USA > Maryland > Cecil County > History of Cecil County, Maryland, and the early settlements around the head of Chesapeake Bay and on the Delaware River, with sketches of some of the old families of Cecil County > Part 1
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HISTORY
OF
CECIL COUNTY, MARYLAND,
AND THE
EARLY SETTLEMENTS AROUND THE HEAD OF CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ON THE DELAWARE RIVER,
WITH
SKETCHES OF SOME OF THE OLD FAMILIES
OF CECIL COUNTY.
.
BY GEORGE JOHNSTON.
ELKTON : PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1881.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the year EST by GEORGE JOHNSTON, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C.
YHARSUI JHT 22380000 90
DICKSON & GILLING, PRINTERS, 27 AND 29 SOUTH SEVENTH ST., PHILADELPHIA.
PREFACE.
THE author has no apology to offer for writing this book, except this : that though certainly the second, and probably the first settlement made in the State of Maryland, more than two hundred and fifty years ago was within the limits of Cecil County, no other person has seen fit to write its history. For many years, indeed from the time the author was a school-boy, he has wished for information concerning the early history of this county ; and being unable to find it elsewhere, sought for it among the early colonial records of Pennsylvania and New York which have been published, and among the dusty and dilapidated colonial records at. Annapolis. After a careful examination of these, and the early land records of Cecil and Baltimore counties, and the records of the Orphans' and Commissioners' court of the former, he was fully convinced that sufficient material could be obtained from which to compile a history of the county. With this object in view the work was commenced. Subse- quent investigation showed that the early history of the settlements along the west bank of the Delaware River was so closely blended with that of those around the head of Chesapeake Bay that it was impossible to separate them without destroying much of the interest of the narrative.
The author believing that others might wish to profit by his efforts to inform himself, and acting upon the sugges- tions of a few gentlemen whose judgment the public, did it but know their names, would value as highly as the author does their disinterested friendship, concluded after much hesitation to embody the result of his labor in the work which is now offered to the public.
(iii)
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Of the manner in which the work has been done, the reader must judge for himself. The author is painfully conscious that it is far from being perfect. The loss of many of the early colonial and county records and the miserably dilapidated condition of many of those extant, have added greatly to the difficulty and labor of the work, and made it in some cases impossible to refer the reader to the sources from which important information has been obtained. Not- withstanding which, the author has quoted largely from the archives of the State and county as well as from the writings and correspondence of many persons mentioned in the work, believing it better to do this than to obtrude his own language and opinions upon his readers when it could be avoided. He has aimed to be impartial and truth- ful, and hopes if the following pages do not add much to the general stock of information they may be the means of pre- serving some portions of the history of the county, much of which has been irretrievably lost.
The author takes this opportunity to thank the members of the Elkton bar and officers of the courts of Cecil and New Castle counties, and the officers of the Historical Socie- ties of Pennsylvania and Maryland, for the courtesy and kindness shown him while engaged in his arduous and pro- tracted labor. He also desires to acknowledge his indebted- ness to the authors of the Historical Sketches of the Draw- yers, White Clay Creek, Pencader, Head of Christiana, Rock, West Nottingham and Elkton Presbyterian churches, for valuable information derived from them; and the Right Reverend Bishop Lay, of the Diocese of Easton, for the use of Rev. Ethan Allen's Manuscript History of the parishes in this county ; and to Rev. E. K. Miller, rector of North Elk Parish, and Rev. Charles P. Mallery, the author of an inter- esting and valuable series of papers on Bohemia Manor, re- cently published in the Cecil Democrat ; to whose efforts he is indebted for much useful information.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Captain John Smith, of Virginia, explores the navigable waters of Cecil County-Smith's account of the Susquehannock Indians-Other Indian tribes in the upper part of the Peninsula-Their weapons and eul- inary utensils. Page 1
CHAPTER II.
First English settlement on Watson's Island-Edward Palmer-Win. Clayborne establishes a trading post on Watson's Island Page 7
CHAPTER III.
George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore-He is a member of the Vir- ginia Company -Plants a colony in Newfoundland-Obtains a charter for a colony in Maryland-Is succeeded by his son Cecil, who obtains another charter-Extracts from the charter-The first colony under Leonard Calvert settles at St. Marics-War with the Susquehannocks- Treaty with them .Page 11
CHAPTER IV.
Early settlements on the Delaware-Henry Hudson-Captain Mey and others-Names of the Delaware-Fort Nassau-Swanendale-Peter Min- uit plants a Swedish colony at Wilmington-Fort Cassimir-Peter Stuyvesant conquers the Swedes. Page 20
CHAPTER V.
First permanent settlement in the county -Other settlements- Spesutia Island-Trouble between the Dutch and English-Nathaniel Utic-Ile is sent to New Amstel -- Angustine Hermen and Resolved Wal- dron visit Maryland -- Their meeting with the Governor and Council Account of the carly life of Angustine Hermen-IIis Map of Maryland- Extracts from his will -- He obtains a grant of Bohemia Manor and Mid- dle Neck-Makes a treaty with the Indians at Spesutia Island-First reference to Cecil County-Thompsontown-Indian forts. Page 27
CHAPTER VI.
Council of Maryland meet at Spesutia Island-Examination of persons who had suffered from the depredations of Indians along the Delaware River-Interesting correspondence between the Governor of Maryland and Alexander D'Hinoyossa, Governor of New Amstel-The Council de- clare war against the Susquehannocks-Instructions to Captain Odber-
vi
Letter from D'Hinoyossa-Augustine Hermen tries to make peace be- tween the Dutch and English-Council meets at Susquehanna Point and are shown the commission of Captain Neals recently arrived from Eng- land -Many of the Swedes from Delaware settle in Sassafras Neck.
Page 42
CHAPTER VII.
Treaty with the Passagonke Indians at AAppoquinimink-Copy of the treaty-Scarcity of corn -Captain Odber gets into trouble-A cowardly soldier-Trouble with the Senecas-Treaty with the Delaware Bay In- dians-Capture of a Seneca Indian-Letter from the justices of Baltimore County respecting the captive-Francis Wright and Jacob Clawson -Tor- ture of an Indian prisoner -- War with the Senecas-Another treaty with the Susquehannocks-The Senecas attack the Susquehannock's fort at Turkey Hill, Lancaster County, and are repulsed-End of the Susque- hannoeks. .Page 55
CHAPTER VIII.
Augustine Hermen and others naturalized-The Hacks -llermen has a dispute with Simon Oversee -He tries to establish a village-Trouble among the Dutch-Sir Robert Carr conquers them-The name of New Amstel changed to New Castle-Account of D'Hinoyossa-Efforts of the Marylanders to extend their jurisdiction to the Delaware River-Durham County- Road from Bohemia Manor to New Castle-Grant of St. Augus- tine Manor -- Ephraim George, and Casparus Hermen-Original limits of Baltimore County-Erection of Cecil County-The first court-house at Jamestown-Augustine Hermen and Jacob Young appointed commis- sioners to treat with the Delaware Indians-Account of Jacob Young.
Page 71
CHAPTER IX.
The Labadists-Sluyter and Danckers-Their journal-They meet with Ephraim George Hermen and wife-Visit New Castle and Bohemia Manor -- They goon down the Peninsula - Return and purchase the Labadie tract on Bohemia Manor, and establish a community there-Description of the Labadie tract and how they got it-Peter Bayard and others- Description of the community on Bohemia Manor-Augustine Hermen's quarrel with George Hollandd- Letter from Hermen-Hermen's patents of confirmation - He obtains a patent for Misfortune, or the three Bohe- mia Sisters - Extent of his possessions- He invests his son Ephraim George with the right and title to Bohemia Manor-A curious deed -- Augustine Hermen's last will-His death and monumental stone - His place of burial-Codicil to his last will-Ilis daughters .Page 84
vii
CHAPTER X.
Delaware granted to William Penn-Death of Ceeilins Calvert, who is suc- ceeded by his son Charles-George Talbot- Obtains a patent for Susque- hanna Manor-Its metes and bounds-Courts Baron and Courts Leet-The name of Susquehanna Manor changed to New Connaught-Extent of Connaught Manor-Talbot obtains a patent for Belleconnell - Belle Hill- Talbot lays out New Munster-Makes a demand on William Penn for all the land west of the Schuylkill and south of the fortieth degree of north latitude-Runs a line from the mouth of the Octoraro to the month of Naaman's Creek-Lord Baltimore visits England-Talbot presides over the council during his absence-Presides over the court of Cecil County -Account of the court - Talbot makes a raid on the settlers east of Iron Hill-Builds and garrisons a fort near Christiana bridge -Account of the fort-Talbot's Rangers-Beacon Hill - Trouble about the collection of the king's revenue-Talbot murders Rousby-Is carried prisoner to Vir- ginia-Makes his escape-Returns to Cecil County-Takes refuge in a cave near Mount Ararat-Surrenders to the authorities of Maryland- Is taken to Virginia by command of the King Is tried and convicted of murder, but pardoned by the King-Returns to Cecil County and executes a deed for Clayfall-Returns to Ireland-Enters the Irish brigade, and is killed in the service of the King of France. Page 109
CHAPTER XI.
New Munster -- Its metes and bounds-The Alexanders-Society-Cecil Manor-Charles Carroll-Fair IIiII-The Scotch-Irish-Christiana Pres- byterian Church- Rock Church -- The English Revolution -Its effect on the Colony of Maryland-Nottingham-The Nottingham Lots-Original grantees-Reasons why the grant was made-The first Friends' meeting -~ house -- The Little Brick or Nottingham Friends' meeting-house- Pop- pemetto-West Nottingham Presbyterian Church-Treaty with the Conestoga Indians- Thomas Chalkley visits them-Account of some of the first settlers of Nottingham-The Welsh tract-Its boundaries-The Baptist church on Iron Hill-The Pencader Presbyterian Church -- Rev. David Evans-Rev. Samuel Davies-Iron Hill. Page 133
CHIAPTER XII.
Characteristics of the carly settlers-Augustine Hermen succeeded by his son Casparus-Account of Casparus Hermen- Farms on Bohemia Manor -Death of Casparus Hermen-Succeeded by his son Ephraim Augustine --- Sketch of Ephraim Augustine Hermen-His wives and children -- John Lawson marries Mary Hermen -- Peter Bouchell marries Catharine Her- men-l'eter Lawson-Catharine (Herman) Bouchell-Iler death-Joseph Ensor-Quarrel about the possession of Bohemia Manor -- Joseph Ensor, Jr .- Division of Bohemia Manor-Death of Peter Lawson ... Page 169
viii
CHAPTER XIII.
The Van Bibbers-They settle on Bohemia Manor-Their mill-John Jawert marries Casparus Hermen's widow-Keeps Elk Ferry -- Wild stock-Rangers-Collection of the King's revenue-Wild animals- Trade with England-Bill of lading-Slave trade-The Jesuit mission at Bohemia-The Cross Paths-James Heath, the founder of Warwick- Bohemia a port of entry-Ancient cross-Father Mansell-Peter Atwood and other Jesuits-The Jesuit school-Efforts to suppress the Jesuit mission-Labors of the Jesuit Fathers Page 186
CHAPTER XIV.
First Friends' meeting-house-First Episcopal minister -. North and South Sassafras parishes-First vestrymen-Population-Curious lot of church property-First Episcopal Church-Chapel of Ease in Elk Neck -Shrewsbury parish-Rev. Hugh Jones-Chapel on Bohemia Manor- Sketch of Rev. Ilugh Jones-North Elk parish-First vestrymen- Richard Dobson-John Hamm-Rev. Walter Ross-Chapel near Battle Swamp-Rev. William Wye-St. Mary Ann's Church, North East-Taring the Church-Death of Rev. Mr. Wye-Rev. John Bradford-Rev. John Hamilton-Clayfall Page 205
CHAPTER XV.
William Dare-Bulls Mountain-" Friendship "-Old Simon-Trans- town-Ye Swedestown-John Hans Stillman-Smith's mill at Head of Elk-The Jacobs family-Henry Hollingsworth-Quarrel about New- Munster road-Bridges over the head of Elk River-Road from head of Elk to New Castle-Sketch of Hollingsworth family-North East-First iron works-Roads leading to North East-Principio Iron Company- Samuel Gilpin settles at Gilpin's Rocks-William Black's account of North East-Immigration -Character of immigrants-Susquehanna ferry -- Road from ferry to Philadelphia. Page 223
CHAPTER XVI.
Hundreds-Hotels-Charles Rumsey-Trials by jury -- The Justices' court Rules of the court-Removal of county seat from Jamestown to Court-house Point-Court-house and jail-Townat Court-house Point- Elk ferry traditions-Quarrel among the justices of the court-The lawyers. Page 240
CHAPTER XVII.
Efforts to establish towns-Ceciltown. at mouth of Scotchman's Creek -Fredericktown-Georgetown-The Acadians or French Neutrals-Ac- count of them-They are sent to Louisiana and Canada-Reasons for building Charlestown-Its location-Public wharf and warehouse-Its exports-Fairs-Introduction of toa and coffee-Ilistory of Charlestown -Population by census of 1880. Page 253
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CHAPTER XVIII.
Presbyterian Church at Bethel-Visit of Rev. George Whitefield- Preaches at Elkton and on Bohemia Manor-Presbyterian Church at Elk- ton-Disruption of Nottingham Presbyterian Church-Rev.Samuel Finley -Nottingham Academy-The Free School on Bohemia River-Rev. John Beard-The present church buildings-Name changed to Ephesus-Rev. James Magraw-Revival of Nottingham Academy-The Rock Presbyte- rian Church-Disruption-Rev. James Finley-Murder of Hugh Mahaffey -Rev. James Finley goes West-Present church buildings-Rev. John Burton-Rev. Francis Hindman-Lotteries for church purposes-Man- ners, customs and character of the carly Presbyterians-The Alexanders, and other emigrants to South Carolina. Page 275
CHAPTER XIX.
Border war-Davy Evans dispossesses Adam Short-Petition of Sam- uel Brice-Arrest of Isaac Taylor and others-Agreement between the heirs of William Penn and Lord Baltimore respecting the settlement of the boundaries-Proceedings in chancery-Renewal of border war- Thomas Cresap-Order of the King in Council-The temporary boundary line-Decree of Chancellor Hardwick-Diary of John Watson-Cape Henlopen-The trans-peninsular line-Death of Charles Calvert- Another agreement-Location of due north line-Difficulty of the work -Mason and Dixon-They land in Philadelphia-Latitude of that city- Account of their labors for the next five years-Re-location of the nortli- cast corner of Maryland. Page 296
CHAPTER XX.
The Revolutionary War-The Quakers-Convention of 1774-Commit- tec of Safety-Delegates to convention of 1775-First military organiza- tion in the county-Henry Dobson-Military organizations in the county -IIenry Hollingsworth makes musket barrels and bayonets for the army -Edward Parker makes linen and woolen goods for the use of the sol- diers-Invasion of the county by the British-They land at Court-house Point-Sir William Howe's proclamation-Part of British army march to Head of Elk-Another part overrun Bohemia Manor-Account of the invasion-Court-house not burned-Doings of the American army-Skir- mishing on Iron Hill-Robert Alexander-Disloyalty of the citizens of Newark-Tories trade with the British-The Quakers refuse to perform military duty, and are court-martialed-Brick Meeting-house used for a hospital-Burglary at Head of Elk-Interesting correspondence-Lafay- ette's expedition to Yorktown passes throughi Head of Elk-IIis route through Cecil County-Journal of Claude Blanchard-Forteen Stodder, the negro soldier-Confiscated property-The Elk Forge Company- John Roberts hanged for treason-The Principio Iron Company-Susque- hanna Manor-Lots in Charlestown-Property of Rev. William Edmisson.
Page 318
X
CHAPTER XXI.
Removal of seat of justice to Charlestown-Reasons of the removal- Interesting correspondence-Charlestown Ferry-Condition of society- Stephen Porter kills Thomas Dunn-Escapes from jail, etc .- Is tried at Charlestown and convicted of manslaughter-Unsuccessful efforts to build up Charlestown-Removal of county seat to Head of Elk-Rev. Joseph Condon's address to citizens of Elk-Opposition of the citizens of Charlestown to the removal of the county seat-Act of Legislature authorizing the erection of public buildings at Elktown-Elkton incor- porated-Court meets in Elkton-Members of the Elkton bar-Trouble about roads-The first almshouse-Sale of free school farm-Rum- sey's steamboat-The Susquehanna Canal-Rivalry between Havre de Grace and the town of Chesapeake-First arks on the Susquehanna River-Malignant fever in Elkton Page 352
CHAPTER XXII.
Octoraro forge-Cecil Manufacturing Company-New Leeds-Chesa- peake and Delaware Canal-Benjamin HI. Latrobe-The canal feeder- Riot at Elkton-" Trecket the Loop"-Supplementary Act-Work re- sumed on the canal-John Randel-He sues the canal company-Com- pletion and cost of the canal-Difficulty of construction-Port Deposit - Philip Thomas-Port Deposit Bridge Company-Bridge burned-Sale of Susquehanna canal-The log pond-Susquehanna and Tide Water canal. Page 381
CHAPTER XXIII.
County divided into election districts-County commissioners-Loca- tion of boundary line between Cecil and Harford-Number of mills in Cecil County-Elkton wheat market-Manufactories-Charlestown- Elkton bank-Line of packets between Baltimore and Philadelphia via Elkton-Frenchtown and New Castle Turnpike Company-Curious pro- vision in the charter. Page 401
CHAPTER XXIV.
War of 1812-British fleet in Chesapeake Bay-Camp of observation on Bulls mountain-General Thomas M. Foreman-Forts Hollingsworth and Defiance-Colonel William Garrett-Persons employed in building Fort Defiance-British land on Spesutia Island-Visit Turkey Point- Burn Frenchtown-Zeb. Furgusson-British fail to reach Elkton-Inci- dents and anecdotes-Burning of Havre de Grace-Poetical extract- Pillaging-British burn Principio Furnace-Destruction of Frederick- town and Georgetown-Brave defense of Colonel Veazey-List of militia under him-Treaty of Ghent-Rejoicing-Accident at Fort Hollings- worth. Page 408
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CHAPTER XXV.
First steamboats on the Elk River-Lines of transportation-French - town and New Castle Railroad Company-Construction of Frenchtown and New Castle Railroad-First locomotives and cars-Telegraphing- The Philadelphia, Wilmington aud Baltimore Railroad-Riot at Charles- town-Sale of Frenchtown and New Castle Railroad. Page 434
CHAPTER XXVI.
Clergy of the Established Church-Their powers and duties-They in- cur the displeasure of the common people-What Rev. William Duke says of them-Presbyterian clergymen-Spiritual condition of the peo - ple-Introduction of Methodism-First Methodist society-Character of the early Methodist preachers-Rev. Francis Asbury visits Bohemia Manor-He refuses to take the oath of allegiance-Methodists favor the royal cause-Retrospective glance at the history of the Episcopal Church-North Elk parish-Rev. John Thompson-Rev. Joseph Cou- don-St. Augustine parish-Progress of Methodism-Cecil circuit- Hart's meeting-house-First Methodist meeting-house at North East- First parsonage-Bethel meeting-house-Goshen-Revival at Bethel- North Sassafras and St. Augustine parishes-Richard Bassett joins the Methodists-Rev. Henry Lyon Davis-Death of Rev. Joseph Coudon- Rev. William Duke-His life and labors-Methodism supplants Episco- pacy-First Methodist society at Elkton-Methodism and Presbyterian- ism at Charlestown-Hopewell and Asbury-Methodist Protestant churches Page 433
CHAPTER XXVII.
Miscellaneous information-Newspapers-Fisheries-Chrome-Granite quarries-Iron-Iron Works-Paper mills-Free schools-Population.
Page 463
CHAPTER XXVIII.
The Hall family-The Evans family-Dr. Amos A. Evans-The Mitchell family-Colonel George E. Mitchell-The Rumsey family-The Mauldin family-The Gilpin family-The Rudulph family-The Leslie family-The Hyland family-The Churchman family-The Defoe family -The Hartshorne family-Colonel Nathaniel Ramsay. Page 480
ERRATA.
On page 13, seventh line from bottom, for George read Cecil. On page 142, eleventh line from top, for May read Mary. On page 243, fifth line from bottom, for 1659-60 read 1650-60. In foot note on page 344, for chapter XVIII read XXVIII.
CHAPTER I.
Captain John Smith, of Virginia, explores the navigable waters of Cecil County -Smith's account of the Susquehannock Indians-Other Indian tribes in the upper part of the Peninsula -Their weapons and cul- inary utensils.
THE first white man that visited Cecil County was the illustrious John Smith, of Virginia. In the summer of the year 160S he fitted out an expedition at Jamestown, and proceeding to the head of Chesapeake Bay partially explored the Susquehanna, North East, Elk and Sassafras rivers. The Indian name of the Sassafras River was Toghwogh. Smith and his companions ascended it for some distance and were received by the native Indians with much kind- ness, he and his companions being the first white men they had ever seen. Smith says, in his account of the expedition, that the white people had much trouble to keep the natives from worshiping them as gods. Smith tried to ascend the Susquehanna River, but could get no further than two miles up on account of the rocks. He states that the Indians could ascend it in their canoes for the distance of about two days' journey. He gives a wonderful account of the size and prowess of the chief of the Susquehannas,* and says
" The name of this tribe, like that of many of the others, is spelled in different ways by the early historians and in the colonial records. in quoting from which the original has leen followed.
1
2
HISTORY OF CECIL COUNTY.
that the "calves of his legs were three-quarters of a yard about, and all the rest of his limbs so answerable to that proportion, that he seemed the goodliest man he ever saw. The Susquehannas met them with skins, bows, arrows, tar- gets, beads, swords and tobacco pipes, for presents. They seemed like giants, and were the strangest people in all the e countries, both in language and attire; their language well becomes their proportions, sounding from them as a voice in a vault." " Their attire is the skinnes of beares and wolves, some have cossaeks made of beares heads and skinnes, that a man's head goes through the skinnes neck and the ears of the bcare fastened to his shoulder, the nose and teeth hanging down his breast, another beares face split behind him, and at the end of the nose hung a pawe, the half sleeves coming to the elbows were the necks of beares, and the armes through the mouth with pawes hanging at their noses. One had the head of a wolf hanging in a chaine for a jewell, his tobacco pipe, three-quarters of a yard long, prettily carved with a bird, a deare, or some such device at the great end, sufficient to beat out one's braines, with bowes, arrows, and clubs, suitable to their greatness." Smith states that the Susquehannocks numbered about six hundred able men, and that they lived in palisaded towns in order to defend themselves against the Massawomekes, who were their mortal enemies, and lived on Bush River, which he named Willowbye's River. To the Susquehannock's River, Smith gave the name of Smith's Falls. The North East River be called Gunter's Harbor, and says that " the highest mountain we saw northward we called Peregrine's Mount." Mr. Bozman expresses the opinion in his History of Maryland that Peregrine's Mount and Gray's Ilill, just east of Elkton, are identical. But a careful examination of the map accompanying Smith's history seems to indicate very conclusively that the moun- tain referred to by him as Peregrine's Mount is the highland just east of the town of North East, now called Beacon Hill.
Many persons have been disposed to doubt the account
3
HISTORY OF CECIL COUNTY.
which Smith gives of the size and prowess of the Susquehan- nocks, but recent discoveries made by the workmen while digging the foundations of the bridge of the Columbia and Port Deposit railroad across the Octoraro Creek of a num- ber of human skeletons, which were evidently the remains of persons of extraordinary size, seem in some measure to confirm his account.
The Susquehannocks belonged to the Iroquois stock, as did the famous confederacy of the Five Nations, which at this time inhabited the country north of them and included the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagos, Cayugas and Senecas, which were afterwards joined by the Tuscaroras, after which the confederacy was called the "Six Nations." The Massa- womekes, who seem to have been the only other tribe in Maryland that were capable of competing with the Susque- hannocks, probably belonged to the same stock; while the Tock woghs, who were of a more gentle disposition probably belonged to the Algonquin or Muscogee stock. The Min- quas inhabited the banks of Christiana and Brandywine, and like many of the smaller tribes, of which there were twelve in the State of Delaware,* belonged to the Leni Le- nape, which in our language means the original people. These tribes seem to have been the principal ones that in- habited the country within the original limits of Cecil County when Smith explored the Chesapeake Bay. Half a century later the colonial record ; and correspondence between the Dutch settlers along the Delaware River and the authorities of Maryland contain many references to other tribes whose history is unknown, and whose location it is impossible to determine. The Passayontke Indians who are sometimes mentioned among other tribes that inhabited the shores of the Delaware River, there are many reasons to believe, lived near Passyunk Creek, which is in the southern part of the city of Philadelphia.
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