History of Kent County, Maryland, 1630-1916, Part 4

Author: Usilton, Fred G. (Frederick G.)
Publication date: 1916?]
Publisher: [n.p.
Number of Pages: 270


USA > Maryland > Kent County > History of Kent County, Maryland, 1630-1916 > Part 4


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Caulk's Field farm was in possession of Mr. Isaac Caulk at the time of the battle. He had inherited the property. It was part of a tract known as "Arcadia," which was granted as 1,600 acres to Michael Miller, one of the first vestrymen of old St. Paul's Church, Kent County. This particular part of "Arcadia" had belonged to Isaac Caulk's uncle, John Moore, and upon the death of Mr. Moore, in August, 1812, the property became Isaac Caulk's. The War Department records at Washing- ton call the engagement the "Battle of Moorefield" or "Caulk's Field." It is also thus spoken of in "Niles' Register." The bricks in the gable of the old Caulk's Field House show that it was built in 1743. It is one of the oldest buildings now stand- ing in Kent, and is now owned by Mr. E. J. Watson.


On the initiative of the late Rev. Chris. T. Den- roche, in 1902, then rector of St. Paul's Parish in Kent, a handsome granite battle-marker was placed beside the main road that leads from Chestertown to Tolchester, on "Caulk's Field." Assisting Mr. Denroche in raising the necessary funds to erect the marker were Capt. Columbus A. Leary, Charles C. Hopper, Fred G. Usilton, L. B. Russell of Kent, Col. Wm. M. Marine, James E. Carr, Jr., Mr. Thomas Hill and W. H. Gill of Baltimore.


That there can never be offence given to those who by chance should pass that way the monument bears the following inscription :


"ERECTED TO COMMEMORATE THE PATRIOTISM AND FORTITUDE OF THE VICTOR AND VANQUISHED."


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


LIST OF SOLDIERS.


Among the old papers now in the library of the Maryland Historical Society we find a "list of offi- cers and men who were in the action at Caulk's Field on the night of the thirtieth of August last under Colonel Reed," in the issue of October 4th, 1814, of the Republican Star or General Advertiser, published at Easton, Talbot County, Maryland. The names of the companies and the men in each com- pany are as follows :


Of Captain Chambers' Company:


Ezekiel F. Chambers, Captain Thomas Eunick, Lieutenant William Skirven, Ensign


Alford, Aaron


Haley, James


Bordley, Thomas


Jones, John


Benton, Benjamin


Kennard, Richard


Chambers, David


Kennard, Thomas J.


Chambers, Benjamin Lee


Kemp, John (drummer)


Crane, Philip


Lassell, William S.


Coleman, Isaiah


Lasell, William C.


Coleman, James


Magnor, John (sergeant)


Comegys, Lemuel


Mansfield, James


Constable, Robert


Miller, James D.


Coleby, Edward


Notts, William


Dugan, Thomas


Rumney, Samuel


Dunk, Alexander


Russell, Theophelus


Deal, Samuel


Robinson, James


Elliott, William


Toulson, Andrea


Falls, David


Usselton, John


Floyd, Samuel Gooding, James


Vickers, James


Vickers, Jesse


Griffith, Samuel


Watts, George


Haltzman, George


Wickes, Joseph (4th)


Hickenbottom, James Herbert, Zabedel


Wickes, Thomas


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


Of Captain Hand's Company: (Captain Hand was too ill to serve).


(Volunteer Artillery.) Henry Tilghman, Lieutenant Richard S. Thomas, Ensign


Barnes, Robert


Nicholls, Jeremiah


Brown, James F.


Parsley, Arthur


Copper, Henry


Ringgold, James, Jr.


Eccleston, John B.


Redue, Joseph


Edwards, James


Robertson, Henry


Elbert, Samuel


Seymour, Richard


Gibbs, Joseph


Staveley, Wilson


Hyland, William


Tonson, Nathaniel


Hague, William


Taylor, Thomas


James, Thomas J.


Vickers, Thomas


Maslin, James


Wilcox, James


Middleton, James


Wilmer, Lemuel


Martin, William


Wilmer, John R.


McGuire, Robert


Of Captain Wickes' Rifle Corps:


Simon Wickes, Jr., Captain Joseph Brown, First Lieutenant John Beck, Second Lieutenant


Airy, John


Pearce, John


Beck, Peregrine


Rolinson, Levin


Beck, John


Sparks, Bazilla


Coleman, Samuel


Stokes, Horatio


Dowling, Eliphar


Smith, James


Fricks, Richard


Smith, Richard


Fellingham, Robert


Swift, Elisha


Hartley, Thomas


Tharp, James


Hyland, John


Urie, Henry


Jones, John


Wickes, Samuel C.


Lamb, William


Of Captain Griffith's Company: Samuel Griffith, Captain Joseph Thomas, Lieutenant


Baker, Samuel


Brown, Hiram


Crouch, John


Jones, David Kendall, William


Crouch, James


Dank, Henry


De Course, Barney Harriss, Jonathan


Kennard, Richard


Yates, James


Simmonds, George G.


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


Of Captain Hynson's Company :


Thomas B. Hynson, Captain Richard Grant, Lieutenant


Hague, William


Shaw, James


Love, Robert


Warum, John


Whaland, Peregrine


Of Captain Page's Company :


Samuel Wickes, Lieutenant Merritt Miller, Ensign


Ashley, George


Eagle, James


Alloway, Gabriel


Frisby, William


Beck, Elisha


Glanville, John


Benton, Thomas


Hynson, Benjamin


Bryan, Stephen


Humphrey, John


Covington, Thomas


Hudson, James


Covington, Jesse


Ivry, William


Coleman, Ezekiel


Legg, James


Clark, Jesse


Miller, William


Cleaves, Nathan


Simons, William


Crouch, Thomas


Spencer, Thomas


Collin, Robert


Warum, Abraham


Downey, James


Wickes, William, Jr.


Dudley, Nicholas


Yearley, John, Jr.


Dunn, John


Artillery Company Aquilla M. Ussleton, Captain John Reed, Lieutenant Morgan Brown, Lieutenant


Apsley, William, Jr.


Nicholson, Edward


Apsley, Dulaney


Pennington, Benedict


Carroll, Philip


Rasin, Siras


Cannon, Edward


Rasin, Philip, Jr.


Dugan, John


Stewart, Henry H.


Forman, Ezekiel


Ussleton, James


Gedley, Joseph


Ussleton, William T.


Hatcherson, James


Wickes, Mathias


Leatherberry, Charles


Weaver, William


PART OF CAULK'S FIELD STORY.


The British official list of their killed and wounded reported by Henry Crease, acting com-


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


mander, were: Killed, Sir Peter Parker, baronet; Capt. J. T. Sands, midshipman; R. Friar and R. Robinson, quartermasters; J. Perren, swabber; T. Dorris, sailmaker; G. Hall, ordinary seaman ; J. Evans, sergeant-of-marines ; W. Hooper, W. Davis,


THE THOS. HILL CAULK'S FIELD HOUSE. Built in 1743 and now owned by E. Jos. Watson.


R. Johnson, W. Rogers, W. Powell and R. Jones, marines, a total of fourteen acknowledged to have been killed. The wounded were reported to be: T. Fitzmaurice, boatswain's mate, severely ; J. McAllis- ter, J. Mooney, seamen, severely ; M. Cullen, seaman, slightly; J. Cooper and J. Malcolm, seamen, severely ; A. McArthur, captain of the forecastle, severely ; W. Noel, seaman, slightly; T. Taffield, quartermaster's mate, severely ; M. Halligan, quar-


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


ter-gunner, slightly; B. G. Beynon, lieutenant-of- marines, severely; G. Poe, similar officer, slightly ; J. List, J. Harvey, J. Schriber, G. Morrell and W. Smith, marines, slightly; W. Golatham, E. Turner and W. Pritchard, marines, and J. Manderson, a seaman ; J. Rowe, landsman, and G. Hobbs, captain of the foretop, severely. A total of 28 admitted to have been wounded, some of whom subsequently died.


The Americans buried the fallen British by the roadside, where a hedge now grows in thrifty luxu- riance. About the year 1830, a small boy (the late Columbus A. Leary) on his way home from school saw some workmen opening a mound on the road- side; he stood and watched the dirt-heavers. The friends of the dead midshipman had sent across the ocean to bear the relics of their loved one over the sea. He was identified and his remains conveyed to England, where he sleeps, perhaps, in one of those beautiful country churchyards where sublime still- ness hovers over the sward. The earth was thrown back and has not since been disturbed. The dead Britons have graves secured against depredations, in which they will rest securely until the Judgment Day.


The late Columbus A. Leary has placed a rough stone in the hedge, on a located spot where the graves are supposed to be.


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


THE BATTLE OF CAULK'S FIELD. (BY DR. P. WROTH.)


I sing of War, and all its thousand woes, Of bloody wounds and death's convulsive throes, Descend, oh Muse, and while thy Vot'ry sings, Let thine own fingers touch the sounding strings.


'Twas noon of night when round the frozen Pole His sluggish form the Bear was seen to roll, And earth and ocean wide-extended lay Beneath pale Cynthia's sleep-inviting ray, When hostile barges moored upon our shore, And Albion's flag the peerless Parker bore: That flag which Gaul's proud Tyrant long had braved, Which wide o'er Europe's bloody plains had waved- No more alas! for victory won to wave- But shroud Sir Peter in his bloody grave!


Three hundred warriors, a selected band, With dire intention by their Chief's command, Propelled by sails and oars soon reached our shore, Their native Britain doomed to reach no more.


Thus some dark cloud, driven on by Eurees' blast, Which bows the trees and bends the lofty mast- Dispersed by rising Zephyr instant flies And scowling, darkens all the eastern skies! And thus Goliah's boasted prowess yields To God's anointed Shepherd of the fields.


One hundred youths, Columbia's chosen seed, Led on by gallant, dauntless god-like Reed; With shining muskets gleaming from afar, And bristly bayonets, stood the tug of war. High in the midst, the bravest of the brave (Like Calpi's mound amidst old Ocean's wave), Stood Tilghman firm, while loud his cannon roars, And ghastly deaths in swift succession pours.


The battle rages now and warmer grows, Each hostile chief with burning ardour glows, Here brutal Mars-his garments bathed in blood, And there Billona, war's dire goddess, stood; When Tilghman rose, and cast his eyes around- He spoke-and quick the hills returned the sound. "My friends, my comrades, brave compeers in arms- Who stand unmoved Billona's dread alarms- Mark yonder Chief who towers amidst his friends- Whose voice of thunder heav'n's blue concave rends- The shield, the buckler of the hostile host- See that he falls-and all their hopes are lost."


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


He spoke, unerring Nicols heard the sound With fatal speed his cannon wheeled around; Out flew the ball-Sir Peter bit the ground- Life's purple current issued from the wound! Affrighted Cynthia veiled her radiant eyes In clouds of Smoke, and fled beyond the skies! The polar star and all who walk the rounds From the eastern limits to the western bounds, Concealed their orbs-and dyed old Ocean's flood- Oh! strange to tell, with streaming tears of blood!


Sir Peter slain, the hostile squadrons fled; The woods and valleys groaned beneath their dead! Regained their barges-plied the lab'ring oars, And fled forever from our blood-stained shores.


INCIDENTS PRECEDING THE "CAULK'S FIELD" BATTLE.


The success attending the operations of the British during the early part of 1814 encouraged them


Birdseye view of Georgetown, Md.


to carry out the determination of the Admiralty to strike some formidable blow. The army under Maj.


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


Gen. Sir Robert Ross consisted of 4,000 picked troops and these were landed in the Patuxent River about the middle of August. They marched upon Washington, burned Bladensburg as they went, and, meeting with only a feeble resistance from the American army who were supposed to be defending the national capital, the British entered the city, burned the President's house, the Capitol, the Navy Yard and the vessels therein. This was on the 24th day of August, 1814. They returned to the fleet in the Patuxent and under the immediate command of Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane proceeded up the bay to attack Baltimore. The city was then the home of the famous "Clipper ships" and "privateers" that were the persistent foe of the British navy and it was determined if possible to capture the city and destroy her shipping. That was the "important blow" spoken of in the "Annual Register."


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


CHAPTER VI.


BURNING OF GEORGETOWN AND FREDERICKTOWN ON THE SASSAFRAS.


The Thrilling Story of How the Valiant Kitty Knight Saved Georgetown, From the Pen of Mrs. Harriett L. W. Hill, a Scion of One of the Old Families of Kent.


The eyes of one looking for the unique and beau- tiful would dance with admiration at the romantic story and facts connected with the burning of Georgetown and Fredericktown on the borders of the Sassafras River during the war with England in 1812 and 1813.


This story has to do with the Kitty Knight home now standing at Georgetown.


Miss Kitty Knight was one of the most beautiful and accomplished women Kent County has ever known. She was a great-aunt to Mr. William Knight, of Baltimore, and related to the Knights of Chestertown and Cecil County. Miss Kitty was tall and graceful, with hair dressed high on her head in colonial style and represented as queenly in appearance. She attended one of the great State balls in Philadelphia during a session of the Con- tinental Congress in that city and danced with General Washington.


Mrs. Harriett L. W. Hill has spent much time delving into hidden incidents of history, and says: "The attack is said to have been led by Admiral Cockburn. Mrs. Ireland, an old lady (living in


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


Chestertown when I was a child) related her per- sonal experience at the time the British landed at Georgetown, which place was then her home. Great was the consternation at the rumored approach of the British soldiers. The men of all classes, and boys able to shoulder a musket or use any other weapon, hastily collected, carrying whatever arms


KITTY KNIGHT HOUSE, GEORGETOWN, MD.


they could procure and marched out of the town to meet the foe, and prevent, if possible, his nearer approach.


Only old men, women and children remained to guard their homes and household treasures. From time to time, alarming news came of the continued onward march of the enemy and the firing of guns at length was distinctly heard by the refugees from the town as they hastened in search of a place of


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


safety. This natural desire to escape the impending destruction of their homes was, of course, universal, also the wish to carry away with them as much of their money, silver articles and other valuables as was possible in their hasty flight.


Mrs. Ireland said that only her small children and their nurse remained at home with her; all terribly frightened. She hastened to her stable and har- nessed a horse to an old-fashioned, high swung, two- wheeled "gig" such as was used in those days, in which she took her children and their nurse to a thick woods about two miles away from the town, where she left them together, hastening back to her house, catching up her table silver, valuable papers and other small articles, returning with them to the woods and putting them on the ground near her children. Again and again did she make these trips. emptying bureau drawers and closets of clothing; taking in her small conveyance anything else she could, urging her horse to his utmost speed each time, thus saving some few of her things from the fire which afterwards consumed the town.


It was a time of great distress to the stricken people, who were experiencing only a common result of warfare. We can readily imagine the inconveni- ence and loss, the burning of even these two small towns on the Sassafras River caused the inhabitants. These little details help us to realize historical oc- currences far more vividly than the bare mention of facts. The story of Miss Kitty Knight, of course, has varied in some minor points, from the number of narrators. I was told that her youth and beauty, added to a stately carriage, made a strong impres-


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


sion upon all who saw her in those days, and that when the British soldier went from house to house in Georgetown, bearing the command of his officer in charge of the troops for the inmates to vacate their homes, as the torch would soon be applied, Miss Kitty, with head erect and flashing eyes, re- plied : "I shall not leave; if you burn this house, you burn me with it." This defiant reply being reported to the officer, while some of the houses were already in flames, he came himself to repeat his command. Miss Kitty received him with the same courage. reiterating her resolution not to leave. The young officer was struck with admiration at the daring of the handsome, high-spirited American damsel, feel- ing that she would keep her word and be immolated if he persisted in his design of a general conflagra- tion. Twice when the attempt was made by British soldiers to fire the house Miss Kitty extinguished the kindling flame. At last, the officer, in deference to her coolness and courage. gave the order to spare the Knight house and the one next to it-both of which are still preserved.


In addition to this story of Miss Kitty Knight's youthful days, I was told later by a friend who knew Miss Kitty well (describing her as continuing to wear in her old age a turban in the quaint and stately style of a bygone fashion), that twenty-five years after our war with Great Britain in 1812, an American gentleman of Kent County, Maryland, traveling in Europe, met the same British officer on the "riviera" who commanded the attack upon Georgetown.


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


This officer, learning that the American belonged to Maryland, expressed to him his recollection of the incident of Miss Knight's courage saving her home from the torch. Learning that she was still living, the officer inquired particularly about her, and sent her his sincere compliments.


BALLAD OF THE SASSAFRAS RIVER.


Kitty Knight in Song. BY ROSALIE MITCHELL SCHUYLER.


The beautiful river Sassafras Flows onward in its pride, Between the level fields of Kent And Cecil rolling wide.


Fair river, on thy sunny banks Peach orchards spread their bloom,


Where red men once chased fallow deer Beneath the harvest moon.


Along the creeks and reedy swamps, Where stately cat-tails grow, The furry muskrat makes his home, And lazily caws the crow.


The wild ducks seek their feeding place Far from the haunts of men- The water snipe struts proudly free Along the marshy fen.


Fish hawks, alert upon their nests, High up a gnarled old tree,


Watch, dip, and plunge-a wriggling perch Is caught successfully.


There was a time, there was a time- Full four-score years gone by,


When on these peaceful banks was heard The sound of musketry.


When quiet Georgetown on the hill, And Fredericktown below, Were menaced by a British fleet, A reckless, dreaded foe.


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


When loyal sons of Kent arose, A gallant little band, While Cecil, to repel the foes, Stretched forth a helping hand.


Then valor struggled hard against The soldiers of the crown, But Cockburn sent his shot and shell Upon the helpless town.


Destruction grim, and ruin then, Seemed wrangling in the air, And every heart was beating fast With terror and despair.


When suddenly a kerchief white Waved o'er the smoking streets, The cruel guns a moment ceased Aboard the British fleet.


A maiden fair, with courage bold, With spirit pure and high,


Displayed her flag of truce, and all For poor humanity.


She feared not shell, nor British guns, Nor soldier of the king-


Her kerchief waved above the smoke, Her voice aloud did ring.


"Not for myself I speak," she said, "Though all my lands are lost, But for two orphan children, Whose lives are tempest-tossed."


"Spare them their little homes I plead," Her eyes were sparkling bright; They rested on the admiral, And-well! they stopped the fight.


Tradition sings a sweet old song, A song of long ago, That Kitty Knight, of Georgetown, Struck then a fatal blow.


An officer was vanquished, Not by the battery's raid, But by a dart of Cupid Shot by a fearless maid.


The British fleet . has sailed away, - Adown the shadowy past; Now, only memories drift along The lovely Sassafras.


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


BURNING OF GEORGETOWN AND FREDERICKTOWN.


May 6, 1813, the streets of Georgetown and Fred- ericktown, her twin sister across the Sassafras, resounded with the tramp of British soldiery and received a baptism of fire. About a mile below the old breastworks at Pearce's Point show where the citizen militia made a vigorous defense to the British soldiers as they rowed up the river, having anchored their ships in the Chesapeake off the mouth of the Sassafras. The valuation of property destroyed in Georgetown in this battle was as follows :


Amos Bagwell.


.Furniture, etc. .. $156.00


Smith & Bagwell, heirs


Shoemaker's


shops


200.00


Margaret Downes


Dwelling, etc. . . 150.00


Denis Donlevy


Apparel, etc ..


3,744.15


Thomas Dollis.


Furniture, etc ....


110.00


Margaret Jackson


.Money, etc ..


1,865.75


Arthur Nicholson's heirs


Dwelling, etc .....


350.00


Mary Nicholson


Furniture, etc ....


150.00


Joseph Jarvis.


Furniture, etc ....


67.121/2


Archibald McNeil


.House


200.00


Fanny McNeil


Furniture, etc ...


109.871/2


Philip F. Rasin


.Granary, etc .....


428.75


Isabelle Taggert


Furniture, etc ....


134.56


Robert Usilton


Furniture, etc ....


119.16


Mrs. Willson.


.Dwelling, etc .....


800.00


William Ireland.


Stable, carriage


house, etc ......


850.00


Mrs. Bearer.


Dwelling, etc .....


850.00


Mrs. Mary Everett


.Carriage house ..


80.00


Jacob Roads


Old house .


40.00


Heirs of Wm. Pope-


Tavern House. Granary


1,000.00


Miss Staugueses


. Brick dwelling,


etc. 2,500.00


Arthur Nicholson's heirs. .Brick dwelling,


etc. 200.00


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


Isabelle Freeman.


. Dwelling, etc .....


800.00


Mrs. Mary Henney


Store


house.


250.00


Robt. Elliott.


Dwelling, etc. . .. 300.00


Stephany Congo


Dwelling


150.00


Ann Pearce.


Kitchen and store


house


150.00


William Jackson


Kitchen and store


house


500.00


Inois Spuran.


Dwelling, etc ..


1,000.00


Heir of Alex. Williamson


Dwelling, etc.


1,500.00


Total


$19,755.81


The two red brick houses which escaped the havoc in Georgetown still stand side by side near the pub- lic road, and are two of the most substantial homes in the little town, and are the only historic land marks left of the original town.


The sum total of the property destroyed in Fredericktown was $15,871.0714, making a total of $35,625.8814 destroyed by the British.


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


CHAPTER VII.


FREEDOM OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT AND WORSHIP.


Quakers, Catholics and Protestants Arrive Together and Feel Free to Worship God in Their Own Way-Interesting Churches Grow Up in Old Kent-The Name "Protestant Episcopal" First Given to the Church in Chestertown.


The little colony which came over from England included Quakers, Catholics and Protestants, all to have equal rights here. They cut down a tree and made a large cross of it, then, kneeling around that cross, they all joined in worship and thanksgiving. This was the beginning of the Christian Church in Kent. Father White was the first priest of the Catholics who began services in a wigwam donated by Indians. Every one of these "villagers" living in 30 or 40 log huts and wigwams in the woods en- joyed religious liberty, being the only place in the wide world where such liberty existed.


William Claiborne, a member of the Virginia Company, established a trading post at Kent Island, and brought there, in 1632, the Rev. Richard James, who conducted the first services of the Church of England within the territory known as Maryland.


ANCIENT SHREWSBURY.


On the road between Kennedyville and Locust Grove, in the upper part of Kent County, stands Shrewsbury Church. The first house was likely built in 1693. The present house of worship is the


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HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


third built by the parishioners, and several years after its erection it was remodeled and beautified ; about twenty years ago a tower was added. While it is the third church that was built on the present site, it is quite probable that the first building was


SHREWSBURY P. E. CHURCH, NEAR LOCUST GROVE. Founded 1692.


a very small affair and that it became necessary to add to it very soon after the first year of the eighteenth century.


After the enlarging of the church it does not appear that any changes in the building were made until the old wooden structure gave way for a more pretentious one said to have seated 700 persons, built in 1729, of brick. This brick church was


74


HISTORY OF KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND


torn down in 1829 and the present church was built in 1832.


There is reason to believe that the very first build- ing erected for public worship within the present bounds of Shrewsbury parish stood on the southern bank of the Sassafras River on "Meeting House Point," on what is now known as Shrewsbury Neck, and was there as early as 1680.


From 1680 to 1694 the population rapidly in- creased along the south side of the Sassafras, being materially augmented by emigrants from England, who were granted land in this picturesque and fer- tile section of the Province. Roads were cut through the county and the travel, which had been confined to the canoe and shallop, gave way, in a measure, to travel by horse and the old gig or chaise. Upon the laying out of the parish it became necessary to find a central location for the place of worship, and it was for this reason that the present site of Shrewsbury was selected.


The "Archives of Maryland" show that, "at a court held for Cecil County the 22d day of Novem- ber in the fourth year of their Majesties' Reign, etc., Anno Dom 1692," the following Commissioners were present : Capt. Charles James, Col. Casperus Her- man, Mr. William Ward, Mr. John James, Sr., Mr. Humphrey Tilton, Mr. Henry Rigg and Mr. Wil- liam Elmes.




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