USA > Maryland > Maryland as a palatinate > Part 2
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(6) The Church and Clergy:
HEN the first colonists came out they were accompanied by two Jesuit priests.1 Father Andrew White has left us an interesting account of the voyage and the first years of the colony, also of his work among the Indians.2 . These good men carried on a splendid work among the colonists and Indians until the Jesuits were removed from the missions and prefect and secular
1 Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, pp. 53 and 54. 2 Ibid.
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priests installed instead. This step of Lord Balti- more's was apparently cruel, but his usual wise fore- thought induced him to take it for the good of the colony. It was clearly not a blow aimed at the Catholics, as Lord Baltimore was himself a Romanist. The chief reasons were as follows: the grateful In- dians had bestowed large tracts of land on the priests, which they had no right to do, as all the land be- longed to the proprietary. Furthermore, the priests, living as they did in the wilderness, were disposed to claim obedience to the canon and ecclesiastical law only, putting themselves above the common law. This dealt a blow to the constitution of the province, which declared all men equal before the law. In England this same battle had been fought five hun- dred years before between Henry II. and Thomas à Becket, and the long struggle had finally ended in the assertion of men's equality before the law-a principle that is very dear to men of English race. Lord Baltimore was too much of an Englishman not to determine to prevent this at all costs. Looked at in this light, his action was not only necessary, but praise- worthy. He declared that no land should be held in mortmain in the province, and that no land should be granted to or held by any society or corporation, ecclesiastical or temporal, without special license from the proprietary. The policy of Lord Baltimore, which continued to be that of the government till 1689, was "the toleration of all Christian churches
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and the establishment of none."] This policy was partly due to the wise and liberal views of the first proprietary, and partly to the fact that in the colony the Protestants were in the majority, and it was there- fore impossible for the Catholics to be favored without causing a revolution, or, at the least, rendering the proprietary government most unpopular. All men were eligible for office. The only religious qualifica- tion necessary was belief in our Lord Jesus Christ. " These cherished principles of religious liberty were at length engrafted by law upon the government in 1649, and the act which gave them legal sanction is one of the proudest memorials of our colonial history." 2
The way in which this liberty was overthrown and the results of that overthrow do not reflect so much credit on Maryland. The feeling of the Prot- estants in England over the arbitrary acts of James II. with regard to religion was reflected in that of the colonists. It naturally gave rise to a spirit of animosity on the part of the Protestant colonists to Catholics and also to the proprietary government. When William and Mary were proclaimed King and Queen of England, the proprietary sent word to have them proclaimed in Maryland. The messenger, how- ever, never arrived, and the Protestants, thinking that the proprietary refused to acknowledge the new sover-
1 McMahon's History of Maryland, p. 226.
2 Ibid., pp. 226 and 227.
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eigns because of their religion, rose in revolt. The revolution was led by an association calling itself " An association in arms for the Protestant religion and for asserting the right of King William and Queen Mary to the province of Maryland and all the English dominions." 1 Owing to the preponderance of Protestants in the province and the support of King William, the revolution was entirely successful and the proprietary government overthrown. For a short time the province was ruled by a convention, but in 1692 the royal government was established. A natural consequence was the introduction of the established church : the counties were divided into parishes and a poll-tax of forty pounds of tobacco was imposed for its support and the erection of churches.2 In the moment of triumph the victors showed no mercy. The Catholics and Quakers were hated and persecuted alike. The Catholics were forced to pay a double land tax, their share of the church tax, and were excluded from any office of profit or emolument.3
When the Church of England was established a great many disputes arose through the fact that there were no bishops. No clergyman, however evil his life, could be displaced except by a bishop, and the rite of confirmation was never administered.4
1 McMahon's History of Maryland, p. 237.
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' Ibid., p. 243.
3 Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 123.
*International Review, June, 1880, vol. viii. p. 578.
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The majority of writers and the existing records testify to the immorality and vice of the clergy. In 1753 a visiting clergyman, Dr. Chandler, wrote to the Bishop of London that "the general character of the clergy is wretchedly bad. It is readily con- fessed that there are some in the provinces whose behaviour is unexceptionable and exemplary ; but their number seems to be very small in comparison- they appearing here and there like lights shining in a dark place. It would really, my lord, make the ears of a sober heathen tingle to hear the stories that were told me by many serious persons of several clergymen in the neighbourhood of the parish where I visited ; but I still hope that some abatement may be fairly made on account of the prejudices of those who related them."" " 1 The utter degradation of the Mary- land clergy is hard to realize. They hunted, raced horses, drank, gambled, and were the parasites and boon companions of the wealthy planters. They ex- torted marriage fees from the poor by breaking off in the middle of the service and refusing to continue until they were paid. They became a byword in the other colonies, and every itinerant clergyman who was a low fellow and a disgrace to his profession passed ander the cant name of a " Maryland parson." In 1734 a clergyman, always drunk and living out of his parish, was prosecuted by Commissary Hender- son for having introduced as his lay reader his own
1 Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 123.
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clerk, a person who had been convicted of felony, and " this outcast of the prisons read the absolutions as if he had been a priest." The drunken rector threat- ened a lawsuit, and compelled the commissary to aban- don the charges and finally to relinquish his office.1
This terrible state of affairs lasted for about a hun- dred years. The result was the rapid spread of other denominations and also a rapid increase of unbelievers. From 1720 up to the Revolution there was bitter hos- tility between the people and the established church -hostility to the degraded Maryland church, not to the Church of England. The laws from 1692 almost all concern the church, and many of them impose unjust taxes on all members of the colony and of all sects for the support of these contemptible clergy- men.3 Taxes of tobacco for church buildings are abundant in Bacon's Laws.
The clergy and officials of the proprietary4 were the only Tories in the province, and hatred of them was no small factor in creating a feeling of hostility towards the mother country, and in making Maryland join the ranks of the opposition in 1776.5
To say that all the Maryland clergy were dissolute and corrupt is much too sweeping a statement and should be considerably modified. There were many
1 Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. pp. 31 and 32.
2 Ibid. 3 Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 32 and 33.
" Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 124.
5 Ibid.
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clergymen who led godly lives, and, like the parson in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," "Christes lore and his apostles twelve, he taughte, but first he folwede it himself."
(7) Education :
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DUCATION was not the strong point of colonial Maryland, but many writers have given her less credit than she really de- serves. The lower classes, as a whole, were unedu- cated, but the children of the wealthy planters were taught, usually, by a private tutor. When they could afford it they sent their sons to be educated in England, and sometimes to France. As a people they were inclined to disdain education, and it was natural in days when men were chiefly engaged in making homes for themselves in the wilderness. During the first period of proprietary government there were no free schools, but in 1676 an act1 pro- vided that "place or places for a free school, or place of study of Latin, Greek, writing, and the like, con- sisting of one master, one usher, and one hundred scholars, more or less, according to the ability of the said free school, may be made, erected, founded, propagated, established under your royal patronage." This act was addressed to William III. of England.
1 Riley's Ancient City, p. 77.
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The first and most famous of the schools was King William's School at Annapolis. In 1701 the school- house was completed. It was built of brick and con- tained, besides school-rooms, apartments for the teacher and his family. By the act of 1785 the property and funds of King William's School were conveyed to St. John's College.1
The free schools were never very popular, probably because they were under church control. According to Scharf2 the schoolmasters were on a par with the clergy as far as morals were concerned. "They had Latin and Greek enough, perhaps, but were of the hedge priest class, drunken in habits, severe and capricious in discipline, and teaching in a rude, irreg- ular way." Of course, there were many and notable exceptions, as is also the case with regard to the clergy.
8) Cities and Towns :
ARYLANDERS were very much averse to towns. Being an agricultural people living on their own farms, and passion- ately fond of freedom, they needed plenty of room and fresh air in which to develop.
At first the ships unloaded and reloaded at the
1 Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 27.
2 Ibid.
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planters' own doors; but when the plantations were established in the interior, the planters realized that it was necessary for the province to have a port.1 St. Mary's and Annapolis were the only real towns of the colony for the first ninety years of its existence. Joppa, on the Gunpowder, was prosperous for about fifty years. In 1729 the assembly passed an act, at the solicitation of the planters, authorizing the pur- chase of the necessary land. Daniel and Charles Carroll immediately bought sixty acres at the part of the harbor now called the Basin, at forty shillings an acre. The following January the lots were laid off and put on sale. Those on the water front were sold right away, as was natural, seeing it was founded in the interest of commerce.2 This town was called Baltimore for obvious reasons, but it seems not to have been the first of its name. In 1683 a Baltimore was laid off on Bush River, in Baltimore County, and in 1693 one in Dorchester County. These have no history ; if they ever existed, all traces of them have entirely disappeared, and no records exist.3
Baltimore owes its origin and much of its present prosperity to the grain trade.4
The rural character of the colony is well illustrated - by this dearth of towns, and even at the present day Baltimore is the only large city in Maryland.
1 Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, pp. 209-211.
2 Ibid., p. 211.
' Colonial Life in Maryland, International Review, June, 1880.
" Lodge's Short History of the English Colonies in America, p. 127.
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9) Methods of Travel and Means of Com- munication :
1:53440
RAVEL during the colonial period was by no means the easy matter that it is to-day, and was only indulged in as a matter of ne- cessity. It was not only difficult, but dangerous ; the roads, winding through thick woods, exposed the travellers to attacks by Indians.1 People usually trav- elled on horseback, though post-chaises with horses and servants could be hired.2
Travelling in the interior was made still more dis- agreeable by the wretched accommodations, the inns being extremely poor, the food furnished by them so bad that it could not be eaten, and the rooms were very dirty and uncomfortable.3
As the first settlements were along the bay and rivers, most of the travelling was done by water. Gradually there developed types of craft for that purpose-small, fast-sailing vessels, which now sur- vive in the buckeye and sailing canoe.4
Among the special bay craft were also pinnaces and light " pungies." Almost every plantation had water
1 Henry Cabot Lodge, foot-note, Barnaby, p. 73.
2 International Review, June, 1880.
3 Ibid.
"Fisher's Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times, pp. 183 and 184.
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communication with its neighbor, and ships fron England, loaded and unloaded, lay at the planter's own wharf.1
The horses were small and wiry and many of then ran wild in the swamps and woods.2 All trade, which was not very extensive, was carried on by water chiefly with the New England states.3 .
(a) Roads: The roads were all ill-kept, narrow and obstructed by gates, not even permitting twc vehicles to pass one another.4 Though attempts were made from time to time to improve the roads, most of them were mere trails or bridle-paths.5 In 1704 a curious law was passed which provided that "any road leading to Annapolis should be marked on both sides with two notches on the trees, and where it left another road, with the letters A. A. cut into a tree. Roads on the Eastern Shore that led to Port William- stadt, now Oxford, to be marked in the same way with the letter 'W.' Roads which led to county court-houses were to have two notches and a third some distance above. Roads leading to ferries were to have two notches all along, and where they turned aside from other roads, three notches at equal dis- tances from each other. Where a road turned off to
1 Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 162.
2 Ibid.
' Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 122.
4Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 96.
5 Fisher's Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times.
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a church, it was to be marked with 'a slip cut down the face of the tree near the ground.' " 1
In 1666 the assembly of Maryland passed "an act. for marking highways and making the head of rivers, creeks, branches, and swamps passable for horse and foot." 2
In 1704 the general assembly enacted that all pub- lic and main roads be cleared and grubbed and fit for travelling twenty feet wide.3 The best roads were all due to private enterprise.4
(b) Rolling Roads : The planters who had water fronts cut narrow roads through the forest to take their tobacco to the coast. The tobacco was put in hogsheads and an axle was run through them, so that they could be rolled or drawn by a horse or an ox, hence the name "rolling roads."5 Many of these roads are in existence at the present day and still go by their old names.6
(c) Post-Roads and Routes : There were very few post-routes, and those were chiefly maintained by pri- vate enterprise.7 In 1695 a post to Philadelphia was
1 Fisher's Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times.
" Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. i. p. 374.
3 Ibid.
+ Ibid., vol. ii.
5 Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 118.
" Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 162 ; Fisher's
Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times.
" Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 96.
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started.1 The. Conestoga wagon was the means of communication between Baltimore, Harrisburg, Fred- erick, Hagerstown, etc., while these outlying places in their turn were brought into intercourse with the backwoods and the wilderness by means of strings of pack-horses.2 The intercourse of Baltimore with the North was maintained by the quickest route, via Newcastle and Rock Hall. This route was owned by a Kinnard and a Hodges. Though the post-routes were so few and wretched, still competition was not lacking. Henry Callister threatened opposition to a Tilghman who owned the Kent Island post-route unless it were better managed.
It is a curious coincidence that these old post-routes ran just where the turnpikes and railroads of the present day are built, a circumstance which speaks well for the engineering abilities of the colonists.3
(d) Vehicles : People of consequence all had their «caches, mostly of English build, with four horses attached, the leaders mounted by liveried postilions. In Annapolis ladies used sedan chairs for visiting, but two or three were probably enough for the whole town. Public conveyances were large, springless, open wagons, hung with leather or woollen curtains. Though they had coaches, etc., their favorite mode
1 Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 131.
" Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 96.
$ Ibid., pp. 97 and 98.
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of travel was on the horse, owing, perhaps, to the character of the roads. Ladies even rode to balls on horseback, wearing riding-habits over their ball- dresses. No wonder visitors were so welcome and their visits appreciated in the days when travel meant such an undertaking. Now we think nothing of a trip across the Atlantic or across the continent, and we are disposed to marvel at our stay-at-home ancestors, wondering how they stood it. We under- stand better, however, when we think of all travel- ling entailed in those days; danger and discomfort were its chief characteristics, as is luxury at the present day.1
(10) Finance :
N the early colonial period trade was chiefly carried on by barter, and with the Indians by means of shell money, peak and roenoke ; peak was made from conch-shell, and was of much more value than roenoke, which was made from cockle- shell.2 Beads were an essential article for traffic with the Indians, so much so, indeed, that the colonists of Virginia in 1621 set up a bead manufactory. Before
1 Lodge, Carriages Light and Handsome.
2 Bozman, vol. ii. p. 77; also Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. i. p. 273.
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the coming of the Europeans the Indians had made their own beads in a rude and primitive sort of way. Perforated and strung upon strings, they were highly polished and of variegated colors. But tobacco, as the chief staple of the province, soon became the currency, or chief medium of exchange. When the cultivation of tobacco became extended, the cur- rency 1 depreciated, as a matter of course, causing great distress and inconvenience to the colonists. " All dealings were founded upon it (tobacco), debts, rents, fines, salaries, levies, all were paid in tobacco, and in tobacco all accounts were kept."2 The great need of a metal currency was felt throughout the province. Finally, after the assembly had discussed ways and means, the proprietary was appealed to. In response to this appeal, Lord Baltimore sent out specimens of a shilling, a sixpence, and a groat on approval.3 These were satisfactory, but, owing to Fendall's Rebellion, Lord Baltimore's project was deferred. In 1661 the assembly passed an act asking the proprietary to set up a mint in the province. This he refused to do, and, instead, sent out a supply of coin.4 To secure its circulation, the currency was established at nine pence to a shilling, instead of twelve, as in England, and the people were ordered to buy ten shillings per poll of their taxables of this
1 Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. i. p. 273.
" Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 114.
' Ibid., pp. 115 and 116. " Ibid., pp. 115 and 116.
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coin and pay for it in good casked tobacco at two shillings per pound.1 This act was repealed in 1676, but the history of Maryland is marked by many ar- bitrary acts as regards currency, which had the effect of rendering the people discontented. The institu- tion of this metal currency did not, however, free the people from the evils of an over-production of to- bacco. Finally, a solution of the difficulty was thought to have been found when the cessation of planting for one year was proposed. An agreement was come to between Maryland, Virginia, and Caro- lina by which they were to cease planting for one year. The proprietary objected, and the subject was dropped.2
"In 1708 the rates of exchange, always fluctuating with the varying value of the staple, were arbitrarily set by law."3 In 1733 paper money to the value of ninety thousand pounds, American currency, was issued, which was more than the province needed. While they had the actual currency, tobacco, in hand all the time, they were paying thirty-three and a half per cent. premium on this loan, and were obliged to take the bills at a discount for home use.4 Tobacco was always the most stable currency of the province, and had the Marylanders stuck to it, they would prob- ably have fared better.
1 Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 35.
2 Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 117.
$ Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 35.
Ibid., vol. ii. p. 36.
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(II) Famous Men :
EFORE forming an opinion as to the merits or demerits of the life and institutions of colonial Maryland, it is just as well to glance at the great men which they produced. A people that all through the colonial period were remarkable for their shrewdness and commercial ability naturally made good lawyers. It is thus to the law that we must look to find those names greatest in the annals of the province and the state, such names as those of the two Dulanys, the Tilghmans, the Taskers, the How- ards, Hansons, Bordleys, Luther Martin, Pinkney, Wirt, Charles Carroll, the barrister, and Chief-Justice Taney. Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, deserves mention as one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and as the richest man in America at the outbreak of the Revolution. The church boasts a name which she may well be proud of, that of - Archbishop Carroll. We must not omit the name of the worthy Jesuit priest, Father Andrew White, who did such a splendid work in the early days of the colony.
Any work on Maryland, however brief, would · hardly be complete without a short sketch of the Cal- verts, the founders, owners, and rulers of the province. Though not natives of the province, still their histo- ries and that of Maryland are so closely connected
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that they deservedly claim a place in the ranks of her famous men.
George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, was a man of sterling qualities. Wise, God-fearing, and broad-minded, he managed to keep himself free from stain in the most dissolute court of Europe. He, a court favorite in the days when the term " court favorite" was a synonym of everything contemptible, was loved and respected by all. When he became a convert to the Roman Catholic faith, he bravely avowed it in the teeth of the Protestant court. Maybe you do not consider this a brave action ; but it cost Lord Baltimore a good deal ; he had to resign his high offices, but the king remained true to him. Unfortunately, he died before receiving the grant of Maryland, and it was given, instead, to his son, Cæcilius Calvert, the worthy son of a worthy father. He inherited with his father's good qualities his ideas as to the foundation and government of the province. His firm and beneficent rule was a blessing to Mary- land, and under it she prospered and grew rapidly. The son and successor of Cæcilius, Charles Calvert, was a very fine man, but his lack of self-control was continually getting him into trouble with the English government. From this time on the Calverts in each generation became more and more degenerate, till we come to the last and worst of his race, Frederick, sixth Lord Baltimore.
Maryland was very fortunate in having for rulers
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men of such wisdom, firmness, justice, and modera- tion as her first proprietaries, who secured their own rights without infringing on the liberties of the colo- nists.1
1 Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 126.
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Summary
T has not been my purpose to even attempt to relate the history of Maryland as a palatinate, which has already been done in so admirable a way by Professor William Hand Browne; my efforts have all been directed towards a general view of Mary- land during the palatinate period. Like the English counties, palatine Maryland was organized on feudal lines, ruled by a lord proprietary, a king in everything but name, who owed allegiance only to his over-lord, the King of England. The founders of the province, being Englishmen, modelled the institutions of Mary- land as closely as possible on those of the mother country. The common, and to a certain extent the statute, law of England was then, as it is now, the foundation of Maryland law. The system of land tenure was also derived from feudal England. Edu- cation was never very highly valued, but in spite of lack of sympathy from the people, the government instituted free schools governed by the church. We find the clue to much of their unpopularity in this last fact : the clergy, dissolute and immoral as they were, could not fail to excite the hatred and disgust of the colonists.
Maryland was distinctly an agricultural province, kept so by the policy of the English government,1 1 McMahon's History of Maryland.
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and the growth of towns was therefore slow and not encouraged by the colonists themselves. The English government, pursuing the selfish policy which she always followed towards the colonies, refused to let the Marylanders set up any manufactories. This was, no doubt, in order to secure a market for goods of British manufacture, and to secure a monopoly of the colony's trade.1 In spite of this short-sighted policy Maryland grew steadily in wealth and population, and from a small colony to a great, self-governing state. We have shown how peace and brotherly love prevailed until 1692, when the long dormant but not extinct volcano, religious hatred, had a violent erup- tion and the Catholics were driven to the wall. The intolerant behavior of the Protestant victors and the disgraceful character of the Church of England clergy are matters of history, but certainly painful to those to whom the fair fame of Maryland is dear.
A splendid, stalwart race of men they were, these early settlers of Maryland, going undauntedly out into the wilderness to make homes where their chil- dren might be free. Their history was singularly peaceful. They directed their energies to the con- quering of nature, not to the slaying of their fellow- men, surely a nobler warfare. We have only to look at the history of the Revolution to see of what stuff these old Marylanders were made. Any state should be proud to have them for its founders.
1 McMahon's History of Maryland.
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Bibliography
BACON'S TRANSLATION OF THE MARYLAND CHARTER.
JOHN LEEDS BOZMAN : "The History of Maryland."
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CENTURY DICTIONARY, VOL. V. : "Palatinate and Palatine."
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E. W. CLEWS, A.M. : "Education in the Colonies," "Columbia University Studies."
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SIDNEY G. FISHER : "Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times."
JOHN FISKE : " A Study in Civil Government in the United States." "Old Virginia and her Neighbors."
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
DAVID HUME : "History of England."
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LARNED : "History for Ready Reference," Vol. IV.
E. C. LATIMER :
"Colonial Life in Maryland," "International Review," June, 1880, Vol. VIII.
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"A Short History of the English Colonies in America."
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" An Historical View of the Government of Maryland."
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SHEPHERD :
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