USA > Maryland > Leading events of Maryland history; with topical analyses, references, and questions for original thought and research > Part 15
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS
111. Gifts of George Peabody.
Founding of the Peabody Institute; its scope. Gift to the Maryland Historical Society.
112. Formation of the Present State Government.
Tell about the character and the adoption of the Constitution of 1864. When was our present Constitution framed ?
What two parts has the Constitution, and what is the function of each ? Describe fully the organization of (a) the legislative department ; (b) the executive department ; (c) the judicial department.
What provision did the Constitution make in regard to suffrage ?
What change was made in the effect of this provision by the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States ?
113. Valley of the Patapsco Flooded.
Loss of life and property at Ellicott City.
Flood of 1889.
114. Public Buildings of Baltimore.
Describe the City Hall ; the Postoffice ; the Courthouse.
115. Johns Hopkins University and Hospital.
The University: (a) the founder ; (b) extent of his gift; (c) the presidents ; (d) rank of the institution.
The Hospital : (a) location and extent ; (b) rank.
116. Monument to Edgar Allan Poe.
When and where was the monument erected, and by whom ?
Give an account of the writings of Poe and his rank as an author.
117. Strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
What was the cause of the strike ?
What were the chief incidents and results ?
118. The Enoch Pratt Free Library.
The founder and his gift ; number of branches ; librarians.
119. The First Electric Railroad.
Name three great inventions in which Baltimore took the lead.
120. Celebration of the Defense of Baltimore.
Describe fully the celebration of the defense of the city.
121. Monuments to Distinguished Marylanders.
The Monumental City.
Describe the following monuments : (a) to Leonard Calvert ; (b) to General Herbert ; (c) at Guilford Courthouse ; (d) at Prospect Park, Brooklyn ; (e) to General Smallwood ; (f) to Francis Scott Key ; (g) the Revolutionary Monument in Mt. Royal Plaza, Baltimore ; (h) statue of John Eager Howard.
219
FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT
122. The Spanish-American War.
War begins in April, 1898.
Services of the cruiser Baltimore.
Commodore Schley in the battle of July 3d.
The court of inquiry ; the popular verdict.
Cruise of the Dixie, Maryland troops in the service of the United States.
Exploit of the Oregon.
123. Politics and Elections.
Name the two great political parties of this country.
Give an account of Maryland politics since the Civil War.
The independent vote.
Describe the Australian ballot system ; it is adopted by the Assembly in 1901.
124. Industries.
Give a full account of each of the following industries :
(a) Agriculture ; (b) mining ; (c) fishing ; (d) manufacturing.
125. Commerce and Transportation.
Give an account of the commerce and transportation facilities of Bal- timore. Of other parts of the state.
126. Education : Public School System ; Colleges and Universities. Education in colonial times.
Rise of the public school system : (a) in the counties ; (b) in Baltimore city.
Present organization of the public school system.
Higher institutions of learning that receive state aid; scholarships granted in return.
The principal non-aided colleges ; professional schools.
127. Learned Societies.
The Maryland Historical Society ; its aims, work, library, etc.
The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland.
The Maryland Academy of Sciences.
The Geographical Society of Baltimore.
128. Public Libraries and Art Galleries.
Libraries : (a) State Library ; (b) Pratt Library ; (c) Peabody Library. Art galleries : (a) gallery of the Peabody Institute ; (b) gallery of the Maryland Historical Society ; (c) gallery of Mr. Walters.
129. The Baltimore Fire of February, 1904.
Origin, extent, duration, loss inflicted.
How the emergency was met.
Likely to prove ultimately a benefit.
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. Find the meaning of the word "bicameral." Is the Maryland Assembly bicameral ? How many delegates has your county (or legislative dis- trict of Baltimore) in the Assembly ? What are their names ? What is the name of your senator ? What is meant by impeachment ? What provision does the Constitution of Maryland make in regard to im- peachment ? (See Art. III, Sec. 26.) In what three ways may a bill become a law ? State the principles of the chief political parties.
2. What qualifications must a man possess to be governor of Maryland ? How is a vacancy in the office, occurring before the end of the term, filled ? (Const. II, 6, 7.) What is meant by the governor's message ? What is a "pocket veto " ?
3. In which judicial circuit do you live ? What are the names of the judges ? Which is chief judge ? What is an indictment ? What is a subpoena ? What is a writ ? What is meant by the terms " plaintiff " and " defend- ant" ? What are the duties of the grand jury ? Find out as much as you can about the method of procedure in the trial of a criminal case ? What are the powers and duties of a justice of the peace ? What offi- cial of the government has the power of granting pardons ? What are the duties of the sheriff ?
4. Show that the governor possesses executive, legislative, and judicial power.
5. Point out the advantages of a celebration of important events.
6. Point out the various ways in which a public library will promote public improvement.
7. Explain the advantages of historical study, with special reference to local history. Explain the value of public art galleries.
8. Write an essay, as full as possible, on "The Nation's Debt to Maryland." (Read the summary on pp. 221-222 before writing.)
REFERENCES
For a full account of the government see Steiner's Institutions and Civil Govern- ment of Maryland. In the same work will be found an account of the public school system, and of the higher institutions of learning, pp. 166-184; and an account of political parties and elections, pp. 188-208. For an account of Maryland industries, resources, commerce, transportation, public buildings, etc., see Maryland : its Re- sources, Industries, and Institutions, by members of the Johns Hopkins University and others in 1893. For a general reference to current events, public officers, and various statistics, the Almanacs published annually by the Baltimore Sun are ex- tremely valuable.
CONCLUSION
THE end of our story has been reached, but it will be well, before laying it aside, to look back upon the wonderful series of events we have been studying, and try to view them in their entirety. The few feeble colonies that once stretched along the Atlantic coast of our country slowly developed, threw off the yoke of an oppressive and tyrannical government, and organized a new nation. That nation gallantly fought for and won com- mercial freedom upon the sea, and grew steadily in wealth, power, and extent of territory until, stretching from sea to sea, it has become the mightiest nation of the modern world.
In this wonderful progress we find the part of Maryland in the highest degree important and honorable. We find the first sturdy little band of colonists that landed on our shores bringing with them the blessing of religious freedom, to be established for the first time on the virgin soil of the New World. We find their treatment of the unfortunate savages kind and just, and their dealings with men of their own race more gentle and con- siderate than was usual in their day. We find them steadily learning in the school of self-government until they were able, in 1776, to cast off, with the sister colonies, a cruel and unnat- ural mother, and to form themselves into a free and sovereign state. We see the soldiers of this state fighting beneath the banner of freedom, that their liberties and those of their coun- trymen might not perish, but endure to themselves and their children forever. We see these men of the old " Maryland Line" ever in the lead, and second to none in courage, endur-
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
ance, and self-sacrifice; and we see this record constantly kept bright and unstained in every war in which Maryland men have taken part to this day. And, the war at an end, we see the enlightened statesmen of Maryland, by their profound and far- reaching policy in regard to the Northwest Territory, laying the corner-stone of our Federal Union, with all that this wonderful term means to us and to the world.
Independence and Union attained, our state entered upon a long period of prosperity, which, though occasionally inter- rupted, has not been the less steady or certain. Her resources have been developed, her commerce extended, her cities en- larged and beautified, her population increased, and her people made happier and better by the gifts of her generous and public-spirited citizens. Thus the opening of the new century finds Maryland with a record of which we, her children, may justly be proud. But we should have a care, too, that we do not let this pride make us contented. We should look about us, and perceive that our state has still many shortcomings, and realize that it is for us to remove them, and to continue the march of progress and improvement. May the wisdom of our statesmen and the noble self-sacrifice of the glorious old " Mary- land Line " inspire us each and all with an earnest determination to make our state second to none, and our country the first in the world.
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COUNTY HISTORIES
FROM
THE TEACHERS' MANUAL
COMPILED BY
DR. M. BATES STEPHENS State Superintendent of Public Education
ST. MARY'S
A Typical Tobacco Field From a photograph
This "mother county " dates back to 1634, and has an area of 360 square miles. It was named in honor of the saint whom the devout colonists took as their patron. It forms the extremity of the Southern Maryland peninsula, lying between the Poto- mac and Patuxent rivers, its lower eastern side bordering on
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the Chesapeake. Historic Point Lookout is at the wide mouth of the Potomac. St. Mary's touches no other county except Charles, the Patuxent making in between it and Calvert. There are highlands along the water-front and lowlands in the interior. Some of the soil is sandy, with a clay subsoil, and productive loam is found in parts of the county. Half the cultivated land is occupied by tenants. Forest areas abound in white and red oak, poplar, sycamore, pine, and chestnut. Farms fronting on the bay and rivers are generally large, and vestiges of the old manorial life are numerous. Tobacco growing chiefly engages the attention of the farmers, and corn, wheat, and potatoes are also grown; much live stock of an excellent grade is raised. The construction of a railroad to Point Lookout, traversing the county, is often urged. St. Mary's only railroad, the Washing- ton City and Potomac, runs from Brandywine, on the Pope's Creek Line in Lower Prince George's, through eastern Charles and into St. Mary's as far as Mechanicsville, twelve miles from Leonardtown, the county seat, located about midway of the county. Steamboats from Washington and Baltimore touch at points on the Potomac, and the Weems Line vessels from Baltimore ply the Patuxent. Leonardtown, named after the first Governor Calvert, is one of the most interesting ancient colonial towns of Maryland. Its population is 463. The site of St. Mary's city is fourteen miles southeast of the county seat, on St. Mary's river. A seminary for girls is established there, and at the tomb of Leonard Calvert a monument has been erected. Charlotte Hall Academy, above Mechanicsville, was established by legislative enactment in 1774, and its alumni include many famous Marylanders.
KENT
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Proposed New Building for Washington College From the architect's drawing 1
Kent, with an area of 315 square miles, was named after the English shire from whence came many of its early settlers, who saw in its smiling landscape a replica of the fairest county of England. Kent claims the distinction of being the oldest county on the Eastern Shore. The first settlement within the present limits of Maryland was made on Kent Island in 1628 by Protestants from Virginia under the leadership of William Claiborne. Calvert claimed the island as a part of his grant, and the contention was not ended until 1647, when Claiborne was dispossessed. The Maryland proprietary, having estab- lished his authority over the island, in 1650 organized Kent
1 Drawing furnished by Beecher, Friz, & Gregg, Baltimore.
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
county, it then embracing the upper Eastern Shore. Kent is a peninsula, lying between the Sassafras and Chester rivers, its eastern border being the Delaware line, and its western boundary the Chesapeake bay. With its standing timber, fer- tile soil, game, fish, and many natural advantages, under the liberal policy of the proprietary, Kent soon became a flourishing colony, with a population consisting of Protestants, Catholics, and Quakers. And presently negro slaves were brought into the county. In 1864 about one-fourth of the population were colored people. The soil of Kent yields a great variety of crops, and agriculture is the leading occupation of the people ; although the fishery interests are extensive. A paper mill, basket factory, phosphate factory, and other manufacturing plants are located at Chestertown, the county seat (population, 3,008). Canneries, mills, and other plants are numerous in the county. The people, though conservative, are progressive. They have promoted railroad and steamboat communication with Baltimore and Philadelphia. During the ante-Revolu- tionary period, Kent was active in opposition to the oppressive measures of Parliament. It is not commonly known that Chestertown, then a port of entry, had a "tea-party " of her own, a small cargo on the Geddes, brought into the Chester for the neighboring counties, being seized and thrown overboard by the indignant citizens. In the War of 1812 the British under Sir Peter Parker landed a force in Kent for an important military operation. The enemy was met by a body of local militia under Colonel Philip Reed (a Revolutionary officer, and United States senator 1806-1813), and driven back to its ships with heavy loss, Parker being among the killed. Washington College (founded 1782), which has a normal department, is at Chester- town. Rock Hall, Betterton, Millington, Edesville, Galena, Still Pond, Kennedyville, and other thriving towns are in Kent.
ANNE ARUNDEL
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High School Building, Annapolis From a photograph
Anne Arundel county was erected in 1650, and has an area of 400 square miles. It was named after the Lady Anne Arundel, whom Cecilius Calvert married. It fronts eastward on the Chesapeake, and within its territory five rivers are con- tained - the Severn, the most beautiful sheet of water of its size in the United States; Magothy, South, Rhode, and West. On the north and northeast is the Patapsco, and Howard county lies northwest of Anne Arundel. The Patuxent separates it from Prince George's on the west, and Calvert is on the south. An- napolis, the state capital, is also the county seat. In 1694 it sup-
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
planted St. Mary's city as the seat of government in the colony, and grew to be the "Paris of America," the abode of wealth, elegance, and fashion. In the Senate Chamber of the historic old State House Washington resigned his commission as com- mander-in-chief, to the Continental Congress, at the close of the Revolution ; on State House Hill, where Revolutionary troops encamped, is a heroic statue of Baron de Kalb, commander of the Maryland Line on the gory field of Camden. Near the State House is the Executive Mansion, and in the vicinity are numer- ous specimens of eighteenth century architecture. The city and county are rich in historical associations. Eden, the last of the colonial governors, died in Annapolis, and his grave is on the Severn. Tombs of the early settlers, bearing still familiar names, and other traces of the past preserve county history. The Mary- land Gazette, first printed in 1745, is one of the Annapolis news- papers.1 The United States Naval Academy is a government reservation adjoining the city. The population of Annapolis is 8,525. It was named after Queen Anne. Agriculture and hor- · ticulture are leading industries of the county, and its manufac- turing interests are numerous, and some of them of great impor- tance. South Baltimore, in the northern part of the county, is a manufacturing centre, with car-works and other large plants ; Brooklyn has various industries ; Annapolis, a port of entry, is a leading centre of the oyster industry. Tobacco, wheat, corn, vegetables, and fruits are grown, and woodland areas have heavy growths of oak, pine, and other trees. The railroads are the Bal- timore and Potomac ; Baltimore and Ohio; Annapolis, Baltimore and Washington ; and Baltimore and Annapolis Short Line. St. John's College, the alma mater of many distinguished Mary- landers, is at Annapolis. Anne Arundel institutions have been notable in the educational annals of Maryland.
1 See Page 109.
CALVERT
١
A Launching at Shipyards, Solomon's From a photograph
Calvert county has 222 square miles of territory, and is the smallest in the state. It dates back to 1654, and preserves the family name of the proprietary. The Patuxent curves around the southern and western sides of the county, and its eastern line is washed by the Chesapeake. The bayside is marked by highlands, and the "Cliffs of Calvert" attract much attention among students of geology and physiography. The soil is pro- ductive, and divided between sandy and clay loams. Tobacco and cereals are the chief crops, and a considerable number of the people are interested in fisheries. The oyster grounds of Calvert are among the best in the state. Timber is plentiful, and iron ores and silica are found in extensive deposits. Drum Point, at
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the mouth of the Patuxent, has one of the finest harbors in the United States, and in time may become the location of a vast Federal or commercial maritime enterprise. Fruits and vege- tables mature early on the sheltered lands, with southern exposure, along the waterways. The county seat is Prince Frederick, which is centrally located, and, like other Calvert towns, is small in population. Solomon's, in the southern part of the county, 26 miles from Prince Frederick, has a marine railway and shipyards, and Sollers', on St. Leonard's creek, St. Leonard's, Chaneyville, Lower Marlboro, Drum Point, Huntingtown, Plum Point, are among the villages of the county. In the colonial and early state history of Maryland Calvert was conspicuous. The first railroad to enter the county is the Chesa- peake Beach, which was built from Hyattsville, near Washing- ton, to the bay a few years ago, and runs for a short distance through the upper part of Calvert. A large portion of the popu- lation is colored. Among noteworthy sons of the county were General James Wilkinson and Rev. Mason Weems ("Parson Weems "), the once popular biographer, who pointed a moral with his celebrated myth of little George Washington, his hatchet, and his father's cherry tree.
CHARLES
New Court House, La Plata From a photograph
Charles county lies on the Potomac river, its southern and western boundary, with Prince George's on the north and St. Mary's on the east. Between the two counties, a tongue of Charles extends to the Patuxent, and it was on this, at Benedict, that Ross's army disembarked for the march to Washington in 1814. The county was organized in 1658, and given the Chris- tian name of the second lord proprietary. Its area is 460 square miles, and its great reach of water front on the Potomac, in a huge bend of which it is situated, gives it important resources
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LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
in riparian products, - oysters, fish, water-fowl. The Wicomico river, Nanjemoy, Port Tobacco, and Mattawoman creeks are tributaries of the Potomac in this county. Tobacco is the prin- cipal crop, the average yield being 500 pounds to the acre, and corn and wheat are grown in considerable quantities. The Pope's Creek line of the Baltimore and Potomac railroad terminates at Pope's creek, on the Potomac. In the middle section of the county the land is level and in other parts its rolling surface is locally designated as "valleys." Port Tobacco, from colonial times the county seat, was succeeded a decade ago by La Plata, on the railroad. The entire village population of the county is very small. The United States Naval Proving Grounds, a gov- ernment reservation at Indian Head in northwestern Charles, is where guns and projectiles for the navy are tested. Marshall Hall, nearly opposite Mt. Vernon, is closely connected with the memory of Washington, and is now an excursion resort. Gen- eral William Smallwood was from Charles, and for a century his grave on the ancestral estate, near the old brick dwelling in which he and General Washington held Masonic meetings, was marked only by a walnut tree. On July 4, 1898, the Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution unveiled a massive monument on the spot. This county was also the home of Thomas Stone, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; of Michael Jenifer Stone, a representative in the first Congress, who voted to place the seat of Federal government on the Potomac; of Governor John Hoskins Stone, distinguished at Long Island, White Plains, Princeton, Germantown; of Robert Hanson Harrison, Washington's military secretary, and a long list of able and brilliant men.
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