USA > Massachusetts > Worcester County > Worcester > Town annual reports of the several departments for the fiscal year ending December 31, 1879 > Part 10
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IV.
Tuite,
Mary T. Gale. (Marion C. Tucker.).
III.
66
Carrie P. Townsend. II. II-I.
Jennie A. Whitney.
66
Anna B. Hopkins. I.
.
Jennie L. Dearborr
Esther G. Chenery.
John F. Jameson.
Kate M. Sanderson.
Josephine L. Sanborn:
156
CITY DOCUMENT .- NO. 34.
Committee.
Teachers.
Grade.
DIX STREET.
Marble,
William H. Bartlett, Principal.
IX.
Clara Manley, Assistant.
Eldora M. Aldrich.
VIII. VII.
Bassett,
Minnie Meade.
VI.
V.
Cosgrove,
Esther B. Smith.
III. II. II.
Alice E. Johnson
Annie D. Johnson
I.
WALNUT STREET.
Mrs. Rogers,
Etta A. Rounds, Principal
VIII. VII. VI.
Conaty,
Caroline H. Metcalf.
V.
Ella M. McFarland.
V.
IV.
WOODLAND STREET.
.
J. Murphy, 66
Edward I. Comins, Principal
IX.
Annie C. Wyman, Assistant.
Ann S. Dunton.
Mary M. Lawton
Brown, 66
Carrie R. Clements.
Martha T. Wyman.
Sarah J. Melanefy
Maggie I. Melanefy
Amanda H. Davie
II.
Ella E. Goddard.
I.
LAMARTINE STREET.
Hastings,
Charles T. Haynes, Principal
J. Chauncey Lyford ..
VII. VI.
Mary A. Harrington
V.
Timon,
Louise A. Dawson.
V.
Mary E. Kavanagh,
IV. IV. III.
Stoddard,
F. Belle Perry
III.
Mary E. Murphy. (Mary E. Fay.).
II. I.
Anna M. Murray
I.
WASHINGTON STREET.
Kelley,
Charles T. Haynes, Principal.
Amanda M. Phillips, Assistant. . M. Ella Spalding. (Mary E. Houghton.).
IX.
VIII.
66
Ida A. Tew.
VIII. VII. VI. V. V-IV. IV-III. III.
Janet Martin.
Churchill, 66
White,
Nellie C. Thomas
Kate A. Meade.
Susie W. Forbes.
IV.
Josephine M. Wilson.
Abbie N. Hoxie
Alice W. Giddings
Josie M. Ware ...
Ellen T. Shannon
Mary A. Egan. ..
Eunie M. Gates. (Mary F. Harrington.) ....
157
SCHOOLS .- SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT.
Committee.
Teachers.
Grade.
LEDGE STREET.
Mrs. Earle,
Charles C. Woodman, Principal.
IX.
Margaret M. Geary, Assistant
66
Olive G. Davis
VIII. VII.
Eliza E. Cowles
VII.
O'Flynn,
Emma L. Cowles
VI.
Kate A. McCarthy
VI-V.
Alice G. McMahon
V.
Frances M. Athy
IV.
Mary E. D. King
III. II.
Mary V. Callaghan
Belle H. Crowel!
II-I.
Fanny A. Williams
I.
THOMAS STREET,
Harriet G. Waite, Principal.
VIII-VII.
Anna J. Hitchcock, Assistant.
Abbie C. Souther
VI.
S. Lizzie Wedge ..
V. V.
Hall,
T. H. Murphy, 66
66
Hall,
Abbie E. Clough, Principal
VIII. VII.
A. Teresa Timon
VI. V.
Susie A. Partridge
Hattie S. Hagen.
IV.
Sarah W. Clements.
III.
Ida A. E. Kenney.
II. I.
EAST WORCESTER.
T. H. Murphy,
Ella W. Foskett, Principal.
VI.
Minnie W. Sherman, Assistant .
Annie Brown ...
V.
Mary E. C. Carroll.
V.
St. John,
Addie J. Booth.
Julia A. Bunker
Kate C. Cosgrove
Aloysia Radcliffe.
III.
Mary E. Russell.
Mary J. O'Connor. .... Mary R. Doherty
. . ..
IV. IV.
Abbie F. Hemenway
Hattie W. Bliss. (Emma Buckley)
Flora J. Osgood.
Ella A. Casey.
Nellie B. Webber
III. II. II-I. I.
SYCAMORE STREET.
M. Louise Rice
Churchill,
66
Eliza J. Day.
IV. IV. III.
66
Metcalf,
II. I.
I.
¥
Maria P. Cole.
Goulding,
Woodward,
Belle H. Tucker
Mary E. Fitzgerald
158
CITY DOCUMENT .- NO. 34.
Committee.
Teachers.
Grade.
PROVIDENCE STREET.
Conaty,
L. Elizabeth King, Principal
Sarah J. Newton.
Evelyn E. Towne
Woodward,
Nellie A. Sprout.
Adeliza Perry
Anna M. Overend.
III.
S. Cornelia Chamberlin.
Ella J. Lyford
GRAFTON STREET.
Bridget T. Carlon, Principal Carrie M. Adams
ASH STREET.
Mary J. Mack, Principal
Mary McGown ..
Mattie A. Collins
Libbie H. Day.
Sarah A. Boyd.
Kate A. Coughlin
GREEN STREET.
Mary J. Packard, Principal.
Margaret J. McCann ..
Kate A. McLoughlin
SOUTH WORCESTER.
Carrie A. George, Principal
Mary A. Tyler, ..
Amelia M. Walker
Ellen M. Boyden
Alma A. Grow ..
Esther E. Travis, (Mary O. Whitney.)
Lydia W. Ball
Mary C. Paige.
Kate A. Fallon
OXFORD STREET.
Ella L. Dwyer, Principal.,
Mary L. Norcross, .
Mary E. A. Hoyt
Emma J. Houghton
Ella K. Morgan
Mary F. Barker.
WINSLOW STREET.
Amy E. Hopson, Principal
Emily J. Herrick.
Lucy Lewisson Hattie C. Howland
VI. V. IV, IV. III.
II. I.
II. I.
VI. V. IV. III. II. I.
VII. II. I.
Bassett,
66
66
Marble,
Kelley,
Churchill,
66
Swan, 66
Metcalf,
Hastings,
VIII. VII. VI. V. V-IV. IV. III. II. I.
P
VI. IV. III.
II. I.
I.
VII V. IV. II.
66 Swan,
Tuite,
Swan,
16 Kelly,
O'Flynn,
159
SCHOOLS .- SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT.
Committee.
Teachers.
Grade.
SALEM STREET.
O'Flynn,
Minnie F. Whittier, Principal .
VI.
Emma F. Marsh.
V.
Mary O. Whitmore
IV.
Stoddard,
Emma I. Claflin
III.
Effie J. Phelps
II.
EDGEWORTH STREET.
White, .
Ella E. Roper, Principal
VI. v.
Sarah M. Brigham
IV.
Lamson,
Jennie E. Maloney
III.
Addie E. Sprague
II.
Addie E. Kendall
I.
NEW WORCESTER.
Goulding,
Charlotte H. Munger, Principal
VIII-VII. VI-V.
S. Lizzie Carter.
Josephine A. Hunt.
V-IV.
Ada E. Simonds
III-II.
Lillian Paul
I.
SUMMER STREET.
Abbie A. Wells, Principal
V. IV.
Carrie F. Merriam
III.
Mary A. Gauren
II.
Lilla F. Upton
I.
QUINSIGAMOND.
Mary S. Eaton, Principal
Helena M. Kalaher
Edna Currier
Ella E. Hall
VII-VI. V-IV. III-II. II-I.
Cosgrove,
Mary E. Pease, Principal
III.
Effie L. Bennett
I.
ADRIATIC.
Timon,
Emma A. Porter, Principal .
IV. III.
Anna M. Smith
II.
Lizzie E. Chapin
I.
Mary A. Rourke
I.
UNION HILL.
Mary A. Kean, Principal
Etha M. Stowell
IV-III. II-I.
Lamson,
Ella J. Moore.
Hastings,
Brown, J. Murphy,
MASON STREET.
Emma F. Brown
Mrs. Earle,
J. Murphy,
Alice V. Proctor ..
160
.CITY DOCUMENT .- NO. 34.
Committee.
Teacher.
SUBURBAN.
Northville,
Eudora A. Dearborn.
Tatnuck,
Mattie Howe.
Valley Falls,
Eliza J. Seaver.
Trowbridgeville,
Clara A. Grout.
Blithewood,
Arabell E. Burgess.
Bloomingdale,
Lizzie J. Andrews.
Adams Square,
Ellen M. Fitts.
Burncoat Plain,
Minnie M. Parmenter.
Cosgrove, Stoddard, St. John, White,
North Pond,
Elma L. Studley.
Chamberlain,
Fanny R. Spurr.
Lake View,
M. Rosalie Goddard.
DRAWING. Walter S. Perry, Teacher.
Committee.
Mrs. Rogers,
Marble,
Kelley,
Hall,
Hastings.
MUSIC.
Seth Richards, Teacher.
Committee.
Metcalf,
Mrs. Earle,
Woodward,
Bassett,
Tuite.
EVENING SCHOOLS.
Committee.
Marble,
Churchill,
Hastings,
Mrs. Earle,
Kelley.
Metcalf, J. Murphy, Marble, Woodward, Mrs. Earle, Conaty, Hall,
Superintendent's Report.
To His . Honor the Mayor, and the School Board of Worcester :
In conformity to your regulations, I submit the following as my Twelfth Annual Report; and by these regulations this re- port, which it is the duty of the Superintendent to prepare, becomes the report of the School Board to the public, and to the school authorities of the State.
ABSTRACT OF STATISTICS
FOR THE YEAR 1879.
I. POPULATION.
Population, Census of 1875, 49,317
Estimated Population,
55,000
Children between the ages of five and fifteen, May, 1879, 9,827
Increase,
421
II. FINANCIAL.
Valuation, May, 1879,
$39,585,358 00
Decrease for the year,
2,384,390 00 .
City debt, December, 1879, less Cash and Sinking Fund,
2,355,163 64
State, county, and city tax, 1879,
645,401 58
Rate of taxation, 0156
Value of school houses and lots,
843,517 00
Other school property,
58,478 95
*Ordinary expenses of schools
$133,242 34
Per cent. of same to valuation,
.0033
Per cent. of same to whole tax,
.206
Repairs of school houses, furniture and stoves,
5,017 66
$138,260 00
*See detailed statement in Secretary's report.
162
CITY DOCUMENT .- NO. 34.
Permanent improvements to school houses,
$857 07 350 72
New furniture, etc.,
Rents, ·
1,630 00
$2,837 79
Expended for all purposes,
$141,097 79
Charged by the Auditor, in addition,
568 25
Average cost per scholar for day schools, including ordinary repairs, 17 47
Average cost per scholar for all schools, including ordinary repairs,
16 61
Same last year, .
$17 09
Cost of Evening Schools,
2,124 43
Average per scholar,
4 52
Cost of Evening Drawing Schools,
767 72
Average per scholar,
7 31
Cost of High School,
16,700 71
Increase,
306 48
Average per scholar,
36 24
Increase,
47
III. SCHOOL HOUSES.
Number occupied December, 1879, 36
Rooms, not including recitation rooms,
179
Rooms rented,
3
Drawing School rooms, recitation and Evening School rooms, additional,
5
Whole number of sittings:
In High School,
502
Additional space for 97
Grammar Schools, Grades IX-VI,
2,177
Grammar Schools, Grades V. and VI,
2,334
Primary Schools, Grades III, II, and I,
3,757
Suburban Schools,
439
IV. SCHOOLS.
High School, twelve rooms,
1
Grammar rooms, Grades IX-VI,
45
Grammar rooms, Grades V-IV,
48
Primary rooms, Grades III, II, I,
68
Suburban Schools, 11
Northville, Tatnuck, Valley Falls, Trowbridgeville, Blithewood, Bloom- ingdale, Adams Square, Burncoat, North Pond, Chamberlain, Lake View.
Evening Schools, . .
· 6
Washington street for boys; Walnut street for girls; Dix street, Bel- mont street, Cambridge street and New Worcester, for both.
Free Evening Drawing Schools, both sexes, 4
V. TEACHERS.
Male teachers in High School,
7
Female teachers in High School,
6
Male teachers in Grammar Schools,
6
·
.
163
SCHOOLS .- SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT.
Female teachers in all grades below the High School,
179
Special teacher of Music, male, 1
Special teacher of Drawing, male,
1
Number of teachers in Day Schools, 200
Graduates of the Worcester Training School, or of one of the State Normal Schools, . 107
Male teachers in Evening Schools, 9
15
Teachers in Free Evening Drawing Schools, male,
3
Teachers in Free Evening Drawing Schools, female,
1
Whole number of teachers, . 228
VI. PUPILS.
Number registered in Day Schools,
10,029
Increase, .
431
In Evening Schools, · 677
134
Number registered in all schools, 10,840
Increase,
598
1,295
Decrease, 44
Estimated number in this city in private schools here, (including 1,000 in St. John's Parochial,) 1,200
Pupils in State Normal School, this city, 115
Average number belonging to public schools, . ·
8,320
Increase, ·
. 256
.
7,745
Average number belonging to Day Schools, Increase,
59
· Average daily attendance in Day Schools, 7,170
Increase, 46
Average daily absence,
575
Decrease,
87
At close of Winter term, 1878-9, Increase from last year,
521
At close of Spring term,
.
.
7,662
Increase,
355
At close of Summer term,
7,716
Increase,
294
8,159
Per cent. of daily attendance to average number belonging, Decrease,
.014 ·
Number perfect in attendance the whole year, Increase, 53
626
Perfect three terms,
704
Perfect two terms,
930
Perfect one term,
1,884
Number registered in High School,
662
Increase,
53
·
At close of Fall term, · Increase, 286
92.5
Number at close of Fall term, 1878, 7,873
7,724 .
In Free Evening Drawing Schools,
Number over 15 years old,
.
Female teachers in Evening Schools,
164
CITY DOCUMENT .- NO. 34.
Boys,
334
Increase,
28
Girls,
328
Increase,
25
468
Number at close of the year, Decrease,
12
Number of graduates, June, 1879,
63
Number left the school,
131
Increase,
6
Average number belonging,
458
Average daily attendance,
441
Average daily absence,
17
Per cent. of daily attendance to average number belonging,
96.3
Average age of pupils, December, 1879,
16:1
Average number of pupils to a regular teacher,
38
.
REMARKS ON THE STATISTICS.
The population of the city is estimated at 55,000. The census of children between the ages of 5 and 15 years, taken as a basis, and compared with that for 1865, indicates a population of 60,000 ; while the average number of pupils belonging to the schools indicates a population of 57,000. It is probable, there- fore, that the above estimate is too small.
The ratios of the ordinary expenses of the schools to the valuation, and to the entire city tax, are greater than the same ratios were last year, by one-fifth of one per cent. and nine- tenths of one per cent., respectively. The current or ordinary expenses of the schools, however, are greater by only $929.80, though the numbers of pupils, of teachers, and of schools, have all increased. The greater ratio named above, is due to the decrease in the valuation, and in the amount raised by taxation.
Permanent improvements in school houses, new furniture, &c., are not included in the current expenses of the schools, since they belong no more to this than to any future year; the rents paid for school rooms and for the Superintendent's office, are also classed with the extraordinary expenses. The rent of a school room belongs no more to the yearly cost of schools than does the interest on the school houses and grounds; and the rent of the Superintendent's office ought properly to be included in the cost of maintaining a city hall, like other city offices.
The total expenditure for the year differs, by the sum of
165
SCHOOLS .- SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT.
$568.25, from the same items in the Auditor's report. This amount is the premium paid for insurance of school houses, with which the school committee had nothing to do. It does not belong to the cost of schools for the past year. If a schoo house were destroyed by fire, the insurance would not be devoted to the current expenses of schools, but to the building of a new school house. That item of $568.25 belongs to the appropriation for school houses. This explanation seems neces- sary, because the plan of charging to the schools what does not properly belong to them, makes the cost appear greater than it really is. The amount so charged was, in 1878, $980.84; in 1877, $1,689.58. It is noticeable, that when a portion of the school house lot, on the corner of Providence and Grafton streets, was appropriated for the site of an Engine house, no credit was given to either the appropriation for schools or to that for school houses. The market value of the land was some $2,000.
The average cost per scholar has been $16.61 against $17.09 for the year 1878, and $18.88 for 1877. This average cost includes the ordinary repairs, and is based upon the average number belonging to the schools-not the whole number regis- tered-in both day and evening schools. The cost per scholar for the day schools only, is $17.47, the evening schools being in session only about three months in the year.
The number of pupils registered in the day schools is greater than last year, by 431, an increase which is slightly above that which is shown by the census of children of school age, viz : 5 to 15 years. Nearly thirteen hundred pupils (1,295) are more than 15 years old. The average number belonging in the day schools is seventy-seven per cent. of the number registered, and seventy-nine per cent of the number of children of school age, in the city. These ratios are less than they were last year, by about three per cent. The ratio of daily attendance to the number of pupils belonging to school, is ninety-two and one-half (92.5.)
This ratio is a little too low; but it is truthful, we believe. In a city like this, a daily attendance of ninety-five per cent. of the pupils belonging to the schools, is as high a ratio as can
15
166
CITY DOCUMENT .- NO. 34.
reasonably be expected. In exceptional localities, the ratio may be higher or lower. When, however, the attendance at school of eight or ten thousand pupils is stated at ninety-seven or ninety-eight per cent. of the whole, unless the conditions are unusual, we may suspect either that the record is not true, or that attendance at school has been forced, to the detriment of equal or greater interests.
The interest of a pupil in his school, and his progress in study, depend very much upon regularity in attendance. This is specially true where the teaching is good ; for good teaching is largely oral. What may be learned in the higher grades from the study of books, is the skeleton merely; the symmetrical form of knowledge is secured by the help of the living teacher. All the links are needed to complete the chain, and these are lost more or less by the absent pupil. In the lower grades, the pupils cannot of themselves, acquire very successfully even the outline-the skeleton. The whole edifice of knowledge must be erected, and the whole process of development carried forward by the skillful teacher; and this requires the daily and constant presence of the pupil. Moreover, the habit of regular attention to duty, of unvarying daily work, of sticking close to the business in hand, and of not abandoning an undertaking till it is either finished or shown to be impossible-this habit is one of the most valuable of school acquirements. Such a habit can be formed only by going to school every day. It is pleasant to note that of the average number belonging, 7,745, there have been
Perfect in attendance the whole year, , 626
66
66 three terms, 704
66
two terms, 930
66
66 one term, 1,884
Making a total of 4,144
more than one-half of the whole number. By impressing every child with the value of this habit of regular and persistent work, by which alone, success in life is possible, by making him sensi- ble of the loss which he sustains by absence, and better still by
167
SCHOOLS .- SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT.
making the process of learning and mental growth so real, that it will be a pleasure to him-by all these means, it is the duty of teachers to secure constant attendance at school. The above figures show that such a work has been done and well done by our teachers. In some cases it has been admirably done; in others perhaps, not so well as it ought to have been.
On the other hand, there are occasions when it is the duty of pupils to remain away from school. School is important: but other things are also important. Health is more important than school. Family duties may require occasional absence. We must recognize the fact that the school is not the only factor in our civilization-a fact that will be discussed further on. The family has its part in the process of education; the church has its part ; society has its important influence which we cannot ignore. All these, as well as the schools, have claims upon the children. The schools must not antagonize them, but co-operate with them. It is the part of a good teacher to know the cir- cumstances of each pupil in his care, and encourage a necessary absence as well as discourage an unnecessary one. Reasonable absence, once in a while, is as creditable as attendance at school. In the one case the record should be made as cheerfully as in the other ; for the record is not an end in itself. This remark seems to need repeating ; for occasionally a teacher appears to be too anxious to show a clean record of attendance. Schools are not kept for the sake of marks of any kind. They aim at the best results for the pupils individually, not in the mass. The record of attendance alone does not show whether a school is good or bad ; nor should any school be judged by that record, in ignorance of the causes that make it what it is.
SCHOOL HOUSES.
The necessity for more school rooms near the Providence street school house, compelled the hiring of two rooms in the old passenger station of the Providence & Worcester railroad on Green street, last year. This necessity had been pointed out early enough for a house to be built and ready for occupancy, when needed. It was not built; and those inconvenient and
.
168
CITY DOCUMENT .- NO. 34.
expensive rooms were kept for school purposes, a year or more. At the end of this time the new house on Grafton street was ready for use. This house is in plan and structure similar to the Winslow street house, described in the school report for 1878. It accommodates about two hundred pupils, or one-half the increase for the year. There are about one hundred pupils in the old house on the same lot.
At the Oxford street school, the necessity for more room was recognized and made known, one year ago. The room was not provided. It became necessary, therefore, to hire the chapel on Pleasant street, opposite High street, at a cost of $480.00 a year. Steps will be taken early in the year 1880, to enlarge the Oxford street school house ; but it can not be finished till a year after it was wanted. At Edgeworth street, also, more room is at present required. It is hoped that no delay will be made in providing it.
The organization of schools and the distribution of pupils, is always a difficult task. This work is seriously impeded, and the schools suffer by lack of room, and by occupying new rooms in the middle of the year. It would be not only better for the schools, but much cheaper for the city, to build houses when the need is clearly foreseen. As these facts become better known, it is hoped that this policy will be adopted. For a number of years, school rooms have been partitioned off in attics, and basements have been occupied, till now there are no more attics to use. In each of the last two years, a house for two hundred pupils has been built. The increase of school children has been four hundred for each of those years. It is plain that such a plan will not meet the demands of the schools. Besides the houses alluded to above, a new house of one room has been built, and occupied at the settlement called Lake View, on the shore of Lake Quinsigamond.
The Adriatic school lot extends from Southgate street to Canterbury street; the house contains six rooms, and opens upon the first of these streets. Another house of the same size and upon the opposite end of the lot, will be needed by the end of the present year. Allusion was made to this prospective want, one year ago.
169
SCHOOLS .- SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT.
Before long, more room will be needed in the vicinity of Thomas street or Belmont street. The Providence street school house lot has been reduced in size, and a Fire Engine house located in front.
STEPS FORWARD.
Several progressive measures have been adopted during the year, from which good results are expected.
A SPECIAL TEACHER OF DRAWING
has been appointed. Early in the year 1869, drawing was introduced into the regular course of study for the public schools. This was before the State law was enacted which requires this among the common school studies, and before the general adoption of the study. In the following year Free Evening Drawing Classes were organized, in accord- ance with the law of 1869-70, which have continued ever since. But, though we were among the first in introducing this study, our results have not been the best. In the first place, we have not pursued steadily, any single plan. The system has been changed three or four times. The teacher has been changed as often. In the second place, there has been a misapprehension as to the nature of the study. It has been thought to be "ornamental"-mere picture making, such as drawing was a dozen or twenty years ago, as taught in young ladies' seminaries. All that has been said and reiterated on the subject, seems not to have obliterated this idea from the minds of some of our people. This most practical of all studies was introduced in response to a demand from the practical men. In its elementary stages, which only affect the Grammar and Primary schools, it has nothing to do with art, except as it lays the foundation for art, just as learning to read lays the founda- tion for business or professional life. It merely trains the eye to see and the hand to represent. It tends directly, as no other study does, to good artizanship; and it is directly useful in any future calling. In the more advanced stages, as in the High school, the study is optional. All this has been said before.
170
CITY DOCUMENT .- NO. 34.
It needs to be repeated till everybody understands it; for, strangely enough, this one "practical" study was attacked, a. year or two ago, as an "ornamental branch." The special teacher was dismissed, and the study was left to the chance interest of individual teachers. Fortunately, better counsels have now prevailed. At the beginning of the past year, an experienced and competent teacher was engaged; a regular and systematic course of instruction has been marked out, extend- ing through the High school; a knowledge of teaching the subject is required of all teachers, and it is one of the subjects in which they are examined to obtain a certificate of qualifica- tion. Instruction is given by the special teacher, three times in four weeks, in all the schools from the third grade upwards, and once in four weeks in all the others, including the suburban schools. The regular teacher follows up the work, spending twenty minutes four times a week in the lower schools, and thirty minutes twice a week in the higher. The special teacher spends one hour a week with each class in the High school. As would naturally be expected, the results as shown at the end of the year, are quite satisfactory ; and it is believed that no loss in the other studies has resulted. The free evening classes, thirty evenings each through the winter months, continue as in previous years. The most advanced free hand class has passed from the drawing of casts, to drawing from life.
SEMI-ANNUAL EXAMINATIONS
of candidates for teachers have been instituted. The first of these occurred in June; the second will be near the last of January. These examinations occupy two or three days each. They are both written and oral; and they cover not only the ordinary academic studies, such as are pursued in our schools, but also the professional studies ordinarily pur- sued in the State Normal schools, and some practical knowledge of teaching. The examination is open to all who are properly qualified. The last included the following subjects :
Personal History and opportunities for study; Arithmetic ;
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