USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Wakefield > Town annual report of the officers of Wakefield Massachusetts : including the vital statistics for the year 1890-1893 > Part 19
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Danvers Hospital, acct. of Chas. E. Lee,
$79 35
66 Hannah C. Flynn,
169 47
66
66 Geo. W. Clark, .
170 21
66
66
66 Chas. H. Potter,
169 47
66
66
Hannah Lyons, $63 rep'd,
169 45
Otis Brown, all repaid, 169 47
66
Agnes Murray, all repaid, 113 29
Annie A. Emerson, all rep'd, 211 25
66
Kate Glynn,
178 74
Worcester
.6
66
Nelson Sweetser,
126 75
Taunton
66 Mary E. Adams, 169 46.
66
Total, . $1,726 91
*Died April 27, burial expenses $23.
123
AID TO PERSONS RESIDING HERE WITH SETTLEMENT ELSEWHERE.
Mrs. Thos. Sullivan, Woburn,
$2 00
J. R. Carter,
3 50
Wm. H. Batchelder, Salem,
17 50
Mrs. Elizabeth Black, Boston,
5 50
Mrs Susan Cavanagh,
6 80
$35 30
AID TO NON-RESIDENTS WITH SETTLEMENT HERE.
Mis. James W. Russell, West Peabody, $110 00
Sarah Bachellor, Tewksbury, 109 20
Alonzo Burchstead, Lowell Reform School,*
74 51
Frank Ames, 66
71 66
Mrs. Thos. Bacon, Lynn,
59 40
Wm. H. Piper,
33 00
G. E. Davis' 2 children, Boston,
26 00
Ed. Hennessey,
19 00
Ellen McCarty,
2 00
Mrs. H. H. Corey, Monson,
18 00
Martin Donahoe, House of Correction,
13 86
Thos. Welch, Reading,
3 00
$539 63
OUTSIDE HOME RELIEF.
James Doyle, board,
$143 18
Mrs. John Kirk, groceries,
99 00
Mrs. Emily O. Stoddard, groceries,
97 50
Hannah P. Stone, board, .
96 00
Sam'l Conant, rent, .
96 00
James Devlin, groceries,
78 00
Osmond Otis, coal, provisions and groceries,
94 25
Mrs. J. S. Teague, rent and coal,
77 40
66 Patrick Farrington, alias Forbes, coal, gro- ceries, shoes, . 77 30
Mrs. Porter Weston, rent,
72 00
Sam'l Emmons, rent, coal, groceries, etc.,
66 91
Mrs. Peter Casey, rent and groceries,
60 10
D. Murphy, groceries, 43 00
Thos. Trahae, “
41 00
124
Mrs. Mary Mertins, alias Kildery, rent and groceries, 32 10
Wm. Sweeney, grsceries and coal, 31 50
Mrs. M. Donahoe, shoes, coal and groceries, 29 32
Terrence Kelly, nursing and medicine,
12 25
Mrs. D. Shannahan, groceries, .
11 50
Jane Kelly,
9 70
Jos. White,
9 00
Mrs. Chas. Myers, 66
and shoes,
8 30
Wm. Barry, 66
6 00
Mrs. John Scully,
5 60
B. Derby,
and boots,
4 50
John Connell's child, medical attendance, .
3 75
Mrs. John Shea, groceries.
3 00
John Burditt,
3 00
$1,311 16
MISCELLANEOUS.
Hy. C. Hall, care 196 tramps,
$68 20
Hiram Eaton, express to Natick, Haggerty Case, 1 40
$69 60
Total outside expense,
$3,682 60
Repaid by individuals, towns and cities,
766 12
$2,916 48
DETAILED ALMSHOUSE EXPENSES.
GROCERIES.
W. A. Cutter,
$153 24
Cutler Bros.,
80 89
J. W. Roberts & Co., flour,
70 70
Block & Cate,
28 96
E. W. Eaton,
27 76
A. J. Hutchinson,
27 16
Ira Atkinson,
25 19
Hy. L. Cassidy, tea and coffee, .
17 25
M. A. Chesley, .
16 77
. Kelly Bros.,
13 19
Fred. Emerson, crackers,
3 99
G. W. Eaton,
33
·
.
.
.
$465 43
125
GRAIN AND FEED.
Cutler Bros.,
$120 25
Curley Bros.,
119 88
E. W. Eaton,
85 60
W. A. Cutter.
76 35
City of Lynn, 129 1-4 ft. swill at 50c,
64 62
A. J. Hutchinson,
60 05
Ira Atkinson,
26 45
Kelly Bros ..
.
22 35
$575 55
MEAT, FISH AND PROVISIONS.
R. J. Daly,
$101 37
Warren V. Taylor, .
.
103 39
Wm. Dexter Deadman,
49 68
J. W. Jenkins,
39 00
Epes Butler, fish,
12 69
F. H. Sweetser, fish,
7 26
S. II. Gowing,
1 61
$315 00
DRY GOODS, CLOTHING, SHOES.
E. G. Daland, clothing,
$27 98
J. W. Poland & Co., dry goods,
18 48
Hugh Connell, shoes,
15 40
Richard Britton, shoes,
11 75
Bowser & Co., dry goods,
7 42
Hopkins & Draper, clothing,
4 50
$85 53
SALARY OF SUPERINTENDENT. Geo E. Donald, salary 1 yr. to Jan. 1, '90, $587 50
FARM LABOR.
Seth Knowles, labor Jan. 1 to Aug. 21 $151 22 Jos. Severance, " to Jan. 1, 1890, 84 84
Wm. O'Neil, labor on school yard fence,
7 60
C. O. Skinner, labor 9 day's haying, 13 50 Skinner, Ladd, Carter & Berry, " 12 00
$269 16
126
HOUSEHOLD LABOR.
Minnie E. Pond, 1 yr. to Jan. 1, 1890, $104 00
HOUSEHOLD GOODS.
F. A. Walker & Co., ice chest, $20 25 Boston Betting Co., 100 ft. hose and fittings, 14 70
G. H. Darling, bed,spring & mattress 9 00
John Flanley, bed stead & mattress 6 00
Webster, Folger & Co., one table, .
6 50
S. F. Littlefield & Co., two ovens for range, 6 00
S. F. Littlefield & Co., stove, . 5 50
J. W. Poland & Co., furnishings, 3 13
E. G. Daland, 3 screens, . 75
$71 83
TOOLS AND GARDEN SEEDS.
Cutler Bros., tools and seeds, . $22 73
Ames Plow Cc., seed drill machine, 9 00
I. G. Floyd, tools and seeds,
4 43
J. Breck & Sons, mower teeth bolts, etc.,
3 30
J. W. Locke, plow points.
1 40
$40 86
BLACKSMITH WORK.
J. R. Munroe, shoeing horses & w'rk $47 30
Geo. M. Kelley, 66 66 66 9 80
H. A. Smith, 2 75 .
$59 85
HARNESS AND WAGON REPAIRS.
Hy. Green, (Stoneham) 1 harness, . $24 00
Sederquest & Wannamake, wagon repairs, 19 25
J. E. Maxwell, harness repairs, 11 30
G. H. Hathaway, 1 horse blanket, 6 50
Wallace Kendall, carriage painting & repairs,
6 25
Cutler Bros., one horse cover, . ·
2 25
$69 55
127
HARDWARE AND REPAIRS.
E. I. Purrington, carpenter repairs, . $24 56
S. F. Littlefield & Co., hardware to Jan. 20, 1890, . 14 38
Geo. H. Taylor, hardware, 9 50
$48 44
MEDICAL EXPENSES.
J. C. Oxley, Mgr., drugs & medicines $6 35
FUEL EXPENSES.
A. A. Mansfield, 10 tons egg coal at $6.25, $62 50
A. A. Mansfield, 10 tons stove coal at $6.50, 65 00
$127 50
STOCK EXPENSES.
J. C. Liffey, one cow, $65 00
J. S. Henry,
58 00
John Landers, two cows,
105 00
D. B. Fiske, one cow,
50 00
Fred Stocker, 3 hogs,
30 00
E. Tucker, one bull,
17 00
$325 00
FERTILIZERS AND MANURES.
Joshua Eames, 106 1-2 ft. manure at $5, ·
$66 55
H. L. Day, 55 ft. manure,
34 38
Mrs. Ann Murray, 28 1-2 ft. manure, 17 83
J. R. Mansfield, 25 ft. manure, ·
15 62
J. F. Woodward, 10 ft. manure, .
6 25
Cutler Bros., phosphates & plaster, . 18 55
Denis Greany, 2 casks lime, 2 30
$161 48
MISCELLANEOUS.
Wakefield Water Co., rates to June
1, 1890,
$40 00
Oliver Walton, funeral expenses, Sarah Nichols, . ·
20 00
J. G. Morrill, 1,046 lbs. straw,
.
11 51
128
Harrington & Greenough, ice, season of 1889, . 8 50
Town of Saugus, tax on marsh, 4 80
C. W. Eaton, 2 yrs. sub'n Banner to Jan., 1891, 4 00
M. L. Cate & Co., lumber,
2 74
J. W. Locke, expressage, 2 25
$93 80.
PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS.
Bolles, Kimball & Wildes, 4 reels
wire fencing,
$11 47
J. Longfellow, 30 cedar posts, . 9 00
M. L. Cate & Co., boards and plank, 5 38
$25 85
Total expense at Almshouse, . . $3,432 68
Less receipts from
. $1,351 64 ·
Actual inside expense.
. $2,081 04
-
DETAILED ALMSHOUSE RECEIPTS .
From sale of milk,
$652 61
pork,
·
127 52
wood,
111 50
4 cows,
104 00
beeves, .
55 00
pigs,
97 00.
produce 1888,
65 00
board, .
30 00
66
66
school house fence, 1-2 cost, . 22 88 .
22 30
potatoes,
19 00
use of bull,
18 00
66 pasturing,
5 00
Refunded by R. J. Daly,
21 83
66
hay,
$1,351 64
129
ALMSHOUSE INVENTORY, FEBRUARY 1, 1890.
LIVE STOCK.
One Morgan mare, .
$250 00
Eight cows and one bull,
550 00
Thirty-five hens,
26 25
Twenty-four swine,
222 00
$1.048 25
HAY, GRAIN AND FEED.
Twenty-five tons English hay, . $460 00
Seven tons salt hay, .
84 00
Oats, corn, meal and shorts,
43 80
$587 80
Forty-three cords manure,
258 00
Fifty-two cords wood,
260 00
Wood del'd by order of Overseers,
29 75
$547 75
Carriages and harnesses,
$575 00
Farm tools,
340 00
Household goods,
672 00
Fourteen tons coal,
87 50
Provisions,
110 00
$1,784 50
Total. .
$3,968 30 .
An increase from last year of
.
$244 80 ·
ALMSHOUSE INMATES, FEBRUARY 1, 1890.
Walter Mayo, 29 years.
Annette Mayo, . .
39
Wm H. Piper, admitted Aug. 4,
55 66
Robert H. Raddin, admitted May 18,
83
FOLLOWING WERE INMATES A PORTION OF THE YEAR.
Sarah Nichols, died Aug 11, 90 years.
Patrick Devine, left Nov. 21, .
77
.
Mrs. Chas. Myers, left July 27,
35 6. Willie
5
Delia
4
·
.
130
Clara Myers, left July 27,
2 years.
Samuel Emmons, admitted July 29, died Dec. 16
84 “ Wm. O'Neil, ... March 29, left Apr. 20 60 66
Herbert Eames, Oct. 7, " Oct. 17 9 66
Mary Muse, 6 6 Nov. 11. .. Nov. 18 13 66
John Muse,
66 .. 66
11
Denis Muse, 66
8
George Muse. ..
6
Benj. Muse,
3
WOOD DELIVERED FROM FARM TO FOLLOWING PERSONS.
Barnard Derby, 1 cord.
$7 00
Peter Casey, 1 cord, .
5 00
Patrick Farrington, alias Forbes, 6 ft.
3 75
Jas. J. Mooney, 4 ft.,
2 50
Susan Cavanagh 4 "
2 50
Jane Kelley,
2 00
Margaret Mertins, alias Keldery, 2 ft.
1 25
Mrs. John Shea, 2 ft.,
1 25
Terrence Kelley, 2 "
1 25
Wm. Barry, 2 .
1 25
Martin Donahoe, 2 "
1 25
Elizabeth Black, 1 "
.
75
$29 75
GENERAL COMPARATIVE STATEMENT. YEARS 1888 AND 1889.
1888.
1889.
Town Appropriation,
$5,000 00
$5,000 00
Overseers' Cash Receipts,
From Almshouse Sales, etc., .
1,313 45
1,351 64
" Outside Sources, .
981 53
766 12
Totals,
$7,294 98
$7,117 76
Paid by Overseers,
Expense of Almshouse Poor,
$2,859 19
$3,326 00
6
Fixtures,
398 96
106 68
.
.
131
Expense for Home Relief, $1,335 53
$1,311 16
those with settlement here,
506 50
539 63
". elsewhere, 134 50
35 30
" in hospitals, .
1.977 96
1,726 91
Tramps,
66 15
68 20
Miscellaneous,
4 70
1 40
$7,283 40
$7,115 28
Balance unexpended,
$11 49
$2 48
To which add,
Amount due from cities and towns,
$26 30
Surplus this year, .
$28 78
132
Auditors' Final Balance Sheet for the year, showing amount available for each Department, together with the expenditure in each, and the unexpended balance :
Town Debt,
$4,000.00
$4,000.00
Interest on Town Debt,
3,300.00
2,265.12
$1,034.88
Support of Schools,
18,200.00
16,317.15
1,882.85
School Contingent Fund,
1,422.36
1,224.38
197.98
School Text Books and Supplies,
1,400.00
1,313.20
86.So
Support of the Poor,
7,117.76
7,115.28
2.48
Support of the Fire Department,
3,000.00
3,025.94
*25.94
Salaries of Town Officers.
2,550.00
2,550.00
Police Department,
1,000.00
835.SI
164.19
Salaries of Night Watchmen.
1,800.00
1,610.00
190.00
Expense of Street Lamps,
2,100.00
1,727.21
372.79
Expense of Town House.
1,600.00
1,772.50
*172.50
Repairs of Town House,
1,200.00
1,200.00
Miscellaneous Expenses,
4,500.00
4,596.93
*96.93
Highways and Bridges,
7,629.52
7,899.42
* 269.90
Concrete Sidewalks and Crossings,
500.00
500.00
Rental of Hydrants,
3,920.00
3,920.00
Public Library,
1,299.13
1,202.45
96.68
Public Reading Room,
I 75.00
162.60
12.40
Memorial Day,
200.00
200.00
Common and Park Improvement,
450.00
445.05
4.95
Fish Committee,
88.88
35.25
53.63
Gong for East Ward,
85.00
83.30
1.70
Hose for Volunteer Hose Co ..
330.00
330.00
Supt. of Fire Alarm,
50.00
50.00
Clerk of School Committee,
[00.00
100.00
Greenwood and Spring Streets.
500.00
513.40
*13.40
Prospect Street,
500.00
500.00
Drainage of Foundry District,
300.00
300.00
Myrtle Avenue,
300.00
300.00
Summit Avenue,
800.00
800.00
$70,417.65 $66,894.99
$4,101.33
* Overdraft,
578.67
$3,522.66
133
Report of the School Committee.
The School Committee of the town of Wakefield, conforming to the statute requirements, respectfully submit for the considera- tion of its citizens a detailed report of the condition of the public schools located within its limits, for the year commencing January Ist, 1889 and ending December 31st, 1889.
As the town appropriated, with its accustomed liberality, at its annual meeting in April, 1889, the amount of money which the committee considered necessary to secure and retain the services of competent teachers, and provide the schools with the sufficient number of text books and quantity of supplies and other incidental means necessary to their support, the several schools have main- tained during the year, their usual standard of proficiency, and are at the present time in a successful condition.
A large majority of our citizens realizing that the success of young persons, who aspire to engage in after life in some useful and profitable employment largely depends upon their intelligence, and knowing also. that intelligence is the main pillar upon which this republic chiefly rests, the town has from year to year liberally appropriated from its resources, the means to provide for all chil- dren living within its boundaries, the privileges and advantages for instruction in the various branches of education, essential to perform in a proper and intelligent manner the duties of an American citizen. The common schools being the foundation upon which the future and higher intelligence of a large majority of the children in this country rests, the committee urge with carnestness as in previous reports, for all classes of citizens to support and maintain by their influence and votes the free system of public schools, and by their counsel to stimulate in the young' an ambition to use their educational privileges, so as to derive all the benefits which they confer.
ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL AND EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN.
The committee in their last annual report fully considered this subject, but it is evident from personal observation and informa-
134
tion, that many parents and guardians do not understand, that they are legally required to educate the children who are under their care and management before reaching the age of sixteen years, and the employment of such children in certain business occupations is either forbidden or regulated by law.
The attention of such parents and guardians is particularly directed to the fact. that the law requires every child between eight and fourteen years of age, for six years, to receive yearly twenty weeks schooling in some private or public school, where the branches of learning required in the common schools are taught, or has otherwise received an equivalent instruction in the same studies, unless the child is prevented from attending school or receiving instruction by some physical or mental disability.
The law relating to the employment of children between eight and sixteen years of age, for compensation, is closely connected in principle and object to the law which guarantees and should secure to every child a good common school education. This law forbids the employment of any child under thirteen years of age in any factory, workshop, or mercantile establishment under any circumstances, or to engage in any inside work, or any kind of em- ployment for compensation during the daily sessions of the public schools in the place where the child resides, unless such child has attended school twenty weeks during the year next prior to such employment.
The law also prohibits the employment of any child under fourteen years of age in any of said establishments, or to engage in any kind of occupation for compensation, except during the vacations of the public schools in the town or city where the child resides, unless the employer first signs a written statement giving a personal description of the child and his intention to employ him, and a certificate signed either by his father, mother or guar- dian stating when and where born, date of birth and age of the child, which certificate must be approved by some person ap- pointed by the school authorities, and certified by him, that the child can read and write and has attended school twenty weeks as required by law.
The law applies to children under sixteen years of age, when employed in any situation or manner as therein described. It is the duty of employers, parents and guardians having children under their care and management between the ages mentioned, to
135
furnish, prepare and sign the necessary ticket and certificate before they receive the approval of the school authorities, but as a rule during the year, children have seen the committee and requested a permit to work for Mr. so and so, followed by the statement, ·· he sent me for it."
The committee are not required or allowed to issue working permits, but only approve and certify to certain facts, concerning the child, known or believed to be true, in a stated manner or form which will legally authorize any person to employ the child as provided by the law.
Persons convicted of violating this law shall be punished by a fine not less than twenty nor more than fifty dollars. Many parents in town during the year having the care and custody of children between the ages described, either from pecuniary neces- sity or a desire to swell their bank account, have transferred their children from the school room to factories and other places of manual employment. Statistical authority informs us that 17,000 children under the age of fourteen years are employed in the state in the work of manufacturing, a large majority of whom, living to exercise the rights and perform the duties of citizenship, will bring to their work a disordered physical system and a weak in- tellectual ability, for it is a physiological fact that the bodily strength and mental faculties of those children who are daily confined to monotonous toil in factories and workshops and denied the school privileges provided by law, become seriously impaired before and after reaching maturity, therefore is it an advantage or a detriment to accumulate wealth by the labor of children?
"Ill fares the land to hastening ills a prey Where wealth accumulates and men decay."
TRUANCY.
The committee are authorized to appoint two or more truant officers whose duty requires them to examine all known cases of neglect to send children to school, and to prosecute, when directed by the committee, by a criminal prosecution, any parent or guardian who violates the law relating to the schooling of children, also to investigate the cases of minor children, who are habitual truants, or wander about the streets or public resorts of the place where they reside without any lawful employment, or not attending school and growing up in ignorance. Children convicted of com-
1
136
mitting any of these offences are liable to be sent to some truant school, or other suitable situation provided for the purpose for a length of time according to the character of the offence and the reputation of the offenders. In the spring of 1889, the committee appointed Messrs. George H. Teague and William W. Bessey, truant officers, and from their report we learn, that they have in- vestigated nearly forty cases of truancy during the year, having their attention directed to a large majority of the cases by the teachers.
The committee and officers after ascertaining the facts and circumstances connected with each case did not consider it necessary or judicious to resort to the severe measures of a crimi- nal prosecution, but treated them with leniency and firmness, accompanied with kindness, for often it is chiefly through the failure of home training, or the want of any training at all, that this class of children are "more sinned against, than sinning," therefore in dealing with them the severe penalties of the law should not be enforced until all other means fail to restrain them from continuing in their evil course of life, for persons confined in our penal institutions for crime generally lose the respect of others, and frequently self respect, therefore care should be exer- cised, before this unfortunate class are treated as incipient crimi- nals, for it has been wisely and truly said, " the first step down- ward is to sink in the estimation of others, the next and fatal step is to sink in one's own estimation."
NEW AND IMPROVED SCHOOL BUILDINGS.
It is generally a conceded fact among our citizens informed on the subject, that in certain localities of the town new and improved school accommodations are required to meet the present and future needs of the children herein residing.
This subject was considered by the town at its annual meeting in April, 1889, and referred to a committee of fifteen including the school committee, and their report will be presented to the town for its consideration at the next annual meeting in March. The question of necessity is obviously settled and only the ques- · tion of location and expenses remains for adjustment. The school committee consider their duty performed when they have stated the facts connected with the subject, and leaving to the town, without argument, to fix the locality for the new building and to
137
make the necessary appropriations. The last annual school report contained the information, that certain schools located in the center of the town should be relieved from their crowded numbers and removed into more suitable and convenient accommodations. These schools comprised the Center Ist Grammar, Center 3rd Grammar, Center 2nd Intermediate and Center 2nd Primary.
The Hamilton Intermediate and the West Primary schools have been excessively crowded during the year, and the prospec- tive growth of the town in the western locality will increase rather than diminish the necessity of providing additional school accommodations. The committee have been informed by obser- vation and experience that parents prefer to send their children to school towards, rather than from the center ; therefore they would recommend, if the town concludes to build only one school house, to build that one of sufficient dimensions, and locate it in the center of the town, so as to conveniently accommodate the largest number of scholars.
It is difficult to harmonize all individual objections raised against building a school house in any particular locality There- fore, as a public measure, individuals should yield their personal objections, when their public rights are not denied, which they may have to any plan or system offering the greatest convenience and most benefit to the largest number of citizens. This we believe to be the right policy of good citizenship. The Inter- mediate and Primary school rooms in the Franklin school house are so limited in dimensions and poorly ventilated for the number of children attending school therein, that we seriously question if a good husbandman with a moderate regard for his reputation as being a " man merciful to his beast," in providing shelter for the safety and health of his stock, would have an equal number of young animals in these rooms in their present condition.
The state authorities have called the attention of the committee to the necessity of making alterations and improvements in the building, which will remove the existing difficulty, and through the committee the town's attention is directed to the same subject.
VENTILATION.
Study of any kind, the mere act of living, is a consuming process. Air and food constitute the fuel for our bodies. If they
138
are poor the result will appear in languid, listless actions and feel- ing, and a disinclination, often a positive inability to perform our work.
If good air and an even temperature are required to maintain a healthy physical and mental system it is never more imperative than when the brain is busy and the body inactive. But that these atmospheric conditions are not always present when they are most required, will be evident to any person visiting some of our overcrowded school rooms. In these rooms a close, disagreeable odor, especially pronounced during the winter months, when windows are necessarily closed, will be found to exist.
Teachers cannot work with energy themselves nor obtain good results from their pupils without an adequate supply of fresh air.
Frequent complaints of headaches from teachers and scholars in several of our overcrowded rooms have convinced us that it is imperative that the cause should at once be removed. "The cause of the trouble is commonly stated to be the presence of carbonic acid in the air which we inhale, * * but so far from its being the principal evil in vitiated air, it is proved by experi- ment that a still larger proportion of carbonic acid than is con- tained in the close air of an unventilated room may be mixed with ordinary air, and breathed without inconvenience.
We must, then, seek further for sufficient causes for the foul condition of the air in an occupied room. We shall discover in it not only this deleterious acid, but in still greater proportion the watery vapor and the animal matter thrown off by both lungs and skin. This vapor contains animal matter, which seems to putrefy almost immediately after being thrown into the air. It is the source of the vile odor in ill-ventilated rooms, and, in its effects on the health, is far more dangerous than carbonic acid gas.
No surer or more exact test than a well-educated nose has, as yet, been discovered to measure the amount of vitiated animal matter that is thrown into the air. The air we breathe is exhausted of its life-giving power after a few inhalations. We are then forced - to conclude, from the nature of the evil, and from the imperative · necessity of its entire removal, that no remedy can be successful, which does not ensure a full and complete renewal of the air in the room as often as it becomes foul or dead. Nothing less than an absolute change of the whole volume of air can accomplish the object. . How often this must be done within a given time,
1
139
must depend upon the size of the room, and the number and age of the persons occupying it."
The above is quoted from a paper by the late A. C. Martin, written about twenty years ago, and sanitary experts of the pres- ent day agree with Mr. Martin in all essential points.
Prof. F. W. Draper says: " The ordinary conditions of the unrenewed air of a school room are quite enough to astonish us, if we stop a moment to think of them. For there are not only the inevitably vitiating effects produced by respiration and the constant activity of the skin in persons who are healthy and cleanly, but the additional exhalations proceeding from unclean bodies, from ill-odored mouths, from decaying teeth, from dirty clothing, too frequently accompany the school boy or school girl to the crowded room which is the scene of their daily tasks."
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