USA > Massachusetts > Middlesex County > Newton > Town of Newton annual report 1888 > Part 11
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11
ly any complaints, showing clearly that with a proper amount of compensation the work can be well performed.
Ashes and Night-Soil.
The collection of ashes has been done by the Highway Department as in former years to the satisfaction of everyone. Every ward is visited once a week, on certain designated days, and citizens are required to place their ash barrels on the edge of the sidewalk, early in the morning of the day of collection. The men employed on this work are faithful and efficient, tak- ing pride in their work, and complaints as to inefficiency are rare indeed.
The contract for the removal of night-soil expired on the first of June. Three years before, when the contract was made, only one proposal, (that from Mr. Mague), could be obtained for doing the work under the "odorless " system, and he was accordingly given the contract. During these three years the only complaints made that appeared to be reasonable were from parties who felt that their wants were not attended to as promptly as seemed to them desirable. Accordingly a request was made that the city be divided and two contractors licensed to do the work. Upon looking into the subject, the Board found that with possibly the exception of about a month in the spring and one in the fall, there was not work enough in the city to give two contractors a reasonable profit on the plant necessary to be kept to carry on the work. Knowing this, and feeling that Mr. Mague's work had been on the whole satisfac- torily performed, the Board decided that it was not advisable to advertise for bids, but granted Mr. Mague's request for a renewal of the contract, upon the same terms and basis as be- fore. The contract was accordingly made with him for three years from June 1st, 1888.
12
Bennington Street.
During the fall a large drain was laid in Bennington street by the Highway department, under appropriation of the City Council, for the purpose of removing the natural ground and surface water, which accumulated from the hill above and made its appearance here. While the work has not been com- pleted long enough to demonstrate fully its efficiency, yet, so far, the street has been rendered thoroughly dry, and if ap- pearances are not deceitful, a long standing nuisance is thus abated.
Co-operation of Physicians.
There is no class of citizens who can do more to aid the work of the Board of Health than the physicians. An ear- nest effort has been made during the year to establish more intimate relations with them which has met with good success. A physician, as we all know, is one who is subject to a call at any moment and for almost any length of time. So while he may not intentionally delay reporting cases, circumstances may arise which would cause him to neglect this important duty. One disease, which at times is quite prevalent, and which phy- sicians here as a rule neglect to report is Cholera Infantum. While the cause of this disease might not be in the sanitary condition, still an examination of the premises could do no harm and might be the means of great benefit. The same ar- gument holds with all the other diseases which the Board re- quire to be reported as dangerous to the public health. We trust that our physicians will see the value that might come from even one case being reported, and will endeavor in the future to report all such diseases promptly, as well as aid the Board in all necessary investigations.
13
Field Days.
In June, two out-door or field meetings were held, one for the north side of the city, and one for the south side. At both meetings a large number of places, where alleged nuisances existed, were visited and many questions pertaining to the gen- eral health of the city were discussed. In October, a field meeting was held for the purpose of visiting the sources and examining the waters from which our supplies of ice are ob- tained, with special reference to the contamination of the same. Later in the month, the Board visited Framingham and in- spected the system of sewerage which is being constructed at that place. These field days have proved to be of great bene- fit to the Board and enable them to act at other times, upon questions brought before them, with greater clearness and better judgment.
Ice.
The Board, having no data or information of any kind to determine whether any of the ice used for domestic purposes is impure or unfit for use, at their meeting in June instructed the Agent to procure samples of ice from all the dealers and producers in the city, analyze them and report to the Board. The State Board of Health a little later began a similar inves- tigation for the whole of the state. In order to obtain certain information for their own use and that of the state, a field day meeting was held and all the known sources of ice produced or sold in Newton were visited. Owing to other and pressing du- ties, the Agent has not been able to complete this work, but hopes that the coming year will enable him to make a thorough study of this question and get at all the important facts.
Nuisances.
The usual number of complaints have been received with reference to objects that annoyed and places that were feared
14
to be sources of disease and dangerous to the health of the community. Many times these complaints are sent to the Board on account of neighbors' quarrels, although they may have a foundation in fact, so that here a little missionary work by the Board often aids in settling all trouble and improving the sanitary condition of the city. Physicians, too, are taking much interest in the bad nooks and corners and quietly re- questing the Board to examine into them. Thus the work enlarges and each year brings new duties to be performed in the sanitary policing, as it were, of the city.
The following is a summary of nuisances and sources of disease where action has been taken :
Brook contaminated with sewerage
5
Catch-basin foul
2
Cellars damp
10
Cesspool defective
10
Cesspool emptied into the gutter
4
Cesspool new .
15
Cesspool overflowing
40
Cesspool rebuilt
15
Cistern foul
1
Cow stables offensive
10
Decaying vegetables in field
1
Drain defective and broken
20
Drain emptying on to surface of land Henneries offensive .
10
10
Hens in cellar .
6
Manure exposed and offensive
25
Markets offensive
10
Offal buckets offensive
5
Offal spilled in street by collector
1
Offal thrown on land
15
15
Offensive dumping ground 5
Offensive odors in house . 15
Permit to empty vaults and cesspools on premises 250
Piggery offensive
6
Plumbing defective .
10
Premises filthy
9
Privy exposed to publie
1
Privy-vault cleansed
91
Privy-vault defective
23
Privy-vault rebuilt
3
Privy-vault removed
3
Sewage on land
47
Stable offensive
9
Stagnant water on surface of land
18
Swill, complaints against collector
154
Vaults and cesspools cleansed by contractor
1183
Violation of rules and regulations of board
3
Waste pipes leaking
18
Waste pipes not trapped .
53
Water in cellar
16
Wells polluted
5
The above required 1025 visits from the Agent and 327 letters, which together with the inspections of plumbing make a total of 2069 visits, 460 letters and 29 Board meetings at- tended.
Plumbing.
The same general policy has been followed in the inspec- tion of plumbing that has been pursued during the last two years. The inspector has visited since May 1st 253 houses, making in all 1044 visits and has written 133 letters, besides attending to the usual verbal requests, decisions and answers
16
to questions. Many calls have been received for the inspection of old plumbing, where parties felt uneasy and desired to know if everything was in good condition. These requests have all been met and frequently peppermint tests have been made to make sure. This branch of work is one that will be constant- ly increasing and take a good deal of an inspector's time. In these cases the most common faults have been filthy drip trays, thoroughly saturated with urine, foul pan-closets, and fixtures without traps, or with light traps that are liable to be siphoned out.
The rules have been carefully enforced and violations have generally been promptly attended to and changed by a simple request or note from the inspector. Considerable time has been given to the plumbers in talking over the work and de- eiding upon the best manner to meet special complications. Permits have been granted in a few instances for drum traps without vents in changes of old plumbing where there was a manifest improvement on the old work and a standing out for the rules on new work, would defeat the whole improvement. All new work however has been brought within the rules withi the exception of two or three cases where special permits were granted by the Board upon application therefor.
No action was taken by the Board towards licensing the plumbers but the advisability of so doing grows more apparent from year to year. During the last year several new houses were built and plumbed by irresponsible parties, that is to say, by plumbers' apprentices, or parties who did not claim to be plumbers, and it required an extra amount of labor and persuasion on the part of the inspector to induce the owners to conform to the rules. Had the license ordinance been in force this class of workmen would probably have given us no trouble. It has been exceedingly gratifying to know and feel that the regular plumbers of this city and vicinity are trying
17
to conform to the rules and co-operate with the Board in every way.
Wells.
· While having a good supply of pure water for a large part of the city, there are still a few portions that have not been blessed in this respect. There are also some individuals who still cling to their excellent (?) well water, feeling that because it is cold and clear, that it possesses the same purity, that existed twenty or more years ago, before so many causes of pollution had arisen. From complaints that have been made, or causes of sickness that have arisen, samples of water from 7 sources have been taken from time to time and analyzed, with the following results :
18
PARTS PER 100,000.
LOCALITY.
Ob- tained from.
Hardness.
Solids.
Chlorine.
Free
'Ammonia.
Albuminoid Ammonia.
REMARKS.
Greenwood St. (King.)
Well.
Contaminated by mix- ed vegetable and organ- 2.3.0054.0112 ic matter. Privy vault 55 feet above on slope caused dysentery.
Crafts St. (Frobisher.)
Well.
26.6
Contaminated by mix- ed animal and vegetable organic matter. Micro- scope showed shreds of 7.0.0227 .0154 linen fibre, decaying veg- etable matter with bac- teria and the lower forms of animal life, also suspended mineral grit.
Brookline St. . (King.)
Well.
8º
23.6
3.8.0048 .0352
.
Contaminated by mix- ed animal and vegetable organic matter. Micro- scope showed Cyclops Quadricornus, proving that the contamination was recent. Case of ty- phoid fever.
Brookline St. . (King.)
Well.
7.0
Brookline St. . Spring.
0.8
Brookline St. . Spring.
0.6
On side of hill 600 feet above the well. These last two samples deter- mine the natural chlor- ine of the district.
City Water .
Tap.
5.00
0.7 .0021
.007
3.1
This sample was taken from the same well as the preceding, about a week later. No cyclops were found and the well had become unfit for farther use.
In meadow about 1000 ft. from the well above.
19
Sewerage.
The greatest problem of the age among engineers at the present time is the disposition of sewage economically and with- out detriment to the health of the people. Plans and systems almost without number have been devised or recommended to suit the wants of the various places demanding sewerage and all have been thoroughly discussed and argued by those most interested. The experience of Europe has been sifted from beginning to end and its successes and failures have been brought into prominent notice.
For many years Newton was the battle-ground for the ad- vocates and opponents of the introduction of city water. A very few opposed it, unless at the same time, there should be adopted some method for its disposal. For the first year or two after its introduction everything went along nicely, then the trouble began. With city water came a more general and careless use of it and the cesspools began to give out for they were unable to stand the pressure that was put upon them. The water which has been obtained for the use of the city is of the finest quality and will compare more than favorably with that of any in the country.
But, having got the water in, the question now is how to get it out-after using it. A hasty glance at the report of the Water Board of 1887, and estimating the use for 1888, shows that in the last twelve years there has been consumed through the city pipes alone about two billion and a half (2,500,000,- 000) gallons of water, an average of about 10,000 gallons per year (or 30 gallons per day) for every man, woman and child in the city. It must be remembered, however, that there are still quite a large number of citizens who are not supplied with water,other than from wells It cannot be denied either, that if the citizens had been obliged to pump or draw their water from wells, the above quantity would never have been used in the same length of time.
20
With this large use or rather misuse of water it is not to be wondered at that the Board of Health are frequently called upon to suggest relief from cesspools that almost always are full and often run out on to the surface.
It was expected that the question of sewerage would be settled so far as the matter of disposal or outlet was concerned by the adoption of a metropolitan system, but nothing has been definitely accomplished as yet, although, as the State Board of Health has been ordered to devise a metropolitan system or systems, it is hoped that the next Legislature will decide for us the method of disposal and enable the city to prepare plans for the carriage of the sewage in accordance therewith.
Overflow cesspools and drains, and new cesspools are con- stantly being recommended by the Board as measures of relief. But the laying ont of new streets, the sub-division of large lots of land into small ones, and the rapid increase in build- ings and population have, in one or two sections of the city, brought these measures to about their limit. But two remedies remain : first, the making of cesspools water-tight, which will require their being pumped out as often as they fill, and second, sewerage. While the Board will hesitate and postpone the adoption of the first as long as possible, on account of its ex- pense to the individual, yet our citizens should bear in mind that the day is rapidly approaching when they will have to de- cide upon sewerage or tight cesspools.
A drainage commission was appointed several years ago, who investigated this subject quite thoroughly and reported to the City Council. Farther than accepting this report no action was taken. Since then individuals have urged upon the city government the necessity of sewerage but no concerted action has ever been taken to demand of the members of City Council
21
the same amount of work in the investigation of this subject as is required for streets, lights, fire, water, etc .; and until such action is taken by their constituents, it is doubtful if they will feel like devoting much time to a subject that will not be ap- preciated.
Newton, which has always been foremost in adopting measures that are clearly for the benefit of its people, should not hesitate in this direction one moment. Delay is dangerous and it will not be good policy to wait until a serious epidemic has broken out, or the fair name of the city been tarnished.
Vital Statistics.
No attempt had been made previous to 1888 at keeping any records of vital statistics, other than a yearly list of causes of death. Many of the places publishing monthly statements . of mortality and disease had kindly placed Newton on their exchange list. Not wishing to be considered other than as in the front rank of sanitary workers, the Board, through its Agent, made some investigations and decided that it would be of benefit to the local physicians, their sister cities and towns, and themselves, to issue monthly, in some convenient form, a statement showing the causes of death, the prevalence of dis- ease in the various parts of the city and other statistics of general value. The expense has been very slight and the value returned has more than covered the cost.
The tables which accompany this report have been pre- pared with great care and are believed to be correct, although possibly one or two errors may have been made in the years previous to 1888, owing to incomplete returns. Still, these are not serious enough to destroy their value for purposes of comparison.
22
Members.
On the first of May, Messrs. Kingsbury, Mosman and Noyes, who had served the Board as their clerk and agents since its organization in 1885, retired from active participation in the work of the Board, followed by the regrets of all with whom they have been officially counected.
With the retirement of Alderman B. S. Graut from the City Council at the close of 1887, the Board lost its president, and at the same time a valued and worthy member.
Mr. Otis Pettee was elected to succeed him as president of the Board.
Alderman Nickerson who followed Alderman Grant as the representative of the upper brauch of the City Council, was known as an earnest worker and had seen much service in mu- nicipal affairs. He now retires from the Board carrying with him the respect and esteem of his fellow-members.
Councilman Burr, after serving acceptably two years on the Board as the representative of the Common Council, re- turus in the coming year as its presiding officer, to which he has been elected by the suffrages of the citizens of Newton.
To no one individual more than to Mayor J. Wesley Kim- ball, has been due the successful organization and working of the Board. By his constant attendance and his deep interest in sanitary affairs, he has by his earnest efforts, supplemented by that of the other members of the Board, proved to be of inestimable value to the City of Newton. Now that he has decided that his private interests require him to lay down the sceptre of official power, he retires to private life, followed by the best wishes of all the members of the Board and the citi- zens at large.
Acknowledgments.
It affords the Board much pleasure to acknowledge the support that has been given them and the many courtesies
23
shown them during the year by His Honor the Mayor, the members of the City Council, the various heads of depart- ments, the members of the police force, who have aided in no small degree in the discharge of our duties, the selectmen, board of health and sewerage committee of Framingham, the Master Plumbers Association of Boston for courtesies during the session of the National Plumbers Association, Arthur Hudson, Esq., for assistance in his laboratory, and many others with whom we have been brought into contact.
Respectfully submitted, For the Board of Health, WM. S. FRENCH, Clerk.
TABLE I. STATEMENT OF DEATHS BY MONTHS IN EACH WARD.
WARDS.
1
2
3
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
January
4
3
7
3
1
4
4
3
1
1
1
1
17
22
39
February
3
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
1
-
1
11
15
26
March
2
3
4
3
1
3
1
3
2
April .
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
1
1
10
4
1
4
15
15
30
May
2
3
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
3
3
3
14
12
26
June
3
1
4
2
2
2
1
2
1
13
7
20
July
2
1
3
4
3
2
3
1
3
1
1
12
14
26
August
5
8
5
3
4
1
1
3
3
4
1
1
27
- 00
24
September .
2
2
3
3
2
1
2
3
2
3
3
4
1
13
17
30
October
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
6
1
1
2
1
1
13
9
22
November .
.
-
13
14
27
December .
1
+
3
2
1
2
Co
1
2
5
2
.
Totals
24
22
39
42
28
25
26
24
22
23
25
16
13
15
177
167
344
Aggregate .
.
46
81
.
53
50
45
41
28
344
1
1
2
3
2
16
1.3
29
.
1
I
-
82921
2
3
2
1
1
13
1
3
5
1
.
TOTAL.
AGGREGATE.
4
or
6
Female.
25
.
45
26
TABLE II. Comparative View of the Causes of Death during the Year 1888.
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Heart Diseases
Consumption
Old Age
Pneumonia
Brain Diseases
Nephritis(Bright' s Disease)
Apoplexy .
Typhoid Fever
Marasmus
Bronchitis
Cholera Infantum
Diphtheria
Meningitis
Paralysis
Debility
Drowning
Peritonitis
Cancer
Diarrhea.
Dysentery
Erysipelas
Premature Birth
Tuberculosis
Hemorrhage
Inanition
Rheumatism
Sixteen Diseases (each)
Forty-eight Disea's(each)
Deaths from Zymotic Diseases.
Deaths from Other Diseases.
27
TABLE III.
Causes of Death in each Month as Registered by the City Clerk, Arranged Alphabetically in Classes.
DISEASES.
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY.
MARCH.
APRIL.
MAY.
JUNE.
JULY.
AUGUST.
SEPTEMBER.
OCTOBER.
NOVEMBER.
DECEMBER.
TOTAL.
I. ZYMOTIC.
Cholera Infantum
Croup
Diarrhea
Diarrhea, Infantile
Diarrhea, Serous .
Diphtheria
1
1
3
1
2 1
1
4
Erysipelas
1
1
1
1
1
Fever, Scarlet
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
11
Measles
Meningitis, Cerebro-spinal,
Pyæmia
1
Whooping Cough
1
II. CONSTITUTIONAL.
Anæmia
1
Cancer, (Bowels)
Cancer, (Breast)
:
:
co . 3
1
5
3
Consumption
4
2
3
3
1
4
1
1
Hydrocephalus
1
. .
2
2
3
1
9
Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatism .
1
1
1
Serofula
1
2
.
III. LOCAL.
Nervous.
Ataxia Locomotor
1
. .
: :
: :
: :
:
: : :
.. : : 2
2
10
Apoplexy .
Apoplexy, Cerebral
1
1
Brain, Abscess of .
Brain, Congestion of
1
. .
1
1
1
1
2
Brain, Hemorrhage of
1
1
1
:
1
1
1
Brain, Softening of
Convulsions
Epilepsy
Lockjaw
Mania (Acute)
Meningitis
1
1
1
1
4
Nervous Debility
1
Nervous Shock .
1
2
. .
.
2
1
1 -
7
.
1
4
Fever, Typhoid
1
1
. .
. .
. .
. .
1
1
. .
1
1
1
1
Cancer, (Stomach)
1
.
1
Epithelioma of Lip
Marasmus.
1
1
. .
. .
:
:
..
1
Tuberculosis .
1
1
.. :
. .
.
1
Addison's Disease
1
1
1
-. 1
1
1
1 2 1
2
Brain, Inflammation of
..
1
1
1
. .
1
. .
1
1
1
1
8
1
2
..
1
1
Paralysis
:
1
1
1.2
1
:
..
·
.
.
1
1
Fever, Malarial
1
1
1
1
2
Septicæmia
2
: :
: :
. .
.
4
. .
Brain, Disease of .
1
Brain Fever
1
Brain, Paralysis of
2
1 1
1
1
Lungs, Tubercular dis. of .
1
1
3
1
1
2 1 1 11228
1
Dysentery .
2
1
2
1
1
..
28
Table III-Continued.
DISEASES.
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY
MARCH.
APRIL.
MAY.
JUNE.
JULY.
AUGUST.
SEPTEMBER.
OCTOBER.
NOVEMBER.
DECEMBER.
TOTAL.
Circulatory.
.
Angina Pectoris
Endocarditis .
No: :
: : : :
: : -:
: N: :
-N. :
:: : :
: : :
1
21
Heart Failure
Heart, Hypertrophy of .
1
2
Heart, Paralysis of
1
1
Syncope
Respiratory.
Asthma.
Asthma, Bronchial
.
..
..
..
. .
.
1
1
Bronchitis
2
2
1
1
1
..
. .
. .
..
..
. .
1
Lungs, ŒEdema of.
1
2
4
4
3
.
. .
2
1
2
18
Digestive.
Bile Duct, Obstruction of
1
. .
..
. .
. .
. .
. .
1
Bowels, Consumption of
1
. .
1
. .
. .
..
..
. .
2
Bowels, Tuberculosis of
1
. .
. .
. .
1
1
Gastric Fever
1
Gastritis
1
Hepatitis
1
1 1
1
Kidneys, Abscess of .
Liver, Atrophy of
Liver, Congestion of .
. .
1
1
2
1
..
..
. .
. .
1
Spleen, Hypertrophy of Stomach, Perforation of
..
..
. .
:
: :
:
1
. .
. .
1
1
Miscellaneous.
Bladder, Inflammation of
1
. .
. .
. .
..
1
Diabetes
1
2
15
Uræmia
IV. DEVELOPMENTAL.
Debility, General .
Dentition
1
. .
Inanition
. .
..
1
. .
..
. .
..
..
1
Old Age
4
3
1
co. 3
1
-1
J
1
1
1
4
21
Premature Birth
1
..
..
..
1
1
..
1
. .
4
Puerperal Convulsions
. .
. .
:
. .
1
. .
.
1
..
. .
1
1
. .
..
. .
. .
. .
..
..
1
Pneumonia
Catarrh, Gastro-Intestinal Enteritis
2
Gastric Carcinoma
1
2
1
. .
2
Intestinal Obstruction
1
1
1
1
Liver, Enlargement of .
Liver, Obstruction of Peritonitis
Spasms, Internal
..
..
.
1
.
4
..
. .
1
Labor, Difficult
. .
1
Labor, Protracted
1
. .
. .
..
. .
..
2
Nephrites (Bright's Dis.) : Tumor
1
1
..
. .
1
2
1
1
. .
. .
1
..
1
1
Laryngitis
Lungs, Hemorrhage of
..
..
. .
1
1
..
:
. .
. .
1
:
1
1
. .
..
..
Hemorrhage .
1
..
. .
1
1
6
1
1
1
. .
8
. .
1
1
1
3
Hydrothorax
1
Bowels, Inflammation of
1
..
..
. .
. .
. .
1
1
2
. .
1
. .
. .
.
..
1 161
Heart, Disease of .
4
Heart, Rheumatism of .
1
Pleuritis
. .
1
5
. .
1
1
1
3
2
5
1
..
1
2
1
. .
1
2
1
1
1
. .
.
29
Table III-Continued.
DISEASES.
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY.
MARCH.
APRIL.
MAY.
JUNE.
JULY.
AUGUST.
SEPTEMBER.
OCTOBER.
NOVEMBER.
DECEMBER.
TOTAL.
Puerperal Fever
V. VIOLENT.
Accident, Railroad
Brain, Concussion of
Drowning .
Suicide, Hanging
Suicide, Pistol Shot
SUMMARY.
Zymotic
6
2
1
2
4
2
7
8
7
6
5
1
51
Constitutional
9
5
5
4
1
2
3
7
5
3
4
56
Local
17
17
17
17
17
13
9
20
8
12
10
17
174
Developmental
5
4
2
6
1
2
2
8
2
2
1
4
39
Violent .
..
. .
1
1
4
1
1
2
..
Total .
37
28
25
29
24
20
25
44
22
29
21
26
330
Still-born
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
14
Grand Total
39
29
26
30
26
20
26
45
24
30
22
27
344
..
· .
1
. .
·
.. ·
. . .
. .
. .
. .
..
..
: : 1
: : : _:
: -: : :
: : : : :
: : : :
:
·
:
. .
:
11921
1
.
10
.
. .
30
TABLE IV.
Deaths during the Year 1888, by Sex, Condition, Color, Nativity Parentage, and Months.
JANUARY.
FEBRUARY.
MARCH.
APRIL.
MAY.
JUNE.
JULY.
AUGUST.
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER.
NOVEMBER.
DECEMBER.
TOTAL.
Total Deaths SEX :
39
29
26
30
26
20
26
45
24
30
29
27
344
Males .
17
16
11
15
14
13
12
27
13
13
13
13
177
Females
22
13
15
15
12
7
14
18
11
17
9
14
167
CONDITION :
Married
11
S
10
10
7 10
11 30
2
9
13
114
Single .
21
9
13
14
14
10
11
17
10
7
169
Widows
7
5
4
4
1
1
4
4
4
3
1
6
44
Widowers
2
4
Q
1
1
1
1
2
1
15
Unknown COLOR:
White .
37
28
25
30
25
19
25
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