels
1
3
131
170
I desire to call to your attention, that while the sale of light for commercial use was not as large this year as last, the difference being $1917.20, the falling off is accounted for by the fact that the Ipswich Mills Co., on two meters, paid the town $2925 in 1906 and having put in their own plant, we lost that income for 1907. You will see, however, that while the loss on those two meters was $2900 the net, loss in receipts was only $1900, which shows that the growth of the plant, outside of the mill custom, was a very healthy one. From present indications, I believe that the natural growth of the plant throughout the town in 1908, will bring our receipts up to where we were before we lost the mill trade. As the load is better distributed among a number of customers, making a more even run, it will be more economical for the town to run the plant with a number of smaller users than it was with a large load for three or four hours.
Under a new state law an appropriation of at least 3 per cent for depreciation must be made each year, and must be expended in keeping the plant up. That depreciation amounting to $1300 is no longer a mere book charge, but an actual expenditure of money, and that amount has been expended this year in repairs and im- provements. This policy will result in keeping the plant in good condition.
Respectfully submitted, GEO. A. SCHOFIELD, Manager.
Ipswich, Feb. 1, 1908.
This is to certify that I have made weekly examinations of the books, vouchers, and other accounts of the Electric Lighting De- partment, and find them correct, and that the various books of the department correspond with the balance sheet of the treasurer.
Ipswich, Feb. 14, 1908. JAMES DAMON; Auditor.
26
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
COMMISSIONER'S REPORT.
To the Citizens of Ipswich:
Gentlemen,
The commissioners respectfully submit their fourteenth annual report, for the year ending Dec. 31, 1907.
WATER DEPARTMENT.
The water department has had a very successful year. An ex- amination of the various tables showing receipts and expenditures and financial standing, gives ample proof that the department is in excellent shape and the municipal ownership of a water supply has been a decided success in Ipswich. During the year four extensions have been made to the mains at a cost of $9097.85. To pay for this work it has been neccessary to issue $6000 in bonds. This brings the total bond issue up to $159,000 and as our legislative authority is only for $160,000 we have asked, (acting under author- ity of a special town meeting), for authority to issue $30,000 addi- tional bonds from time to time as there are demands for new extensions.
One of the extensions made this year has been the much talked of extension to Little Neck. We succeeded in completing arrange- ments with the Feoffees of the Grammar School and with a number of citizens on East St., under which the guarantee of five per cent was assured and the water was turned on at the Neck in August.
In our last report we called attention to certain investigations which we had made in regard to the purity of the water supply. We found no reason to believe that our supply was in any way im- pure but we suggested, that if the town desired to look ahead and secure certain land before more buildings were erected, it would be a wise move. The annual meeting accepted our report without action on that suggestion. The conditions are the same today as they were one year ago and we renew our suggestion.
We estimate the receipts for 1907 to be $11,000 and the dis- bursments $13778.34 as follows: Sinking Fund $3418.34 Mainte- nance $3500.00, Services $500.00, Interest on bonds $6,360.00.
In regard to the Water Sinking Fund, we call your attention to the satisfactory condition of the securities. During the past
27
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
three years the entire fund, with the exception of $6000. in railroad bonds, has been invested in Town of Ipswich securities. They are non-negotiable and safe ; sure of payment and the fund is sure of the interest.
ELECTRIC LIGHT DEPARTMENT.
An examination of the figures in the Manager's report, and the general satisfaction of the town's people with the municipal lighting plant, gives the best of evidence that a public lighting plant, as well as a public water supply, can be run successfully. The excellent showing made by Ipswich during the four years our plant has been in operation, has been the subject of a great deal of favor- able comment, not only by our own people but throughout the state. We doubt very much if there is a town or city in Massachu- setts which is getting its streets lighted as well, and at as small a cost to the taxpayers, as Ipswich is.
We call your attention to the fact pointed out by the manag- er, that while we lost an income of $2900. from the Ipswich Mills Co. this year, our receipts were only $190). less than last year. It must be borne in mind that the mill company was not expected to be a permanent customer, and the loss of their custom cannot fairly be regarded as a falling off in regular receipts. The fact that out- side of that customer, there was a gain of $1000. in receipts from permanent customers, is a most pleasing one, and shows the steady permanent growth of the income.
The Manager's report speaks for itself, and the facts there given are the best evidence of the success of the department.
We sincerely regret to say that Mr. Chas. M. Kelly, who for fourteen years has been the able and efficient clerk of the Water Board, has resigned. The town has lost a faithful official, and we have lost an able and painstaking assistant. Geo. A, Schofield, the clerk of the Electric Light Dept. has been elected to succeed Mr. Kelly. The rapid increase in the business of both the water and electric departments, has made it necessary to establish an office in the Town House. As soon as the room is fitted up, announcement will be made of regular office hours and a clerk will be in attend- ance during those hours.
Respectfully submitted, Geo. A. Schofield, Municipal Water
William H. Rand, and Electric Light
Geo. H. W. Hayes, Commissioners.
Ipswich, Feb. 14, 1908.
28
MUNICIPAL LIGHT REPORT.
TREASURER'S REPORT.
CHARLES W. BAMFORD, Treasurer, in account with the Municipial Lighting Department, Ipswich, Mass.
DR. $ 1352 44
To cash on hand Jan. 1, 1907. To amounts received: -
· Commercial lighting
$5502 97
Lighting Town building's
293 17
Inside work
3891 51
Power
1500 00
Interest appropriation
1620 00
Maintenance appropriation
1500 00
Depreciation appropriation
1300 00
Note.
500 00
Dividend on Insurance policies
75 00
Pole rent.
76 40
Two notes
2000 00
18259 05
$19611 49
CR.
By paid interest on notes
$1660 00
By paid Note No. 4.
500 00
By paid Commissioner's orders
17020 35
$19180 35
Jan. 1908, cash on hand
431 14
$19611 49
The Treasurer has for collection the following amounts :
For light. $736 41
For inside work 285 98
$1022 39
The orders unpaid on the books amount to $47.32.
The foregoing balance sheet I have found to be correct and to correspond with the books of the Town Treasurer. I find the cash balance in the hands of the Treasurer to be correctly stated, viz $431.14. JAMES DAMON, Auditor.
Annual Report
OF THE
School Committee
OF THE
Town of Ipswich
MAS
J.S
IN
1634
THE BIRTHPLACE OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE 1637
For the Dear 1907.
IPSWICH, MASS. CHARLES G. HULL, PRINTER. 1908.
·
School Committee.
John H. Cogswell Harriet E. Noyes George W. Tozer James W. Perkins
Charles G. Hull George E. MacArthur
Term Expires 1908
1909
1910
66
Organization.
George W. Tozer, Chairman
John H. Cogswell, Secretary Robert M. Martin, Superintendent
Sub-Committees.
High School-Entire Committee Manning Grammar-Mr. Tozer and Dr. MacArthur Winthrop-Mr. Cogswell and Mrs. Noyes Manning Street-Mr. Hull and Mr. Perkins Warren Street-Mr. Cogswell and Dr. MacArthur Cogswell-Mrs. Noyes and Mr. Perkins Dennison-Mr. Hull and Mr. Cogswell Payne-Mr. Tozer and Mr. Cogswell Wainwright-Mr. Hull and Dr. MacArthur Out-Districts-Mr. Tozer and Mr. Perkins
School Physician Purchasing Agents
Labor Certificates Truant Officer Committee on Repairs
Dr. George E. MacArthur Mr. Cogswell and Mrs. Noyes Charles G. Hull Warren Boynton Mr. Cogswell and Mr. Perkins
.
-
-
Report of the School Committee.
It is a truthful as well as familiar saying that "the world moves!" And he who moves not with it, who fails to keep step with the march of universal progress, is soon left behind and finds himself out of touch with his fellow-beings.
The spirit of restlessness is manifest on every hand, is witnessed in all the affairs and enterprises of present-day existence, in the arts of peace as well as war.
Mankind, like the schoolboy when called upon to recite, will not stand still but be ever upon the move. In fact, there is no possibility of remaining stationary. There must of necessity be movement-if not forward, then backward; if not progressive, it must be retrogressive.
That which was "good enough for grandsire" is repu- diated by grandson. Today must show an improvement upon yesterday. The greatness and glory of the past must be eclipsed by that of the present and future.
By reason of the spirit of restlessness manifesting itself in more thorough and painstaking research and investiga- tion, the scientific truth of other generations becomes the scientific error of the present, and, therefore, unscientific. Divine revelation itself admits not of finality, but is ever progressive, dependent alone upon human willingness to re- ceive and readiness to acknowledge the truth.
8
IPSWICH SCHOOL REPORT
The old in thought and action is daily and hourly being displaced by the new, until it would seem that a New Creation, almost in its entirety, were to burst upon our as- tonished gaze. The command "Let there be light!" is still ringing through the world, and the light is shining with increasing brilliancy. Before it the mists are retreating; by it the obscure is being made plain, and that which was en- veloped in darkness is being brought into the glare of the mid-day sun.
It is sometimes objected, that man, in his so-called march of progress, travels not in a direct line, but, ostrich- like, describes a wide circle, eventually returning to the vicinity of the starting-point; and so, notwithstanding the activity displayed and energy expended, there is little, if any, real advancement.
But the objector is silent if asked to what period of the world's history he would return to find a higher state of civ- ilization and development, a more comfortable, convenient, wise, sane condition in which to exist. The most confirmed dyspeptic or pessimist would not think of turning backward a single day. To the vast majority of mankind the future is radiant with hope, which is ever luring them onward. Evidently the Golden Age is not in the past, as thought the ancients, but in the future, and toward it we are moving with rapid strides.
In no respect, perhaps, is the spirit of restlessness more apparent than in matters pertaining to education.
It is witnessed in the rapid multiplication of high schools, seminaries, academies and colleges for the teaching of the liberal arts; in the establishing of divinity, law, med- ical, music, agricultural, normal, commercial, manual and textile schools; in correspondence schools of various kinds, and in numerous other institutions in which some branch of useful knowledge is made a specialty.
Educational work is being carried forward, as might be
9
IPSWICH SCHOOL REPORT
said, day and night throughout the four seasons of the year; and the range of subjects is so broad and comprehensive, that anything of value which is taught in any civilized land is offered within our own borders. Added to which, the quality is of such a degree of excellence that the necessity to complete one's education in an alien country is fast dis- appearing.
If the wise man three thousand years ago could say, "In the making of many books there is no end," what could he not say, if living, today! Printing and binding establish- ments and publishing houses are almost as numerous as the schools. The yearly production of text-books approaches the incomputable, while devices for the elucidation of ob- scure subjects and apparatus for the teaching of the sciences are seemingly without number.
During the past generation, educational methods have been passing through a period of transition, and the old has been constantly giving place to the new. Dissatisfied with conditions and systems which had hitherto obtained, and eagerly bent upon the discovery and application of more ad- vanced methods, educators of acknowledged ability have been working along all lines, and the innovations have been many and conspicuous, so that those who claim that "the schools are not what they used to be " are, in a sense, right. There have been changes; but the schools, instead of suffer- ing therefrom, have derived great benefit.
There is no merit in frankly admitting that which can- not be successfully denied. And so we say, some of the modern devices, methods, and even subjects, have proved of no practical value, and are justly denominated "fads;" but once their worthlessness has been demonstrated, the same degree of readiness with which they were adopted is dis- played in their rejection.
But because some experiments have failed, it does not follow, nor is it true, that all have done so; for the vast ma-
10
IPSWICH SCHOOL REPORT
jority of modern methods introduced and maintained in the schools, are far in advance of those which they superseded.
After all, it is results which count; and it is contended that never in all our history has there been such an army of efficiently trained and equipped young men and women pour- ing out of the schools into professional and commercial life, and never has preparation been so thorough and complete.
It is wholly without reason to think that a forward movement has been made in all matters except those per- taining to education, and there only we have been losing ground. It is wholly inconsistent with the facts. The present is a decided improvement upon the past, and the fu- ture will reveal still greater advancement along all educa- tional lines.
In the midst of this period of mutability and transition, what has been the policy of the committee? This is the question which more deeply and particularly concerns our people.
Confident of the approval of those who are conversant with existing conditions and who understand the modern trend of school affairs, we submit that the policy of the committee has ever borne the stamp of rational conserva- tism; a policy which, while it has permitted no extremes, „, has not precluded the possibility of improvement and pro- gress.
We have not been among the number of oftentimes more venturesome than wise spirits who are first to launch their bark upon unexplored seas. There has been no disposition to adopt new and untried methods upon either first or sec- ond presentation.
In endeavoring to demonstrate the wisdom of our policy, which must ever include the husbanding of our financial re- sources, we have allowed others to become the pioneers in advanced movements, and ourselves have followed, with a degree of carefulness and caution, at a distance. Indeed,
11
IPSWICH SCHOOL REPORT
we have sometimes been compelled to it, however reluctant, through force of circumstances.
And yet, it is not to be understood that your committee have been afflicted with inertia; that they have been with- out power to move themselves and destitute of ability to re- sist the forces about them. Independence, self-reliance and assertiveness have been in evidence whenever occasion has required.
Matters have not been allowed to take their course, let results be what they might; but a proper degree of control and guidance has been maintained, and the efforts of the committee have been marked with energy and decision.
All questions which have arisen have been accorded due deliberation, and the welfare of the schools has been ear- nestly sought in each instance. The responsibility of the mental, moral and, to a large extent, physical training of eight hundred children bears heavily upon the shoulders of the committe, who are resolved that no element of heart, conscience or brain shall be lacking in the discharge of their obligation to parent and pupil.
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